感官气相色谱对水中不同化合物嗅味特征的同步测定

嗅味是饮用水中最为关注的水质问题之一,确定不同物质的嗅味类型和嗅阈值等是有效解决嗅味问题的基础。文中以6种硫醚类物质为对象,基于感官气相色谱(GC-O)对同步测定其嗅味类型和嗅阈值的可行性进行了研究。基于GC-O测定时采用1μL的注射体积、3.0 mL/min的柱流速、2∶1的质谱检测器与嗅闻仪分流比,利用10名以上闻测员,通过Logistic回归或几何平均的方式对嗅阈值和嗅味特征进行测定。6种硫醚类物质气相中的嗅阈值分别为0.033(二甲基三硫醚)、0.15(二异丙基硫醚)、0.40(甲硫醚)、0.72(二甲基二硫醚)、0.84(二乙基二硫醚)、1.70 ng/L(二异丙基三硫醚);“臭味”“臭鸡蛋味”“沼泽味”“酸臭味”是硫醚类物质的主要描述;参加过嗅味评价的人员组成的暴露组嗅阈值浓度更低,未暴露组对硫醚的嗅味特征描述更多样化。该方法为同时测定不同物质的嗅味特征提供了可能,对于进一步实现水中嗅味污染的快速评估和控制具有重要意义。     

石蜡产品嗅味产生的原因及对策

随着新的全精炼石蜡国家标准的颁布实施,对生产全精炼石蜡的嗅味提出了较高要求。国内不少企业生产全精炼石蜡时,嗅味无法满足质量要求,困扰着全精炼石蜡的生产。本文对石蜡嗅味产生原因进行了分析,特别分析了减压蒸馏、溶剂精制、溶剂脱蜡、石蜡加氢等石蜡工艺生产过程对石蜡嗅味的影响,指出了调整优化方向,提出生产末端利用白土精制进一步降低石蜡嗅味的措施,达到生产全精炼石蜡的目的。     

凹凸棒土吸附去除饮用水中典型嗅味物质的研究

饮用水水源中通常存在有致嗅味物质,由于常规饮用水净水工艺对致嗅味物质去除效果不佳,导致饮用水有异嗅异味的问题。试验以水中典型的致嗅味物质二甲基异冰片和土嗅素为嗅味代表物质,研究了凹凸棒土作为吸附剂对嗅味物质的吸附行为,探讨了pH值、凹凸棒土投加量、水力条件、竞争吸附等对凹凸棒土吸附水中嗅味物质的影响。     

饮用水嗅味问题及其分析方法研究进展

近年来,随着生活水平的不断提高,以及水环境的逐渐恶化,饮用水嗅味问题已成为关注的热点。对饮用水中嗅味物质的来源、分类、危害及其分析方法进行了综述,着重从感官分析法、仪器分析法、酶联免疫法(ELISA)以及综合分析法这4个方面介绍了国内外对饮用水嗅味评价及嗅味物质检测分析技术的研究进展,就各检测方法的原理、优缺点及今后的研究方向进行了简要介绍和总结。     

基于异嗅味特征分析的地下水处理技术试验

对地下水所存在的异嗅味问题进行异嗅味感官特征评估和异嗅味物质识别分析,在此基础上以铁、锰、异嗅味物质为特征水质指标,试验研究单独低温等离子体放电处理、单独锰砂过滤处理及锰砂-低温等离子体复合处理技术的处理效果。结果表明,该地下水主要嗅味类型为化学味、腐臭味和霉味,且嗅味强度达中等,异嗅味物质则主要来源于水体中苯类、吡嗪类和硫醚类等有机物,呈现多种有机物复合型嗅味特征,硫还原菌属和硫氧化菌属的检出也进一步佐证了硫醚类化合物的形成。此外,锰砂-低温等离子体复合处理技术对铁、锰和异嗅物质的整体去除率最高,其总量去除率分别可达95%、50%和77%,单独锰砂过滤处理技术去除效果也较佳,在实际应用中可综合考虑灵活选择。     

石蜡嗅味源分析及对策

对引起石蜡嗅味的原料的杂质种类进行了简要分析,重点介绍了各种基本氮杂环物的嗅味等特点,简述了糠醛精制、酮苯脱蜡、石蜡加氢生产工艺及其产品特征,指出现行石蜡加氢工艺存在的局限性,通过调整相关工艺参数、技术改造使石蜡产品嗅味达到了预期目的。     

