ISDN in France-1987 to 1990: from the first commercial offering tonational coverage of NUMERIS

NUMERIS, the commercial integrated services digital network (ISDN) in France, is discussed. National coverage was completed in 1990. NUMERIS specifications, network components, and customer premises equipment are described. Operational experience with NUMERIS, including equipment conformance testing and ISDN implementation, is examined. Applications development and the use of partnership ventures (usually involving a user, a service provider, and France Telecom) are discussed     

Implementing ISDN in the United States

Planning for implementation of ISDN is proceeding at a rapid rate throughout the United States. Planning for nationwide deployment of common-channel signaling to support database access, as well as internode signaling for ISDN is also underway. This paper describes planning for trials and initial applications of ISDN and common-channel signaling for service starting in late 1986 through early 1988, as well as ISDN demonstrations, some already in operation. In addition, this paper discusses the network and regulatory environment for ISDN implementation in the United States, standards for the U.S. environment, and trials of transition services.     

RENAN--An Experimental ISDN Project in France

The French telephone network has reached the level of nearly 50 percent digitization in 1985. This makes France, among industrialized nations, a ripe territory for the offering of a wide range of general public digital services. As of 1985, any two users nationwide can be linked by a 64 kbit/s digital connection via the Telecom 1 satellite communications network or the digital connection ground network. The RENAN project, launched in 1983, aims at the full-size experimentation of the ISDN as defined by the CCITT during its last work period. It has two main objectives: one is purely technical, whereas the other is service-oriented. This second aspect is approached in close cooperation with the business subscribers addressed by the experiment. All equipment to be installed for the project has been developed by French industry. They have been greatly involved with the project and can thereby achieve optimal integration within the existing network structure, and can profit from the investments made over the past several years. The RENAN project should help to define future policies of the French Direction Générale des Télécommunications regarding services and networks, and extend for several years to come the lead taken by France in the area of digital networks.     

ISDN Terminals and Integrated Services Delivery

This paper proposes that the end user's perception of an "ISDN service" should reflect'three interrelated ISDN aspects, namely:bulletISDN terminal capabilities,bulletISDN access capabilities, andbulletISDN network capabilities. Emphasis is placed on the ISDN terminal capabilities in supporting integrated services delivery of different levels to the end user (e.g., integrated bearer services and integrated teleservices delivery). Such a concept, integrated services delivery, is seen to suggest a useful framework for developing a wide range of possible ISDN commercial service/ product offerings. An ISDN service scenario is also described to illustrate some important communication capabilities made possible by an ISDN environment.     

CCITT Recommendations--Network Aspects of the ISDN

This paper presents an outline of the key network standards issues addressed in CCITT as a necessary part of the development and implementation of ISDN. The results achieved in the 1981-1984 Study Period focused on ISDN network functional requirements, ISDN numbering plan, connection types to link ISDN interfaces across the network, and the relationship of the ISDN protocol model with the seven-layer ISO model. The additional network issues which must be resolved in the current (1985-1988) Study Period are identified and briefly discussed. Of particular interest are internetworking between ISDN and existing networks, numbering plan interworking, routing, and maintenance standards. The market success of ISDN depends upon early resolution of these network standards to meet the field trials scheduled for 1986-1988 and the first implementations expected in 1988-1990.     

法国电信经营管理经验浅谈

本文根据中国电信经营考察团１９９５年底赴法国考察的内容，概述了法国电信的管理体制与经营状况，以及在大客户的管理与服务、基础网结构、智能网和ＩＳＤＮ业务的发展等方面的做法和经验，以期有关运营部门参考。     

Implementation in Japan [ISDN]

INS-Net, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone's (NTT's) commercial integrated services digital network (ISDN) service, is described. There are two types of INS-Net service. INS-Net 64 provides basic rate interface service, and INS-Net 1500 provides primary rate interface service. The implementation of INS-Net and the promotion, application, and penetration of ISDN services are discussed. It is argued that as the number of useful applications grows, the number of subscribers will rise accordingly, particularly among business users. This increased volume of both applications and users will in turn lead to lower ISDN CPE costs, and will make ISDN an indispensable means to business activities in the 1990s     

ISDN terminal portability in the RBOC networks

The differences in the initial ISDN switch implementations by different manufacturers are sufficiently profound that ISDN telephones designed for one switch may not be compatible with other manufacturers' switches. In addition, as new features are added to a given switch, older telephones may not be able to use them. The author examines two solutions to these problems: Bellcore-specified ISDN interfaces and programmable terminals. Bellcore-specified ISDN interfaces are desired by the Regional Bell Operating Companies and support considerable portability. Although conformance to Bellcore specifications will produce a high degree of terminal portability, it is unlikely ever to produce full portability and will not produce any portability in 1990. Programmable terminals are shown to offer interesting potentials for portability and extensibility     

上海N－ISDN商用化试验网

本文主要介绍上海Ｎ－ＩＳＤＮ商用化试验网的组网方案及目前ＩＳＤＮ网所具有的业务能力，并根据测试中发现的问题和ＩＳＤＮ用户需求提出了上海地区发展ＩＳＤＮ的设想和建议。同时本文穿插介绍了几种ＩＳＤＮ终端产品，以使人们能对这些终端的功能有所了解。     

Technology 1992-telecommunications

Significant developments during 1991 are examined. Agreement was reached on the steps-dealing with both technology and timing-for implementation of ISDN in North America. Personal communications services took off. The seven Bell regional holding companies were given permission to offer information services     

