几种农药组合对甘蔗害虫的田间防效评价

为探索不同农药组合对甘蔗蓟马、蚜虫、螟虫等害虫的防治效果,选用40%氯虫·噻虫嗪WG、40%氯虫·噻虫胺SC、85%氯虫·杀虫单WG等7组农药与70%噻虫嗪ZF为对照,进行了甘蔗害虫防治药剂筛选试验及示范。结果表明：1%氯虫苯甲酰胺GR+2%吡虫啉GR、40%氯虫·噻虫胺SC、35%氯虫苯甲酰胺WG+70%噻虫嗪ZF这3组农药对甘蔗蓟马的防治效果较好,与对照比,防效分别达到了47.2%、42.2%、41.6%;参试各处理(含对照)均没有蚜虫的发生、对甘蔗蚜虫的防治效果显著且持效期长;0.15%氯虫·噻虫胺TK、35%氯虫苯甲酰胺WG+70%噻虫嗪ZF、40%氯虫·噻虫嗪WG、30%氯虫·噻虫嗪SC、40%氯虫·噻虫胺SC等5组农药对甘蔗螟虫的防治效果最好,与对照比,对螟害株的防治效果分别为95.9%、90.7%、89.6%、89.6%、86.6%,对螟害节的防治效果分别为98.2%、92.6%、91.2%、93.3%、91.2%。     

露地土壤-芹菜体系噻虫嗪及其代谢产物噻虫胺残留与消长规律研究

目的 探明露地土壤-芹菜体系噻虫嗪及其代谢产物噻虫胺的残留与消长规律。方法 在河北张家口开展露地芹菜噻虫嗪、噻虫胺的最终残留和消解动态试验,样品通过10 mL乙腈提取,提取溶液经50 mg N-丙基乙二胺和3 mg多壁碳纳米管净化后,采用气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法在质谱多反应监测模式下检测噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的残留量。结果 噻虫嗪和噻虫胺在芹菜上的回收率范围分别为 80.7%~90.5%、76.1%~103.0%;在土壤上分别为74.0%~96.4%、84.9%~86.7%,最终残留实验中,用药后第10 d噻虫嗪在芹菜残留量为0.188 mg/kg,低于国家规定的最大残留限量(maximum residue limit, MRL),噻虫胺为0.112 mg/ kg,超出其MRL值。噻虫嗪在芹菜上的消解动力学方程为C=2.7244 e-0.246 t,r2为0.9094,半衰期为2.82 d。噻虫嗪在土壤中沉积量呈现先上升再下降趋势,峰值为0.33 mg/kg;噻虫胺在土壤中未见明显趋势。结论 噻虫嗪在芹菜上施用后的残留风险较低,但其代谢产物噻虫胺有残留风险。噻虫嗪与噻虫胺施用对土壤环境影响较小。     

苹果泥加工及储藏过程中6种农药残留变化

目的 明确苹果泥加工及储藏过程中多菌灵、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑残留变化规律。方法 通过实验室模拟加工和加速储藏实验, 采用液相色谱-质谱法检测其中多菌灵、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑的残留变化。结果 建立的检测方法中, 6种农药回收率范围为80.48%~114.58%, 相对标准偏差为2.08%~6.43%, 检出限为0.10~1.25 μg/kg, 定量限为0.50~5.00 μg/kg。苹果泥加工过程中清洗步骤农药残留浓度降低12.93%~38.87%, 预煮步骤农药残留浓度降低24.61%~58.16%, 而巴氏杀菌步骤农药残留浓度略有增加(P>0.05)。加速储藏过程中6种农药残留浓度均降低, 其中咪鲜胺在加速储藏14 d后未检出。苹果泥加工全程及储藏过程中6种农药的加工因子均小于1。结论 研究结果可为苹果泥中农药最大残留限量制定及消费者安全膳食引导提供参考, 获得的加工因子可用于食品安全风险评估, 提升风险评估结果的准确性。     

法国:9月1日起禁止销售使用五种新烟碱杀虫剂

正近期,法国禁止新烟碱类杀虫剂的法案生效,根据禁令,9月1日起法国禁止销售与使用五种新烟碱类杀虫剂(噻虫胺、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫啉、啶虫脒),法国也成为欧盟首个为保护蜜蜂种群禁用新烟碱类杀虫剂的国家。     

