Simultaneous nulling in sum and difference patterns by amplitude control

A method is discussed of suppressing jammers simultaneously in the sum and the difference patterns of a linear antenna array by either using complex weights or controlling the current amplitudes only, with special emphasis on the latter method. For a given array size, the total number of jammers that can be nulled is doubled if complex weights are used instead of real weights. However, the amplitude-only technique has many attractions. It is shown that because the resulting current amplitude distribution has a double symmetry, the number of attenuators required for simultaneous nulling can be as low as a quarter of the total number of elements in the array. This means a much faster computing speed as well as a considerable saving in hardware. The method also allows the main beam of the antenna to be scanned by using phase-shifters while nulls are placed in directions of known jammers in both the sum and difference patterns by using attenuators. As a result, the maximization of the signal-to-jammer ratio can be achieved with relative ease, because the stronger a jammer is, the easier it is to locate it and hence to suppress it.     

Antenna array pattern nulling by controlling both amplitude and phase using modified touring ant colony optimization algorithm

This paper presents an efficient method, based on the modified touring ant colony optimization algorithm, for null steering of linear antenna arrays by controlling both the amplitude and the phase of array elements. The maximum sidelobe level, the null depth level and the dynamic range ratio are taken into account in the pattern synthesis. Simulation results for Chebyshev patterns with the imposed single, multiple and broad nulls are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Simple method for pattern nulling by phase perturbation

A method of sidelobe hulling, which involves perturbing the array illumination phase only, is presented. The general nonlinear problem is linearized by assuming the perturbations to be small, and an analytic solution is derived. Illustrative examples of sinc and Chebyshev patterns with imposed nulls are given.     

一种快速唯相位方向图置零方法

在相控阵雷达中,为了降低雷达信号被敌方侦收设备截获的概率,需要在阵列发射方向图某一角度形成零点。对此,提出一种快速相位加权方向图置零方法。该方法依据零点位置设置虚拟干扰,并构建干扰协方差矩阵;根据最小输出功率准则,建立零点生成数学模型;最后通过单坐标迭代算法求解相位权值。计算机仿真结果验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

Planar antenna pattern nulling using differential evolution algorithm

Differential evolution algorithm is used for the pattern synthesis of planar antenna arrays with prescribed pattern nulls by position-only and position-amplitude optimization. The position-only optimization for a planar array allows null synthesis in any prescribed direction. For planar antenna array thinning it is necessary to use position-amplitude optimization for problems involving more than two nulls.     

Simultaneous nulling in the sum and difference patterns of a monopulse antenna

Most adaptive array research has not directly addressed the problem of nulling in a monopulse antenna. Placing a null in the sum does not automatically place a null in the difference pattern and vice versa. Nulls may be placed in the two patterns with the use of separate adaptive weights and controls for the sum and difference channels. However, this requires two sets of adaptive hardware for one antenna. A technique for simultaneous hulling in the sum and difference channels of a monopulse phased array using one set of adaptive weights shared by both channels is described. First, the technique is described for amplitude and phase nulling, then for phase only hulling. In each case, the ability to simultaneously null in both channels with one set of variable weights is theoretically demonstrated.     

Adaptive nulling loop control for 1.7-GHz feedforward linearizationsystems

An adaptive analog control system is introduced for the nulling loop (first loop) of a 1.7-GHz feedforward linearization system. The sensitivity to temperature and frequency variations is experimentally shown for a conventional feedforward system, leading to the need for an adaptive control system. Two error signals based on detected power levels are introduced and used to control the nulling loop vector modulator to ensure cancellation of the main signal. Finally, the experimental performance of this system is presented     

Shaped beam pattern synthesis with desired nulling level and minimum sidelobe level

For the anti-interference/denoise purpose, it usually requires minimizing the sidelobe level (SLL) of a wide-beam pattern with a desired low nulling level (NL) in the nulling region. To realize such an objective, the shaped-beam pattern synthesis (SBPS) is the most commonly used approach. However, since the SBPS problem focuses on synthesizing a predetermined beam shape, the minimum SLL via this approach cannot ensure to obtain the maximum power gain. Conversely, it cannot obtain the lowest SLL with a certain power gain requirement. Based on such consideration, this paper tries to further minimize SLL of a wide-beam pattern with a desired low NL nulling region, by solving the power gain pattern synthesis (PGPS) problem. The PGPS problem selects the array excitation by directly optimizing the power gain. Hence, it has the potential to reduce SLL, when achieving the equal mainlobe power gain constraint via SBPS. An iterative algorithm which converts the primal optimization problem into convex sub-problems is proposed, resulting in an effective problem-solving scheme. Numerical simulations demonstrate the proposed algorithm can obtain about 10-dB lower SLL than the existing algorithms.     

Wide-band nulling performance versus number of pattern constraints for an array antenna

The problem of wide-band pattern hulling for an array antenna is addressed, in particular the relation between the number of constraints imposed and the sidelobe suppression achieved. The two constraint methods considered are multiple nulling over a narrow angular sector and hulling of the pattern and its derivatives at a single point. To first order the sidelobe cancellation is shown to be independent of the actual pattern type and is determined by only two parameters: the number of null constraintsMand the number of sidelobesvto be cancelled. The latter parameter directly translates into a desired hulling bandwidthDelta f. A numerical solution to the problem is offered in the form of curves, from which the number of nulls required to suppress a jammer over a given bandwidth can be conveniently estimated. This number is indicative of how many degrees of freedom a conventional adaptive antenna system must allocate to attain a specific hulling performance.     