水中致嗅物电氧化处理法及机理研究

文章研究了利用电氧化法处理南方某运河水中的致嗅物的氧化机理及影响致嗅物去除率的因素。研究了影响电氧化去除效果的电解时间、极板距离和电解电压。氧化时间存在一个最佳值,达到最佳值后再延长反应时间,致嗅物的去除率不变。在电极板距离相差不是很大的情况下,极板间距对致嗅物的去除率影响较小。电极电压对致嗅物的处理效果的影响是呈现随着电压增加致嗅物的去除率降低,达到12 V时,除嗅效果达到极限值,电压继续增加去除率略有所变化。从实验现象和数据可判断电氧化机理是直接氧化,是水分子在阳极表面产生OH自由基,OH对吸附在阳极表面的有机物产生氧化作用,从而将还原性致嗅物分解。     

饮用水中嗅味物质的检测技术研究进展

随着近年来世界范围内饮用水嗅味事件的不断发生,水中嗅味问题成为人们关注的热点之一。从感官检测法、仪器检测法和其它检测方法三个方面,全面阐述了国内外嗅味物质的检测技术研究进展,介绍了发达国家及国内饮用水水质标准中对嗅味的限定,指出了我国与发达国家在饮用水嗅味研究方面的差异及今后发展的方向。     

嗅商

本文首次提出嗅商概念,指出嗅商关系到人的一生是否过得幸福而有意义,认为人的嗅商极为重要。文中讨论了测试及提高嗅商的方法。     

油剂及其他助剂

941389阻燃剂的燃烧BJndra 5.…;Ameriean Chemieal Soejety,Abstracts of PaPers 204th Meeting,Partl,1992,ENVR 95(英)为了把纺织工业常用的阻燃2,4,6一三嗅苯胺在燃烧时放出的潜在有毒物质加以分类,在实验室模拟了废料灰化的条件,对嗅吩嚓,嗅代苯酚,嗅代轻油精和嗅代苯胺进行了测定,决定这些物质对有毒付产品形成影响的灰化温度,时间和氧气用量不同。(张桂水) 941390聚丙烯纤维的紫外光稳定剂Gray R.L.:International Fiber Journal,1992-7,(4),.112,114一116(英)光稳定剂可分为四类:荧光剂,紫外光吸收剂,超光(ultralight)淬火…     

全自动催化氧化活性炭除臭工艺介绍

催化氧化活性炭是一种可水洗再生的活性炭;通过在线H2S、NH3监测仪,可实现催化氧化活性炭除臭系统的运行监控和操作自动化;实践表明,在线监控的催化氧化活性炭除臭系统除臭效率高、运行先进可靠,是一种值得选择的新型除臭工艺。     

催化氧化活性炭除臭装置介绍

新型的催化氧化活性炭对硫化氢等臭味气体具有很强的催化氧化能力,并可通过水洗再生,克服了传统活性炭再生困难的缺点,且与其它除臭方法相比具有除臭效率高、运行管理方便等优势,是环保、市政等领域除臭的最先进技术之一。根据臭气浓度和气量的不同可设计不同类型的催化氧化活性炭除臭系统,以满足各类不同的除臭需求。     

滆湖水源水微污染处理试验研究

滆湖水源受到污染,自来水出现异味。投加高锰酸钾、折点加氯未能消除。经臭氧氧化、颗粒活性炭吸附处理,可有效去除异味,同时降低ＣＯＤ、ＵＶ２５４吸光值。经臭氧氧化、活性炭吸附处理,每吨水的制水成本增加０．２４元。     

What Can Computational Modeling Tell Us about the Diversity of Odor-Capture Structures in the Pancrustacea?