ISDN的现状和发展

９０年代将是ＩＳＤＮ和宽带ＩＳＤＮ迅速发展的年代，本文介绍了国外Ｎ－ＩＳＤＮ和Ｂ－ＩＳＤＮ的发展动向，并结合我国通信网的现状，对发展ＩＳＤＮ（Ｂ－ＩＳＤＮ）提出若干建议。     

Inherit the wind

In December 1991, Britain's first commercial wind farm at Delabole, Cornwall was connected to the local grid. The wind farm consists of ten Danish wind turbines with a rating of 400 kW each and is capable of generating enough electricity to provide the needs of 3000 homes; this scheme was one of nine chosen for NonFossil Fuel Obligation (NFFO) contracts in 1990. The author discusses the wind energy potential of the UK, and the environmental benefits of the wind power. The author describes the technology involved in horizontal axis wind turbines. The economics of wind power and its integration into the electricity grid is also discussed     

Integrated Services Digital Networks: Concepts, Policies, and Emerging Issues

Western European nutiom, particularly France and Germuny, bate advanced centralized planning for the introduction of ISDN, but in the United States trial have proceeded slowly due to a luck of universal standards and the state of deregulatory policy.     

Technology 1991: telecommunications

Noteworthy trends and occurrences in telecommunication during 1990 are examined. half a dozen countries deregulated their telephone companies to admit competition in the hopes of accelerating technological development. One of the leading technologies to take off was mobile communications, particularly services based on digital transmission. A worldwide standard for the broadband integrated-services digital network (ISDN) was finally accepted, allowing worldwide compatibility for the emerging fiber-optics-based broadband ISDN systems. Meanwhile, narrowband ISDN crossed international borders for the first time, offering transoceanic service. In optical-fiber transmission, the most promising development was erbium-doped optical amplifiers, which are cheaper and simpler for long-distance communications, especially if many signals are to be multiplexed onto one fiber. In addition, investigators demonstrated a simple processor entirely based on optical logic elements and parallel optical connections through free space, which may be another significant step toward an optical computer     

ISDN computer-aided telephony

It is argued that ISDN computer-aided telephony requires properly architected platforms to satisfy changing application needs during the 1990s. Proper architecting necessitates the use of functionally rich and consistent telephony application programming interfaces (APIs). Other APIs are also needed to support integrated applications. The coexistence of telephony and other APIs must be accommodated in the ISDN driver architecture to make efficient use of D-channel signaling and voice, data, or image communications on the associated B/H channels. This driver may support Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), Systems Network Architecture (SNA), X.25, or other protocol stacks in the same computer using a single ISDN access link. Applications being currently explored show that significant benefits can be realized using incoming call management and LAN-based image server access by means of ISDN. It is envisioned that by the year 2001, a common API will facilitate multimedia applications on multivendor platforms architected within the OSI framework. These platforms will support interconnections of public and private ISDNs and bridging to BISDNs     

The intelligent network and forward-looking technology

The authors discuss the Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN), an architecture that includes both IN/1+ and IN/2 and will be introduced in phases, with releases envisioned at two-year intervals. Phase 1 requirements will be released in 1989 and first applications are targeted for deployment in 1991/2. They examine some future technologies and their impact on the AIN. They describe an AIN system architecture that can respond to change, concentrating on the effect of switching-system evolution to narrowband and broadband ISDN     

ZXJ10机中ISDN导入的实现方案

本文论述 ISDN 导入ZXJ10交换机的实现方案。着重论述了分阶段分项目实现 ISDN业务时所采用的策略和原则。从软件和硬件结构上全面论述原 ZXJ10交换机支撑能力、IS-DN 信令方式和 ISDN 编号方式。最后对操作维护功能和质量性能指标作了简要说明。     

The Future of Satellite Communications in Europe

Europe has so far launched four experimental and six operational communications satellites successfully. Fifteen more spacecraft are scheduled to be launched before the end of 1990. As everywhere in the world, requirements for new telecommunications services are emerging very rapidly, and it is becoming increasingly apparent that the planned developments in terrestrial networks (ISDN, radio cellular networks) will fail to meet all the needs adequately, either in scope or in time scale. Against this background, it is shown that satellites of conventional design, carrying transparent payloads, are well suited to satisfying many of the new requirements in the short term. For the longer term, i.e., from the year 2000 onwards, innovative system concepts are being developed in which the satellite is called upon to perform more sophisticated functions requiring very advanced antennas, on-board processing, and intersatellite links.     

Personalizing ISDN

It is argued that making integrated services digital networks (ISDNs) more popular among personal computer users is essential for ISDN to prosper. Users in offices, businesses, and at home form a large potential ISDN market. Existing ISDN interface modules such as ISDN adapter boards for personal computers, are limited to ISDN features and can hardly handle the various needs of personal users. An ISDN interface module for personal computers must be designed to handle various applications and provide any-to-any communications. An ISDN personal computer interface developed to handle digital and analog communication protocols and flexibly combine resources is described     

Satellites and the isdn

This paper addresses the question of integrating satellites within the ISDN, concentrating on PSTN application. After a brief look at the role satellites have played to date in international telecommunications, and the new environment that ISDN will bring, an examination is made of the work done by CCITT on the transmission aspects of ISDN. This is followed by a look at the main features of digital satellite systems at the present time, including transmission performance as defined by CCIR, and a critical comparison is made with ISDN requirements including an indication of how error performance may need improving. The paper concludes with a discussion of how satellite system operators might respond to the demands of the ISDN.