Productivity of R&D institution: The case of Indonesia

This study analyzes the performance of Indonesian R&D institutions based on R&D productivity. By applying an institutional approach, the effects of collective determinants such as quality of researcher, R&D budgets, locations and ages of R&D institutions on productivity are considered. Our findings show that these performance variables had strong and significant effects on R&D productivity. A national innovation system should be developed in developing countries with different models from those used in developed countries. The non-economic dimension is essential in developing national innovation systems in developing countries such as Indonesia.     

Systemic aspects of R&D policy subsidies for R&D collaborations and their effects on private R&D

This paper analyses how context- and time-dependent factors determine the impact of R&D subsidies on firm behaviour with respect to private R&D expenditures. Based on German R&D survey data, we combine propensity score matching with a difference-in-difference estimator in order to measure the causal influence of public direct R&D project funding on firm behaviour. Our results indicate that (i) repeated participation in R&D projects on average leads to a higher increase in R&D expenditures than once-off funding; (ii) the aggregate effect of R&D funding on R&D expenditures of business firms is somewhat higher for business–business collaboration projects than for science–business collaboration projects; (iii) R&D expenditures of business firms that cooperate with science show a higher share of external R&D spending. Results of one particular cluster programme indicate that at least the short-term development of R&D does not so much depend on which programme direct R&D project funding is applied to.     

Effective R&D investment planning based on technology spillovers: the case of Korea

This study was performed to discuss an R&D investment planning method based on the technology spillover among R&D fields, from the point of view of technology convergence. The empirical analysis focused on a particular R&D group, such as university departments and specialized research institutes, since local technology combinations are more effective than distant combinations to create a new technology, according to previous research. In addition, worldwide technology competition is increasing, and with the recent convergence of various technologies and industries, strategies for R&D selection and resources allocation of particular R&D groups are becoming increasingly important. The empirical analysis uses a modified Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory method combined with information on patent citations to resolve the latent problems of the existing model, using as an empirical example the case of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), specialized in the geology and resources development R&D area. Through the empirical analysis, the KIGAM’s current R&D investment status is considered, and a reasonable R&D investment planning is suggested from the perspective of technology spillover. By using this framework, the magnitude of technology spillover from the R&D investment planning within a particular R&D group can be measured based on objective quantitative data, and the current R&D investment can be compared with recent global trends.     

Endogenous dynamics between R&D,ICT and economic growth: Empirical evidence from the OECD countries

Intensification of research and development (R&D) and the information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure have been regarded as important drivers for sustained economic growth across the globe. In this study, using a panel vector autoregressive model, we examine the endogenous relationships between R&D, ICT infrastructure development and economic growth in the OECD countries between 1961 and 2018. The empirical results show that both R&D and ICT infrastructure development contribute to long-term economic growth in the OECD countries. The short-run dynamics show that complex inter-relationships between these variables exist. The key insight from this study is that to attain sustained economic growth, policymakers in the OECD economies should put in place an integrated framework that takes into consideration co-development policies pertaining to R&D investment, ICT diffusion and economic growth-enhancing initiatives.     

The effects of R&D subsidies and network embeddedness on R&D output: evidence from the German biotech industry

Although policy makers subsidize firms’ R&D projects to increase innovational output in an industry, region, or country, it remains unclear whether such subsidization triggers additional R&D efforts or crowds out private investments. To address this question, we assess the effectiveness of subsidization for individual and collaborative research in the German biotech industry while also examining the relevance of network embeddedness for patent output. Our results indicate that subsidies do lead to increased patent output, with additional benefits from involvement in more than one project. However, the amount of money is only significant under certain circumstances. Also, it is higher degree centrality in the firm network that significantly increases R&D success.     

Firm size and compositions of R&D expenditures: evidence from a panel of R&D performing manufacturing firms

The effect of firm size on diverse compositions of R&D expenditures is analysed in detail using firm-level data on the Korean manufacturing sector. On the grounds that each type of R&D activity differs in terms of salability in disembodied form and growth potential due to innovation, a distinction between product vs. process, and new vs. incremental R&D is made. Empirical tests show that the firm size is significantly associated with both the new and incremental R&D. Moreover, firm size is found to be significantly associated with other types of R&D compositions such as the share of R&D devoted to incremental innovation and multidimensional combinations of product, process, new and incremental R&D. These findings support the idea that large firms possess innovative advantages over smaller firms and firm size is an important determinant for firms’ heterogeneous R&D activities. We also discuss the limitations and the implications of the findings.     