降胆固醇乳酸菌的筛选鉴定及其耐酸耐胆盐性能研究

以胆固醇同化吸收能力为指标,用高效液相色谱法从12株乳酸菌中筛选出2株具有较高降胆固醇能力的乳酸菌YXB23和YDA12,胆固醇降解率分别为(35.33±4.51)%和(33.53±2.91)%。经过16S rDNA分子鉴定,YXB23属于植物乳杆菌,YDA12属于乳酸片球菌。通过体外耐酸性实验、耐胆盐实验和模拟胃肠道实验发现YXB23和YDA12在pH_2.5胁迫8 h后的存活率分别为(99.42±0.30)%和(97.42±0.62)%;在胆盐的质量分数为0.2%时胁迫8 h,YXB23和YDA12存活率分别为(77.51±0.46)%和(98.86±0.13)%,而胆盐的质量分数为0.3%时存活率分别为0%和(95.36±1.11)%;人工胃液消化3 h后,YXB23和YDA12的存活率分别为(85.46±1.76)%和(85.41±1.47)%,将消化液转接入人工小肠液消化8 h后,植物乳杆菌YXB23与乳酸片球菌YDA12的存活率分别为(90.47±2.94)%和(88.95±2.29)%。比较2株乳酸菌,筛选出YDA12为具有良好胃肠道耐性的潜在降胆固醇乳酸菌。     

无锡市市售蔬菜中新烟碱类杀虫剂残留分析及膳食风险评估

目的 调查无锡市市售蔬菜中新烟碱类杀虫剂残留情况,评估其膳食暴露风险。方法 采集2023年无锡市共7类20种74份市售蔬菜样品,采用UPLC-MS/MS法检测12种新烟碱类杀虫剂残留量,依据GB 2763-2021分析检出和超标情况,通过相对效能因子模型、食品安全指数法、危害物风险系数进行膳食风险评估。结果 检出率为39.19%,超标率为1.35%。检出5种新烟碱类杀虫剂,分别为吡虫啉、啶虫脒、呋虫胺、噻虫胺、噻虫嗪,检出率和超标率最高均为噻虫嗪。蔬菜种类不同,其检出率和超标率存在差异。平均总暴露浓度IMIRPF为0.980 mg/kg。相对效能因子模型中联合暴露浓度小于健康指导值,所有检出IFS和均小于1,危害物风险系数R值中噻虫嗪为2.45呈中度风险,其余杀虫剂R值均小于1.5,呈低度风险。结论 本研究中发现无锡市市售蔬菜中普遍存在新烟碱类杀虫剂残留污染,个别蔬菜样品噻虫嗪超标。尽管总体膳食风险较低,但噻虫嗪风险系数R评估呈中度风险,提示不应忽视其膳食暴露在普通人群的潜在健康风险。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中烟碱类化合物的基质效应研究

目的建立蔬菜中6种烟碱类化合物的QuEChERS与液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)相结合的残留检测方法,研究洋葱、蒜薹、姜、胡萝卜、黄瓜和白菜6种基质对烟碱类化合物的基质效应,并探讨基质种类、农药种类和基质浓度对基质效应的影响。方法样品经15 mL乙腈提取,50 mg GCB、200 mg C_(18)和150 mg PSA粉净化,LC-MS/MS法测定并计算基质效应。结果农药在0.005～0.2μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数0.9910～0.9991,平均回收率78.9%～112.7%,相对标准偏差均小于10%。呋虫胺、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺在6种蔬菜中主要呈现基质抑制效应,吡虫啉在黄瓜和白菜中部分浓度表现基质增强效应,其余主要为基质抑制效应;啶虫脒和烯啶虫胺在蒜薹和姜中呈基质抑制效应,在其他基质中主要表现明显的基质增强效应。结论该方法在检测蔬菜中的烟碱类化合物时,存在不同程度的基质效应,基质种类、农药分子结构和基质浓度均会影响基质效应强度,所以实际检测中必须考虑基质效应,建议采用基质加标曲线定量。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定中草药中多种 新烟碱类农药的残留量