Null steering in rectangular planar arrays by amplitude control using genetic algorithms

Null steering in rectangular planar arrays has been achieved when only the amplitudes of the array elements are perturbed. Genetic algorithms were employed to solve the problem of null steering in uniform and Chebyshev planar arrays. Mathematical expressions for the planar array factor were derived from the linear array factor expression. The results show that nulls can be accurately steered to the required real space directions with the minimal disturbance to the other array parameters and at the same time achieve any prescribed null depth.     

Adaptive nulling in monopulse antennas

Theoretical and experimental results are presented for phase-only nulling in low-sidelobe monopulse antennas. Both results are based on a gradient search algorithm that simultaneously searches for a minimum in the sum and difference channel output powers. The array's beam steering phase shifters double as the adaptive weights. Each element in the gradient is found by changing phase shifter setting by ΔΨ (the phase shifter stepsize) and measuring the change in output power. Then the phase shifter is restored to its original value, and the process repeated for all the remaining array phase shifters. The algorithm iterates as long as each new adaptive weight setting reduces the total output power. If the output does not go down, then ΔΨ is decremented by one setting and the iteration is started again. The algorithm stops when ΔΨ=0. The adaptive weights act as random perturbations to the phase taper of the array. Consequently, the sidelobe level is proportional to the size of the phase perturbations and inversely related to the number of elements. By keeping the adaptive phase shifts small, the average sidelobe level and the main beam gain do not drastically change     

Scalar quadratic control with amplitude constraints

The letter presents a derivation of the control law which satisfies a scalar quadratic performance index, subject to a hard constraint on the magnitude of the input variable. The solution forms a basis from which adaptive control systems with input constraints may be derived.     

Far-field pattern determination from the near-field amplitude ontwo surfaces

The possibility of determining the far field of radiating systems by measuring only the near-field amplitude is investigated. The main difficulties of the problem are examined in some detail and a new near-field/far-field transformation technique is developed, based on the measurement of the near-field amplitude over two surfaces surrounding the antenna under test. The accuracy of the far-field reconstruction results are related both to the distance between such surfaces and to some a priori information concerning the near-field phase and/or the radiating system. The information on the radiating system allows relaxation of the need for any information on the near-field phase provided that the distance between the measurement surfaces is high enough. Conversely, the knowledge of a more or less corrupted near-field phase allows reduction of such distances without affecting the accuracy of the far-field reconstruction. Numerical examples validating the effectiveness of the developed algorithm are provided for the planar scanning case     

Fast amplitude control in twin-T bridge RC oscillators

When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the symmetrical twin-T bridge, the voltages at the inner nodes of the bridge have equal amplitudes and are shifted by 90°. If they are squared and summed, the resulting DC voltage can be used to control the gate of a field-effect transistor connected to the bridge. The oscillator with such a control system simultaneously has low distortion and fast amplitude transient response.     

Intermodulation nulling in HEMT common source amplifiers

A new model of the second- and third-order intermodulation products from HEMT and MESFET small-signal amplifiers, resulting from nonlinear drain-source current has been proposed in our previous publications. Based on this model, intermodulation nulling conditions in terms of the Taylor series coefficients, hence in terms of bias, have been investigated. This paper now examines the load dependence of the second- and third-order intermodulation products in HEMT small-signal common source amplifiers. Intermodulation nulling conditions are proposed and validated. This is useful in designing a high performance amplifier by calculation of optimum load for minimum distortion and studying distortion generation as a function of circuit topology     

Position-only planar hexagonal array antenna pattern nulling with simultaneous side lobe reduction at multiple azimuth planes

This article presents a study on the placement of multiple nulls as well as minimization of side lobe level in the radiation pattern using a planar hexagonal antenna array structure in two different vertical planes. The desired null depth is achieved to suppress the interference signal by the position-only control of the uniformly excited isotropic antennas in the array structure. The immediate solution to the mentioned computational problem is reached by various meta-heuristic optimization algorithms such as teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO), symbiotic organism search (SOS), and moth fly optimization (MFO) within a considerably reduced processing time with a control over the design constrains. Various examples for diversified scenarios are demonstrated to place multiple deep nulls in the radiation pattern without compromising the pattern constraints and all other radiation pattern characteristics. This experiment sought to illustrate and quantify the unique benefits and limitations of proposed technique using three considered meta-heuristic optimization algorithm.     

The phase-only shaping and adaptive ing of an amplitude pattern

An efficient phase-only control method is reported for shaping a given antenna array amplitude pattern and simultaneously placing adaptive s in unknown interference directions. The method iteratively minimizes a functional (that incorporates constraints imposed on the desired pattern shape and power measured at the array output) with respect to phases of the array element excitations and to the phase of the given amplitude pattern by a coordinate-by-coordinate (single-coordinate) method that finds the minimum along each coordinate by a closed-form formula using three power measurements per one iteration. The method shows fast convergence, is stable to phase shifter errors, and complies with the digital phase control. Results of computer modeling are provided.     

Fast amplitude control of a harmonic oscillator

The response time of an amplitude-controlled harmonic oscillator has been greatly reduced by the use of sampling techniques in the control loop.     

Current amplitude control circuits suitable for current-modeoscillators

A novel current amplitude control circuit suitable for current-mode oscillators is proposed. The circuit is a modified version of the well-known Gilbert gain cell. The technique obtains independent control of oscillation amplitude and small-signal current gain. As an example, the amplitude control circuit is applied to a current-mode oscillator. Simulations were carried out using HSPICE with 0.8 μm Nortel BiCMOS technology and Motorola RF transistors. Simulated results demonstrate that the nonlinear current gain control circuit behaves in a well defined manner. Low distortion and high frequency oscillations are easily obtained when the circuit is applied to a current-mode oscillator