超稳腔零膨胀温度点的精细测量方法研究综述

利用超低热膨胀系数的Ultra-Low-Expansion（ULE）材料加工成超稳腔，并将其温度控制在零膨胀系数的温度点是获得低频率漂移速率的关键。超稳腔零膨胀温度点的测量在超稳激光研究领域中起到关键作用，零膨胀温度点下的低漂移速率超稳激光对能级跃迁谱线的精密测量有着重要意义。本文阐述了基于超稳腔的Pound-Drever-Hall（PDH）激光稳频基本原理，介绍了超稳激光重要性能指标的测量方式，详细介绍了参考腔拍频法、光梳测量法、光钟测量法三种超稳腔的零膨胀温度点测量方法，具体分析了它们的使用条件和工作原理，并进行了实验验证。最后对零膨胀温度点精细测量方法的未来发展方向进行了总结与展望，为促进超稳激光技术的进一步发展提供借鉴。     

芯片级原子钟的气密性能分析

基于相干布居囚禁(CPT)原理芯片级原子钟(CSAC)原子腔体积小、采用微电子机械系统硅-玻璃键合工艺制造,其气密性是决定CSAC寿命的关键因素。本文提出了"多层缓冲原子腔"方案大幅度提高原子腔的气密性能,从而提高CPT CSAC的稳定性和寿命。建立了一个"毛细管等效气流模型"模拟多层缓冲原子腔的泄漏以分析原子腔的气密性能,应用Matlab仿真对比了单层密封、多层密封、添加保护腔等不同方式下气密性能的改善幅度。仿真结果验证了"多层缓冲原子腔"在提高CPT CSAC物理系统气密性能方面的可行性和有效性,为原子腔的设计提供指导。     

中国锶光钟:1.38亿年不差一秒

<正>笔者日前从中国计量科学研究院获悉,该院研制的锶87原子光晶格钟(以下简称锶光钟)数据首次被国际频率标准工作组采纳,为我国未来在重新定义秒的国际问题上争得了话语权。中国计量院锶原子光晶格钟研究工作始于2007年,由方占军研究员领衔的创新团队承担。2015年7月,该团队顺利完成了锶光钟的第一次系统频移评定和绝对频率测量工作,准确度达到2.3×10-16,相当于1.38亿年不差一秒。方占军告诉笔者,锶光钟是目前世界上频率稳定度最高的原子钟,也是研究最多的冷原子光晶格钟,高出现行     

NIM的微波-光学频率基准研究——复现米和秒定义

报道中国计量科学研究院(NIM)在微波-光学频率计量研究的新进展:用NIM4激光冷却-铯原子喷泉钟复现国际单位制(SI)时间单位秒(s),用飞秒(FS)光学频率梳间接复现长度单位米(m)并标定稳频激光波长实际实施米定义.NIM4铯原子喷泉钟的不确定度达到5×10-15,飞秒(FS)光梳锁定到NIM4钟控制的氢钟后,其频率不确定度为2.2×10-14.在此基础上讨论铯原子喷泉钟、稳频激光、FS光梳的作用、意义和相互关系.最后简要介绍NIM5铯原子喷泉钟的研究进展和2006年起NIM立题研制锶原子存储光钟.     

从长度单位米到时间单位秒:稳频激光-飞秒光梳-铯原子喷泉钟-光钟

报道了中国计量科学研究院(NIM)在复现国际单位制(SI)长度单位米和时间单位秒的研究进展,包括稳频激光、NIM4铯原子喷泉钟和飞秒光学频率梳.NIM4钟不确定度达4.4×10-15,NIM在研的飞秒光梳将以优于1×10-13的不确定度实现光学波长向微波频率的溯源.文中还讨论了127I2饱和吸收633nm 3次谐波稳频的HeNe激光波长比5次谐波稳频的更"准确";指出飞秒光梳是从动跟踪系统,描述它的性能指标应当是它的跟踪精度;估计了用"吸收室-原子束-原子喷泉-原子/离子存储"4种不同原理所建频标可能达到的不确定度极限.最后简略展望时间频率基准研究的新动向--光钟.     