目的建立液相色谱-串联质谱分析法同时测定中草药夏枯草、野菊花、金银花、苏银花中噻虫嗪、氯噻啉、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫胺、噻虫啉6种新烟碱类农药残留量。方法样品中的6种新烟碱类杀虫剂经乙腈提取,QuEChERS方法净化后,液相色谱-串联质谱法分离和测定,外标法定量。结果方法检出限为0.1～4.8μg/kg,在方法的检测限与200 ng/mL测定范围内有良好的线性关系(r0.9990),在所添加5个水平浓度下,方法的回收率在70.4%～108.3%,相对标准偏差在1.0%～8.8%。结论该方法准确、简单、快速,适用于中草药中多种新烟碱类农药的同时检测。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定陈皮中7种新烟碱类农药残留

目的 建立高效液相色谱串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）分析方法测定陈皮中噻虫嗪、氯噻啉、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫胺、噻虫啉 、呋虫胺7 种新烟碱类农药的残留。方法 陈皮中的7 种新烟碱类农药经乙腈提取,QuEChERS方法净化后,液相色谱串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）分离和测定,外标法定量。结果 方法检低限为 0.1~2 μg·kg-1,在方法的检测限与500 μg·kg-1测定范围内有良好的线性关系（R＞0.9995 ）,在所添加3个水平浓度下,方法的回收率在82.7%~106.1%,相对标准偏差在1.8~11.2%。结论 结果表明,该方法准确、简单快速,满足农药残留检测方法要求。     

几种杀虫剂对平菇中菇蝇抑制作用的研究

目的 通过田间试验评价5种杀虫剂对菇蝇的药效及其对平菇生长的安全性。方法 在菇房条件下研究5种农药对菇蝇的防治效果, 并分析施药后不同时间平菇中的农药残留。结果 25%噻虫嗪, 25%吡蚜酮和25%吡蚜酮+25%噻虫嗪具有很好的防治效果, 而且使用后对平菇产量没有影响。50%的多菌灵, 50%的灭蝇胺的防治效果较差, 且对平菇的产量有影响。25%噻虫嗪, 25%吡蚜酮和25%吡蚜酮+25%噻虫嗪混合液使用 7 d后3种处理均未检测到农药残留。50%的多菌灵, 50%的灭蝇胺药后10 d仍能检测到残留。结论 噻虫嗪和吡蚜酮适宜作为菇蝇害虫的防治药剂, 对平菇影响小, 低残留等特点, 对菇蝇防治效果较好。     

Effect of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes on In Vitro Carotene Accessibility in Lactic Acid Fermented Carrot Beverage

ABSTRACT: Carrot purées with different particle size were prepared from fresh carrots using 2 different food processors. The purées were fermented with lactic acid bacteria ( Lactobacillus plantarum ) with and without addition of cell wall degrading enzymes (Pectinex® Ultra SP-L and Cellubrix^TM L). The bioaccessibility of carotenes was estimated using an in vitro digestion method. In carrots processed to a particle size <1.5 mm, the in vitro β-carotene accessibility was 46% and neither fermentation nor addition of cell wall-degrading enzymes had any further effect on the in vitro accessibility. In carrot purées with a coarser particle size, the in vitro β-carotene accessibility was 18%; that significantly increased by adding high amounts of cellulases or pectinases or a combination of the enzymes either in low or high amounts. The improved accessibility was correlated with reduced particle size of the carrot purée.     

Adsorption and desorption of phenanthrene on carbon nanotubes in simulated gastrointestinal fluids

Adsorption of phenanthrene on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and bioaccessibility of adsorbed phenanthrene were studied in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Adsorption of phenanthrene on CNTs was suppressed in pepsin (800 mg/L) solution (gastric) and bile salt (500 and 5000 mg/L) fluids (intestinal). In addition to competitive sorption, pepsin and high-concentration bile salt (5000 mg/L, above critical micelle concentration) solubilized phenanthrene (3 and 30 times of the water solubility, respectively), thus substantially reduced phenanthrene adsorption on CNTs. Pepsin and bile salts also increased the rapidly desorbing phenanthrene fraction from CNTs. The rapidly desorbing phase lasted less than 1 h for all CNTs. Further, 43-69% of phenanthrene was released from CNTs after desorption in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluid at low bile salt concentration while 53-86% was released in the gastric and intestinal fluid at high bile salt concentration. These findings suggest that the release of residual hydrophobic organic compounds from CNTs could be enhanced by biomolecules such as pepsin and bile salts in the digestive tract, thus increasing the bioaccessibility of adsorbed phenanthrene and possibly the overall toxicity of phenanthrene associated CNTs.     

