Improved Timing with NaI(Tl)

By timing on the earliest component of the anode current pulse of the photomultiplier, the time resolution obtained with NaI(TI) at 300°K can be made somewhat superior to that reported for pure NaI at 77°K. For example, the time distribution for x rays (31. 6 keV) relative to the conversion electrons from a Cs137 source, shows a full width at half maximum of 1.6 nsec and a slope corresponding to a half life T? = 0.63 nsec. This implies that ? /R is much smaller than commonly believed, where ? is the mean life of the scintillation and R is the average number of photoelectrons per event. This small value is not due to a small ? because only the usual slow component is observed when the shape of the scintillation is measured by a probability technique. Therefore R must be larger than expected; the observed time resolution requires at least 8.7 photoelectrons/ keV. This is consistent with the value 9.3 p.e./ keV inferred from the pulse-height resolution obtained with artificial light pulses which are equivalent in amplitude to a 662-keV event in NaI(Tl). It is also consistent with the value (9. 1 p.e./keV) obtained by combining the absolute efficiency of NaI(Tl) measured by Van Sciver and Bogart with the quantum efficiency that RCA lists for the bi-alkali photocathode.     

车载式NaI(Tl)大晶体组的多道谱仪

文章介绍车载式NaI(Tl)大晶体组的γ多道谱仪,该谱仪选用2个10 cm×10 cm× 40 cm NaI(Tl)方晶体探头,采用高速ADC集成芯片、USB微控制器等先进技术,具有实时、灵敏度高、识别核素的特点,可用于搜寻失控放射性源、核与辐射突发事件中的快速探察和应急监测、环境辐射调查等工作.     

An inversion decomposition method for better energy resolution of NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors based on a Gaussian response matrix

NaI(T1) scintillation detectors have been widely applied for gamma-ray spectrum measurements owing to advantages such as high detection efficiency and low price.However,the mitigation of the limited energy resolution of these detectors,which detracts from an accurate analysis of the instrument spectra obtained,remains a crucial need.Based on the physical properties and spectrum formation processes of NaI(T1) scintillation detectors,the detector response to gamma photons with different energies is represented by photopeaks that are approximately Gaussian in shape with unique full-width-at-half-maximum(FWHM) values.The FWHM is established as a detector parameter based on resolution calibrations and is used in the construction of a general Gaussian response matrix,which is employed for the inverse decomposition of gamma spectra obtained from the detector.The Gold and Boosted Gold iterative algorithms are employed to accelerate the decomposition of the measured spectrum.Tests of the inverse decomposition method on multiple simulated overlapping peaks and on experimentally obtained U and Th radionuclide series spectra verify the practicability of the method,particularly in the low-energy region of the spectrum,providing for the accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of radionuclides.     

Validation of a NaI(Tl) detector's model developed with MCNP-X code

The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the photon detection efficiency and energy resolution curves for a 1.5″ × 1″ NaI(Tl) scintillator detector (crystal + housing + photomultiplier tube material equivalent) exposed to gamma rays in the energy range from 20 keV to 662 keV. This work aims to design a precise computational model, based in Monte Carlo simulation, which can be used in practical application. The energy resolution curve was used to improve the response of the mathematical simulation of the detector. The detector was modeled with the MCNP-X code and the results were compared to experimental photopeak efficiency measurements of radiation sources. The results showed good agreement with the experimental data.     

Scintillation Characteristics of Thin NaI(Tl) and CsI (Tl) Layers Fabricated by Vacuum Deposition

The scintillation characteristics of thin vacuum-deposited layers of NaI (Tl) and CsI (Tl) were investigated. Scintillation layers with thicknesses ranging from 0.2 to 20 mg/cm2 were evaluated as detectors with 6- and 22-keV x rays. In this energy region they were found to be comparable in performance to the thicker, commercially available NaI (Tl) and CsI (Tl) scintillation crystals. Fabrication methods, scintillator evaluation techniques, and applications in selective low-energy x-ray detection will be reported.     

减小模板状NaI(Tl)探测器的边缘死区

用在环状ＳＰＥＣＴ系统中的ＮａＩ（Ｔｌ）探测器模板存在着严重的边缘死区。介绍了一些减少该死区的办法,包括：一个ＰＭＴ管跨接两个探测器模板,在边缘刻槽等等。实验结果证明通过这些处理,这个死区可以减小到５ｍｍ。     

NaI(Tl)γ谱的计算机稳峰技术

介绍了一种改进型NaI(Tl)γ谱仪的稳谱技术。该稳谱技术基于241Am源的等效γ峰作为系统的参考峰,根据参考峰位偏差运用数字PID调整可编程增益放大器来稳谱,是一种“硬件 参考源 软件”的稳谱技术。这种计算机稳谱技术具有稳定度高,稳谱速度快等优点。     

大体积阱式NaI(Tl)探测器的效率计算与测量

使用蒙特卡罗方法模拟计算了一个用于4πγ计数的大体积阱式NaI(Tl)探测器的效率和能谱。采用一系列单能γ源标定探测器,对计算结果进行检验,其结果基本一致,两者间的最大偏差不超过±8%,证明计算结果是可靠的。     

大体积NaI(Tl)探测器性能研究

利用蒙特卡洛方法,对不同体积NaI(Tl)探测器的探测效率进行了计算.对圣戈班(Saint-Gobain)5"×8"NaI(Tl)探测器的能量分辨及时间响应进行了测试.在14 MeV氘-氚中子源照射条件下,测量模拟样(化学式:HCNO)的特征瞬发伽马谱,与国产φ"×4"NaI(Tl)探测器进行了比较.结果表明,圣戈班的...     