NIM的微波－光学频率基准研究 ———复现米和秒定义

报道中国计量科学研究院（NIM）在微波－光学频率计量研究的新进展：用NIM４激光冷却－铯原子 喷泉钟复现国际单位制（SI）时间单位秒（s）,用飞秒（FS）光学频率梳间接复现长度单位米（m）并标定稳频 激光波长实际实施米定义。NIM４铯原子喷泉钟的不确定度达到５×１０－１５,飞秒（FS）光梳锁定到NIM４钟控制的 氢钟后,其频率不确定度为２畅２×１０－１４。在此基础上讨论铯原子喷泉钟、稳频激光、FS光梳的作用、意义和相互 关系。最后简要介绍NIM５铯原子喷泉钟的研究进展和２００６年起NIM立题研制锶原子存储     

铬原子束激光感生荧光稳频技术理论分析

在铬原子光刻中可采用铬原子束激光感生荧光(LIF)来实现激光频率的稳定,以满足原子光刻对激光频率稳定性的要求。激光感生荧光稳频技术除有很高的稳频精度以外,还可以获得相对于原子共振频率的一定失谐量。本文根据已有的实验条件和参数从铬原子束的速率分布、激光频率与荧光斑点中心横向位移的关系、二象限光电探测器测得的误差信号等方面对铬原子束激光感生荧光(LIF)稳频技术作了理论分析。     

法拉第滤光器在法拉第激光器领域研究进展

法拉第激光器是一种利用法拉第反常色散原子滤光器作为选频元件的新型外腔半导体激光器,原理上法拉第激光的输出波长随着激光二极管驱动电流及工作温度的变化,始终与原子跃迁谱线相对应,可以将激光频率有效地锁定至原子跃迁谱线,实现窄线宽的激光输出信号,并且短期与长期频率稳定性均较好。本文详细介绍了自1845年法拉第旋光效应提出以来,法拉第反常色散原子滤光器的发展历程,法拉第激光器的工作机理、发展历程以及性能优越性,并结合国内外的研究进展,介绍了法拉第激光发展各个阶段的技术瓶颈及相应的解决办法,同时展望了法拉第激光器未来在量子领域特别是量子精密测量领域的重要价值。     

时间:从天文时到原子秒

本文回顾了时间频率发展历程,从最初天文观测校准天文摆钟、石英钟或原子钟守时,产生天文时;到后来原子钟的发明和利用天文时准确标定铯原子频率,奠定了铯原子秒定义的基础。在原子秒时代,采用铯喷泉基准钟复现秒定义,驾驭国际原子时,从而建立国际通用原子时标。展望未来,面对基于光钟重新修改秒定义路线图的要求,定位为计量型的光钟需要考虑相对论频率偏移效应,并在此基础上参与驾驭国际原子时。     

可搬运光钟研究进展及展望

将可搬运光钟划分为高精度可搬运光钟、便携式可搬运光钟以及均衡性可搬运光钟三类,分别介绍了三类可搬运光钟的工作原理及国内外研究进展,并从稳定度、不确定度、系统集成度等角度分析了它们的性能优势和发展局限性。在此基础上,展望了可搬运光钟在机动守时授时、测地学、空间探测、微型定位等场景中的应用前景,并提出应通过降低核心激光部件的环境敏感性、提高激光部件与真空系统的稳健性等方式提升高精度可搬运光钟系统的机动性能;应结合真空技术、人工智能等手段提高便携式可搬运光钟的长期稳定性;应通过实验方案的迭代进一步提升均衡性可搬运光钟的精度。     

When should we change the definition of the second?