机械加工方式及油脂对胡萝卜中β-胡萝卜素生物接近度的影响

研究不同机械加工方式(1 mm×1 mm×1 mm切丁、2 mm×2 mm×2 mm切丁、打浆)和油脂(添加量0%、3%、5%、10%)对β-胡萝卜素生物接近度的影响。采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定β-胡萝卜素浓度,采用静态体外消化法、以释放率和胶束化率为指标评估β-胡萝卜素生物接近度。结果表明:3种机械加工处理的胡萝卜在相同油脂添加量条件下,β-胡萝卜素的释放率和胶束化率由大至小的排序均为:打浆处理(释放率为2.069%~32.565%,胶束化率为0.324%~1.999%)、切丁1 mm×1 mm×1 mm(释放率为1.088%~6.162%,胶束化率为0.226%~0.911%)和2 mm×2 mm×2 mm(释放率为0.335%~4.102%,胶束化率为0.109%~0.242%);不同油脂添加量均提高了胡萝卜中β-胡萝卜素的释放率和胶束化率,且油脂添加量分别与释放率和胶束化率均呈线性关系,但是提高幅度因机械加工方式不同而异:10%油脂添加量与无油脂添加相比,打浆处理的释放率提高了约15倍,胶束化率提高了约5倍,1 mm×1 mm×1 mm胡萝卜丁的释放率和胶束化率分别提高了约5倍、3倍,2 mm×2 mm×2 mm胡萝卜丁的释放率和胶束化率则分别提高了11倍、1倍。     

Simultaneous determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in sunflower-treated seeds (hull and kernel) by LC-MS/MS

A validated analytical method to determine seven neonicotinoids (dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid) in sunflower seeds (hull and kernel) using HPLC coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is presented. Sample clean-up based on a solid–liquid extraction, and the removal of lipid fraction, in the case of kernels, is proposed and optimised. Low limits of detection and quantification were obtained, ranging from 0.3 × 10^–3 to 1.2 × 10^–3 µg g^–1 and from 1.0 × 10^–3 to 4.0 × 10^–3 µg g^–1, with good precision, and recovery values ranged from 90% to 104% for hulls and kernels. The method was applied for the analysis of five thiamethoxam-dressed sunflower seeds and four non-treated seeds, where, besides thiamethoxam, residues of the other neonicotinoid, clothianidin, were also detected and confirmed via tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Finally, the presence of residues of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in collected sunflower seeds (hulls) coming from coated seeds confirmed the translocation of these neonicotinoids through the plant up to these seeds.     

Simultaneous Determination of Five Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Edible Fungi Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)

A robust analytical method for simultaneously determining five neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) in commonly consumed edible fungi (Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Lentinus edodes, and Pleurotus eryngii) was provided in the present study. Samples were pretreated using a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe) method with the detection of neonicotinoids by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A number of optimizations performed to sample pretreatment and detection conditions were discussed. Limits of detection (LODs) for all analytes in edible fungi were between 0.03 and 0.7 μg kg^?1, while limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.1 to 2 μg kg^?1. Mean recoveries for clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam were in the range of 100.5–118.0, 73.9–89.5, 88.6–117.8, 72.9–121.8, and 98.9–117.2%, respectively, with RSDs less than 8.1%. This method could be used for fast screen of the five neonicotinoid insecticides in edible fungi for risk assessing aims.     