A fuzzy ANP-based approach to R&D project selection: A case study

Research and development (R&D) project selection is a complex decision-making process. It involves a search of the environment of opportunities, the generation of project options, and the evaluation by different stakeholders of multiple attributes, both qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative attributes are often accompanied by certain ambiguities and vagueness because of the dissimilar perceptions of organizational goals among pluralistic stakeholders, bureaucracy and the functional specialization of organizational members. Such differences in perceptions often hinder the attainment of consensus and coordination. Therefore, failures are frequent in R&D investment planning. To perceive the preferences of the various stakeholders and to map them into an analytical decision-making framework are challenging tasks. Further, risks and uncertainties are also associated with the investments and returns of R&D projects. This paper illustrates an application of fuzzy ANP (analytic network process) along with fuzzy cost analysis in selecting R&D projects. Fuzzy set theory is incorporated to overcome the vagueness in the preferences. The method adopted uses triangular fuzzy numbers for pair-wise comparison and applies extent analysis followed by defuzzification to determine the weights for various attributes.     

Principal parameters affecting R&D exploitation of nanotechnology research: a case for Korea

The purpose of this study is to determine principal parameters which affect the R&D exploitation and to explore R&D activities in closed science that positively affect those in open science. Based on 486 nanotechnology projects from five national R&D programs in South Korea, canonical correlation analysis is used to analyze the relationships among R&D parameters of inputs, outputs and outcomes and to determine principle parameters. As a result, this study concludes that the principal parameters are publications with high impact, patents, and academic degrees. This study also shows a positive correlation between activities in open science and closed science. The conclusions suggest that research results with high impact value should be endorsed by the Korean government and should try to keep a balance between R&D exploitation in open science and closed science. This study would be used for establishing South Korea’s R&D policy effective for faster commercialization of nanotechnology related research.     

R&D and firm performance in the semiconductor industry

While the semiconductor industry is still dominated by large vertically integrated firms, fabless firms, which outsource their manufacturing, are gaining market share. Fabless firms are considered to have an advantage in product innovation, as they can focus their innovation efforts on chip design and can benefit from investments in process innovation made by their manufacturing partners. However, there is little empirical evidence of the performance of fabless firms compared to vertically integrated firms. This research empirically examines the relationship between R&D and the financial performance of fabless and vertically integrated firms from 2000 to 2010. Our results show that fabless firms maintain higher gross and net margins, earn a higher return on assets (ROA) and have greater intangible value (Tobin’s q) than vertically integrated firms when controlling for size, capital intensity and R&D ratio (R&D/sales). This supports the argument that fabless firms achieve greater performance by focusing on one part of the innovation process. The relationship of R&D ratio to net margin is negative for the whole sample, suggesting that the industry may be overinvesting in R&D. Notably, the negative relationship is greater for fabless firms, which spend a higher amount of their sales on R&D. The relationship of R&D ratio to ROA and Tobin’s q is negative, and there is no significant difference between fabless and integrated firms. We conclude that fabless firms outperform integrated firms overall, but are somewhat worse in terms of increasing profits and creating value from their R&D investments.     

R&D and the overseas earnings of Indian firms

This article examines the impact of undertaking R&D, a measure of the enhancement of dynamic capabilities, on firms' overseas earnings patterns, for a panel of several thousand Indian firms, for the period from 1991–92 to 2005–06. The results show that undertaking R&D spending is associated with a significant rise in firms' average overseas earnings levels. These results point to the need for materially enhancing the very low levels of R&D undertaken by firms in India.     