A major transition in the history of the Pancrustacea was the invasion of several lineages of these animals onto land. We investigated the functional performance of odor-capture organs, antennae with olfactory sensilla arrays, through the use of a computational model of advection and diffusion of odorants to olfactory sensilla while varying three parameters thought to be important to odor capture (Reynolds number, gap-width-to-sensillum-diameter ratio, and angle of the sensilla array with respect to oncoming flow). We also performed a sensitivity analysis on these parameters using uncertainty quantification to analyze their relative contributions to odor-capture performance. The results of this analysis indicate that odor capture in water and in air are fundamentally different. Odor capture in water and leakiness of the array are highly sensitive to Reynolds number and moderately sensitive to angle, whereas odor capture in air is highly sensitive to gap widths between sensilla and moderately sensitive to angle. Leakiness is not a good predictor of odor capture in air, likely due to the relative importance of diffusion to odor transport in air compared to water. We also used the sensitivity analysis to make predictions about morphological and kinematic diversity in extant groups of aquatic and terrestrial crustaceans. Aquatic crustaceans will likely exhibit denser arrays and induce flow within the arrays, whereas terrestrial crustaceans will rely on more sparse arrays with wider gaps and little-to-no animal-induced currents.     

生物除臭技术在炼油污水处理厂臭气治理中的应用

生物除臭技术成熟可靠,已在许多市政污水处理厂得到实际应用,但在炼油企业的应用还处于起步阶段。近年来恶臭污染日益突出,人们对生产所造成的恶臭污染的关注也进一步增强。因此,加强对恶臭污染控制已成为今后环保工作的最重要内容之一。介绍了生物除臭系统的工作原理、工艺流程、影响因素以及在庆阳石化污水处理厂中的应用效果,为以后对炼油厂吹扫气等恶臭气体治理提供了技术支持。     

Indirect Determination of Hydroxyl Radicals in Fine Particle Mist Generated from an Odor Control Technology via HPLC

Size distribution analysis of microsized water particle mist generated from an odor control technology showed the majority of particles to be in the low micron range. The indirect detection and determination of hydroxyl radicals generated by their reaction with benzene to produce phenol was performed through UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These techniques gave verification of the presence of hydroxyl radical species in the water samples collected via this odor control technology. This technology is currently being utilized at various wastewater treatment plants.     

富营养化水体中致臭物质来源及其处理

以某水库水为原水,研究了5种给水处理工艺对水体藻类导致的嗅味的去除效果。试验结果表明:除常规处理工艺(嗅阈值去除率50%左右)外,其余4种工艺都可达到90%以上的除臭率。臭氧-粉末活性炭-常规处理工艺对嗅阈值的去除率最高,达到98%。实际应用中,建议臭氧的投加量为2mg/L、粉末活性炭的投加量为5mg/L。     

Behavioral responses of sexually active mud snails: kariomones and pheromones

We postulated that kariomones and pheromones function to organize egg capsule deposition and breeding aggregations of mud snails (Ilyanassa obsoleta). Sexually active male and female mud snails were exposed to water-born odors from juvenile snails, nonaggregated female snails, oysters, egg capsule depositing snails, sexually active males, sexually active females, and copulating snails and tested for a follow response using a ring assay. Neither sex responded to juvenile odor or to odor of sexually inactive females. Snails turned and followed water born odors from oysters. when tested with the odors of sexually active males, sexually active females, and copulating pairs, we found sex-specific differences in responses. Sexually active females followed the odor of sexually active males and ignored sexually active female odor. Sexually active males followed the odor of sexually active females and ignored sexually active male odor. Both sexes followed the odor of copulating pairs and egg capsule depositing snails. Snail activities in breeding aggregations are organized by at least three pheromones and one kariomone, and reflect the multifunctionaLity of the aggregations.     

Chemo-Orientation Using Conspecific Chemical Cues in the Stripe-Necked Terrapin (Mauremys leprosa)

Although chemical communication has been studied intensively in may reptilian species, little attention has been paid to the role that chemical signals play in aquatic reptiles, such as freshwater turtles. Here, I tested the hypothesis that the stripe-necked terrapin (Mauremys leprosa), an abundant freshwater turtle that inhabits the Iberian peninsula, is able to recognize chemical cues from conspecifics in the water and to modify its behavior in response to such cues. I compared the time spent by adult males and adult females in clean water to the time spent in water that presumably contained their own odor, odor from other males, and odor from other females, both during and outside the mating season. Results show that outside the mating season, both males and females avoid water that contains chemical cues from conspecifics of the opposite sex. During the mating season, male turtles clearly select water with chemical cues from females. Moreover, males prefer to occupy water from their home containers over clean water, and avoid water with chemical cues from other conspecific males. Conversely, during the mating season, females prefer to occupy water with chemical cues from other females, but do not select water from their home containers or water from males. The evolution of chemical communication in turtles, its relation to sexual selection processes, and the implications for turtle behavior are discussed.