Bioaccessibility of carotenes from carrots: Effect of cooking and addition of oil

Food processing and occurrence of dietary lipids are believed to be important and limiting factors for carotenoid bioavailability in humans. In the present study the isolated and combined effects of household cooking and addition of olive oil on the bioaccessibility of carotenes from carrots have been investigated. Although thermal treatment during cooking showed to have a negative impact on the carotenoid content, a positive effect on the micellarisation of carotenes and therefore on their bioaccessibility was found. Carotenes transferred to the digests were micellarised to a higher extent from cooked carrots (52%) than from crude carrots (29%). Addition of olive oil to carrot samples during cooking and before application of the in vitro digestion model had a marked positive effect on the release of carotenes, although the design of the model did not allow the correct estimation of this effect. The higher amounts of micellarised carotenes (80%) were found in the digest prepared from cooked carrots containing 10% olive oil. In general, the inclusion of olive oil during cooking increased the carotenoid extraction and micellarisation in a dose-dependent fashion. Although β-carotene and α-carotene were affected in a similar way by the cooking process, α-carotene appeared to be more efficiently incorporated into the micelles when olive oil was added to the samples. In conclusion, both processing and mainly lipid content (cooking oil in this case) significantly improve carotenoid bioaccessibility from carrots, and therefore may increase bioavailability in humans.Industrial relevanceThe consumption of carotenoid-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables has been associated with a decrease of the risk of developing certain types of degenerative and chronic diseases. Processing of food and the interaction of carotenoids with lipophilic food components or ingredients may modify the amount of the released pigment from the food matrix, and therefore potentially increase or decrease their bioavailability. For this purpose, in the present study we have investigated the effects of cooking and presence of olive oil on the release of carotenes from carrots (as a model food) and their incorporation into absorbable micelles, the bioaccessibility. From the industrial point of view, a better understanding of the factors governing the release of carotenoids and other active components from vegetable foods is of great importance with the aim of optimising the manufacturing processes.     

再造型胡萝卜复合脆片中类胡萝卜素生物利用度

以再造型胡萝卜复合脆片、胡萝卜脆片、胡萝卜鲜样为对象,通过体外模拟消化,探究加工方式与口腔咀嚼程度（咀嚼5、15?次和30?次）对样品的消化特性以及类胡萝卜素生物利用度的影响。结果显示：在消化过程中,胡萝卜鲜样和脆片的消化液平均粒径大小均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）;随着咀嚼程度增大,胡萝卜脆片的消化液平均粒径逐渐变大,说明咀嚼后悬浮于消化液中的颗粒数量越多,越容易产生絮凝作用。共聚焦显微镜观察发现,在口腔阶段,消化液中的油脂与样品结合形成较大的聚集体;经过胃消化后,脂滴逐渐分散到消化液中;经过小肠消化后油脂被消化分解,与类胡萝卜素形成胶束,胶束的数量多少决定着类胡萝卜素生物利用度的高低。胡萝卜鲜样的类胡萝卜素含量最高,但生物利用度最低;再造型胡萝卜复合脆片的类胡萝卜素含量较低,但其生物利用度较高,且咀嚼程度对再造型胡萝卜复合脆片的生物利用度无显著影响（P＞0.05）。综上所述,再造型胡萝卜复合脆片消化特性较好,并且具有较高的类胡萝卜素生物利用度,可作为一种有效补充类胡萝卜素的果蔬休闲食品。     

Impact of a food-grade cationic biopolymer (ε-polylysine) on the digestion of emulsified lipids: In vitro study

ε-Polylysine (ε-PL) is a cationic biopolymer that may be used as a food ingredient because of its strong antimicrobial activity and potential to inhibit pancreatic lipase. We examined the effect of polylysine on the digestion of corn oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by either a natural anionic surfactant (quillaja saponin) or a synthetic non-ionic surfactant (Tween 20). Emulsions were prepared using high pressure homogenization (microfluidization) and then subjected to in vitro digestion in the absence or presence of polylysine at the maximum level allowed in foods by the FDA. Samples were characterized before and after in vitro digestion using electrophoresis, confocal microscopy, and static light scattering. The presence of polylysine decreased the hydrolytic activity of pancreatic lipase by around 53% and 28% in the Tween 20- and saponin-stabilized emulsions, respectively. The lipase-inhibiting properties of cationic polylysine were attributed to its electrostatic interaction with anionic components, such as bile salts, free fatty acids, and digestive enzymes. These results have important implications for the incorporation of polylysine into food systems, particularly those containing lipophilic nutrients.