Assessing coreness and intermediarity of technology sectors using patent co-classification analysis: the case of Korean national R&D

Rapid technological advancements and increasing research and development (R&D) costs are making it necessary for national R&D plans to identify the coreness and intermediarity of technologies in selecting projects and allocating budgets. Studies on the coreness or intermediarity of technology sectors have used patent citations, but there are limitations to dealing with patent data. The limitations arise from the most current patents and patents that do not require citations, e.g. Korean patents. Further, few or no studies have simultaneously considered both coreness and intermediarity. Therefore, we propose a patent co-classification based method to measure coreness and intermediarity of technology sectors by incorporating the analytic network process and the social network analysis. Using IPC co-classifications of patents as technological knowledge flows, this method constructs a network of directed knowledge flows among technology sectors and measures the long-term importance and the intermediating potential of each technology sector, despite the limitations of patent-based analyses. Considering both coreness and intermediarity, this method can provide more detailed and essential knowledge for decision making in planning national R&D. We demonstrated this method using Korean national R&D patents from 2008 to 2011. We expect that this method will help in planning national R&D in a rapidly evolving technological environment.     

Linking R&D with production in the third world

Developing countries see science and technology as keys to their modernization. In both agricultural and industrial production, however, science and technology often do not seem to be linked effectively with the needs of the productive organizations. A United Nations Panel recently considered this subject. The principal choices turn on designing and managing R&D programs, building the crucial communications channels among technical staffs in R&D vis-a-vis users and producers, establishing incentives in the country's overall economic pattern, and analyzing the roles of the public and private sectors.     

R&D,worker training and innovation: firm-level evidence

Firms that invest in R&D and also in worker training are expected to be successful innovators; yet, the extent to which these investments are mutually reinforcing has not been established. This paper addresses that question by analysing the decision to innovate and the number of innovations introduced. Our findings, which are based on a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms, confirm that R&D is more effective when firms also invest in worker training. Moreover, for some smaller firms, investing in workers’ skills (via training programs) boosts innovation even in absence of R&D. Meanwhile, on-the-job training in large firms might serve mainly to reinforce the effects of R&D. Regarding the number of innovations, our result signals that a higher absorptive capacity via higher ability of qualified workers (through schooling or training) leads to improved innovation performance.     

Vaccine R&D in Brazil: The effectiveness of push and pull regulations

Government regulations can guide the technological progress, investment in research and development (R&D), and institutional organization of a specific sector. In this context, using patent data, this study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of three laws that pertain to R&D in Brazilian pharmaceutical market for vaccines. The results reveal an increasing international interest in the Brazilian market since the promulgation of the Industrial Property Law. Despite its limitations, this study reveals significant efforts and promising results in Brazil with respect to ensuring that technological and industrial policies and strategies incorporate innovation in vaccine R&D and change the economy's competitive circumstances.     

Regularity and irregularity in the development of scientific disciplines: The case of mathematical logic

We report on results from an analysis of mathematical logic from 1874 to the present time, covering about 15,000 authors with 50,000 publications. Frequency distributions in terms of contributions or in terms of the number of special areas dealt with exhibited a well-known lognormal form. A dynamic version of Price's inverse square (or power) law of elitism seems to be corroborated. The idea of a general exponential growth law is not convincing, however: All forms of growth of logic areas occur. In this contribution we apply, in addition, Goffman's epidemic model, contained in one of the rate theories of scientific dynamics, to the development of logic and formulate ex-post-ante prognoses of some areas of logic. The outcome casts doubts on the applicability in scientometrics of the epidemic theory in the form suggested byGoffman.Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Bibliometrics, Informetrics and Scientometrics in Berlin (Germany), September 11–15, 1993.     

Determinants of biopharmaceutical R&D expenditures in China: the impact of spatiotemporal context

Scientometrics - The spatiotemporal context affects corporate behavior because any corporate activity is carried out in a specific time and space. Based on an examination on the research and...     

Multi-network embeddedness and innovation performance of R&D employees

Taking the perspective of multi-network embeddedness, this paper constructs the collaboration network of R&D organizations, the collaboration network and knowledge network of R&D employees based on the patent data of 879 R&D employees from 224 R&D organizations, and analyses factors that have significant impacts on R&D employees’ innovation performance. The results show that R&D employees’ knowledge combinatorial potential and knowledge diversity have significant positive impacts on their innovation performance. R&D employees’ degree centralities in the collaboration network mediate the impacts of their knowledge combinatorial potential and knowledge diversity on innovation performance. The degree centralities of R&D organizations moderate the impacts of R&D employees’ degree centralities on innovation performance.