The microwave caesium (Cs) atomic clock has formed an enduring basis for the second in the International System of Units (SI) over the last few decades. The advent of laser cooling has underpinned the development of cold Cs fountain clocks, which now achieve frequency uncertainties of approximately 5×10(-16). Since 2000, optical atomic clock research has quickened considerably, and now challenges Cs fountain clock performance. This has been suitably shown by recent results for the aluminium Al(+) quantum logic clock, where a fractional frequency inaccuracy below 10(-17) has been reported. A number of optical clock systems now achieve or exceed the performance of the Cs fountain primary standards used to realize the SI second, raising the issues of whether, how and when to redefine it. Optical clocks comprise frequency-stabilized lasers probing very weak absorptions either in a single cold ion confined in an electromagnetic trap or in an ensemble of cold atoms trapped within an optical lattice. In both cases, different species are under consideration as possible redefinition candidates. In this paper, I consider options for redefinition, contrast the performance of various trapped ion and optical lattice systems, and point to potential limiting environmental factors, such as magnetic, electric and light fields, collisions and gravity, together with the challenge of making remote comparisons of optical frequencies between standards laboratories worldwide.     

Detailed study of an efficient blue laser source by second-harmonic generation in a semimonolithic cavity for the cooling of strontium atoms

We have constructed a blue laser source consisting of an amplified, grating tuned diode laser that is frequency doubled by a KNbO3 crystal in a compact standing wave cavity and produces as much as 200 mW of internal second-harmonic power. We have analyzed the unusual characteristics of this standing wave cavity to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of this configuration as an alternative to a ring cavity for second-harmonic generation. We emphasize its efficiency and stability and the fact that it has an inherent walk-off compensation, similar to twin crystal configurations. We demonstrate its utility for laser cooling and trapping of earth alkalis by stabilizing the laser to the 461-nm transition of strontium, using a heat pipe, and then forming a magneto-optic trap of strontium from a Zeeman-slowed atomic beam.     

A Systems Analysis of the Cesium Beam Atomic Clock

A brief derivation of the transition probability for a two-state atomic system subjected to a phase modulated oscillatory perturbation is presented. This result is used to perform an analysis of a typical cesium beam atomic clock system utilizing a Ramsey (twin cavity) beam tube in order to determine optimum design parameters. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that the optimum modulation frequency for this type of system is higher than has previously been supposed. An additional feedback loop can be incorporated to nearly eliminate cavity phase error.     

Absolute distance measurement with an optical feedback interferometer

An important use of the self-mixing effect inside a frequency-modulated single-mode laser diode is in laser velocimetry and range-finding applications. The optical beam reflected by a target and injected into the laser diode cavity modulated by a reshaped current is mixed with the light inside the cavity, causing variations of the optical output power. A theoretical analysis of this effect is proposed, based on the determination of the beat frequencies of the optical power variations, to improve the accuracy of laser distance measurement. A resolution of ?1.5 mm from 50 cm to 2 m is obtained when thermal effects are taken into account.     

镱离子光钟的多波长数字PID激光稳频系统

针对镱离子光钟实验中激光冷却并操控离子时,激光器频率漂移影响原子钟系统的问题,基于数字PID控制方法,设计了一种新的多通道频率-数字信号转换稳频方法,将多路多波长激光频率锁定在波长计的参考频率上。对激光器锁定前和锁定后的频率进行一定时长的数据采集及数据对比,激光频率漂移由800 MHz控制在± 0.8 MHz,激光频率稳定度由9.29 × 10^-10@1 s优化至2.79 × 10^-10@1 s,频率千秒稳达到3.85 × 10^-12。该系统简单、易实现,具有小型化、适应性强的优点。     

Operating a (87)Sr optical lattice clock with high precision and at high density

We describe recent experimental progress with the JILA Sr optical frequency standard, which has a systematic uncertainty at the 10-(16) fractional frequency level. An upgraded laser system has recently been constructed in our lab which may allow the JILA Sr standard to reach the standard quantum measurement limit and achieve record levels of stability. To take full advantage of these improvements, it will be necessary to operate a lattice clock with a large number of atoms, and systematic frequency shifts resulting from atomic interactions will become increasingly important. We discuss how collisional frequency shifts can arise in an optical lattice clock employing fermionic atoms and describe a novel method by which such systematic effects can be suppressed.     

高能束焊接技术在舰船建造中的应用

高能束焊接技术具有集束、高功率密度、焊接精度高等优点,应用领域非常广泛,本文着重分析了电子束焊接和激光焊接技术在舰船建造方面的应用。