基于傅里叶变换的NaI(Tl)仪器谱散射本底估计方法

有效地估计NaI(Tl)仪器谱的散射本底可提高仪器的分析精度。本文提出了一种基于傅里叶变换的散射本底估计方法。通过在模拟谱线和实测NaI(Tl)仪器谱上的应用,表明该方法适用于NaI(Tl)仪器谱数据处理,能自主、有效估计散射本底。     

NaI(Tl)晶体对面源全能峰效率刻度的点源模拟法

介绍了用点源模拟法来刻度面源全能峰效率的方法,并将刻度结果与数值分析法的理论计算值进行了比较,两者在８％内一致。     

NaI(Tl)、Ge(Li)探测器对大圆柱体源的效率

本文介绍用蒙特卡洛方法,采用加权技巧计算 NaI(Tl)、Ge(Li)探测器对大体积圆柱形体源的效率。文中首先对计算方法作了简要叙述。然后介绍在 PDP11/34A 小型计算机上用蒙特卡洛方法计算了76×76mm NaI(Tl)晶体对76mm 直径的水圆柱体源的效率,在80—3000keV 能区,计算值与文献值在±1%内一致。对本实验室的一台 Ge(Li)探测器,分别计算了它对 NBS参考物质和水圆柱体源(源半径大于 Ge(Li)晶体半径)的效率,计算中对探测器 N 层和包装外壳等项因素作了修正。实验测定了点源的峰总比,得到 Ge(Li)探测器的峰效率。将 Ge(Li)探测器峰效率的计算值与用~(152)Eu、~(60)Co、~(137)Cs、U、U-Ra 和 Th 标准源测得的实验值进行了比较,在93—2614keV 能区,估计两者在±4%内一致。最后讨论了样品体积与探测下限的关系。     

Maximum scintillation yields in NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) crystals estimated from the scintillation model for liquid rare gases

The maximum scintillation yields in NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) crystals were estimated theoretically by applying the scintillation model for liquid rare gases to crystal scintillators. Average energies required to produce one scintillation photon in the maximum scintillation yield, W_so, were estimated to be 10.6 ± 0.3 or 11.6 ± 0.3 eV for NaI(Tl) and 11.6 ± 0.3 or 12.5 ± 0.3 eV for CsI(Tl). The new experiment on scintillation yields gives W_so of 10.8 ± 2.0 eV for NaI(Tl) and 11.3 ± 2.1 or 9.3 ± 1.7 eV for CsI(Tl). The values show good agreement with the theoretical estimations. These results demonstrate that the scintillation model in liquid rare gases is applicable to inorganic scintillators such as NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) crystals.     

Reducing edge effects and improving position resolution in positionsensitive NaI(TI) detectors

Large two-dimensional position sensitive NaI(Tl) crystals used in positron emission tomographs and elsewhere normally have gaps or inactive, unusable areas at the edges. Experiments aimed at reducing these edge effects have been performed. Unencapsulated crystals have been used to test the feasibility of optically coupling crystals together to decrease gap size. Other experiments increased the sampling of the scintillation light at the edges in order to obtain better position sensitivity. In addition, the edges were treated to reduce unwanted reflections and increase the position sensitive area. Experiments aimed at improving the position resolution throughout the crystal, as well as at the edges, were performed     

Dependence of the NaI(Tl) Pulse Shape on Thallium Concentration and Temperature

The pulse shape of ?-induced photopeak scintillations in NaI(Tl) has been measured as a function of temperature for several standard commercial crystals and for crystals containing known thallium concentrations. A detailed analysis of the data indicates that the first two microseconds of the pulse is characterized by at least nine separate decay processes. Four of these are attributed to one radiative and three metastable states associated with a thallous ion. Two fast processes are attributed to emission characteristic of pure NaI while two others are associated with high thallium concentration. Energy transport is suggested as the ninth process.     

Monte Carlo方法对不同尺寸NaI（Tl）晶体探测效率的刻度

应用蒙特卡罗方法,在VC++开发平台下编制了可以自定义NaI晶体尺寸的软件,实现对不同能量的γ射线的探测效率的计算.根据计算得到的数据矩阵拟合出不同体积探测器对点源的效率函数,并确定出函数的参数.     

NaI(Tl) 闪烁谱仪峰总比的蒙特卡罗计算

简单分析NaI(Tl）闪烁谱仪探测原理的基础上，运用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP计算了该谱仪对不同能量点源的峰总比（或光分数），并同实验结果做了对比，解释了计算结果比实验值偏高的原因。