几种随机接入协议的仿真性能比较分析

本文对纯ALOHA（P-ALOHA）、时隙ALOHA（S-AIDHA）和载波监听多路访问（CSMA）等三种随机接入协议的工作原理进行了介绍。对三种协议进行了理论分析,采用OPNET对协议进行了仿真性能比较,得出了相关重要结论,为提高随机接入协议性能提供了新的参考。     

DSMAC:一种适于无线多媒体传感器网络的信道接入协议

多媒体传感器网络作为一种多媒体信息获取和处理方式,已在军事、民用及商业领域中显示出广阔的应用前景.信道接入协议能否高效地使用无线信道是保证无线多媒体传感器网络通信的最关键的因素之一.分析支持多媒体业务传输的无线传感器网络信道接入协议的要求,提出适于多媒体传感器网络提供区分服务的信道接入协议--DSMAC(different service medium access control),对实时业务与非实时业务实现了区分服务,在信道接入帧内的随机竞争期实现突发业务及时接入,支持突发多媒体业务实时传输,并提出了多信道簇间传输方式,避免了隐终端冲突.最后,对协议的服务区分、实时性、吞吐量以及能量有效性等性能进行了仿真实验,验证了其优良性能.     

车载自组织网络协作MAC协议研究

车载自组织网络(Vehicular Ad Hoc Network,VANET)的关键技术之一就是 设计一个高效的媒体接入控制(Medium Access Control,MAC)协议。MAC协议因对网络的吞吐量、时延和丢包率等具有重大影响而成为研究热点。针对车载自组织网络对MAC协议的特殊性要求,提出了一种基于协作方案的TDMA MAC协议,即C-TDMA MAC。该协议中,当源节点到目的节点间直接传输失败时,其邻近辅助节点利用未被预留的时隙协作重传其先前侦听到的数据包到目的节点,而不影响其它数据包的正常传输。数值分析和仿真结果表明,所提出的协议提高了数据包成功传输的概率。     

Double sense multiple access for wireless ad hoc networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, the major quality of service (QoS) concern and challenge in the design and analysis of contention-based medium access control (MAC) protocols is to achieve good throughput and access delay performance in the presence of hidden terminals, which are defined as the terminals out of the radio coverage area of an intended transmitter but within that of the receiver. We propose and analyze in this paper a new dual-channel random access protocol, called “Double Sense Multiple Access” (DSMA), for improving QoS support in wireless ad hoc networks. By separating the transmissions of ready-to-send (RTS) and data packets into two time-slotted channels and by introducing a novel double sense mechanism, DSMA completely solves the hidden terminal problem and can guarantee the success transmission of data packets. By taking into account the most complex network scenario in which all transmitters are hidden terminals with respect to each other, key QoS metrics such as throughput, blocking probability and access delay are derived mathematically for the proposed DSMA protocol. These analytical results are verified by extensive computer simulations.     

Efficient contention-based MAC protocol using adaptive fuzzy controlled sliding backoff interval for wireless networks

Efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol should be able to provide high throughput performance and efficient share of the medium. In this paper, a new contention-based MAC protocol based on adaptive fuzzy controlled sliding backoff interval is proposed to maximize the channel throughput and improve the fairness of random access channels. In the proposed protocol, every node that experiences packet collisions increases its sliding backoff interval (SB) range by a forward sliding factor (FSF). In case of successful transmission the node decreases its SB range by a backward sliding factor (BSF). Forward and backward sliding factors are controlled by the channel offered traffic using a fuzzy controller. Furthermore, the operation of the proposed backoff algorithm does not depend on the knowledge of the number of active nodes. A computer simulation is developed using MATLAB to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm and compare it with other backoff schemes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms other backoff schemes, such as binary exponential backoff (BEB) and the fast collision resolution (FCR) scheme. It provides a significant efficient fair sharing performance improvement which converges to the ideal fairness performance while providing high throughput performance.     

An access protocol for efficiency optimization in WDM networks: A propagation delay and collisions avoidance analysis

The main investigation of this study is the performance optimization of a WDMA protocol suitable for a network architecture of passive star topology that uses the Multi-channel Control Architecture (MCA) and adopts asymmetric access rights over it. The access asymmetry defines that the MCA uses a separate control channel properly assigned for the free stations transmission, while the remaining control channels are used by the backlogged stations. The proposed asymmetric access protocol prevents from the data channels collisions, while it takes under consideration the loss due to the receiver conflicts. This is achieved by considering the propagation delay latency parameter as appropriate time interval in order to coordinate collisions-free data packets transmission. The performance parameters are derived through exhaustive analytical study based on a Markovian model of finite population, while the throughput optimization conditions are analytically investigated. Comparative results prove that the proposed asymmetric access protocol provides almost 11% throughput enhancement and significant delay deterioration as compared to a relative protocol with symmetric access rights over the MCA. The proposed protocol study is accomplished by examining its performance for various number of control channels and stations population.     

基于终端分组的非正交随机接入资源分配方案

为了解决机器到机器(Machine to Machine,M2M)通信中的冲突碰撞、资源短缺等问题,提出了基于终端分组的非正交随机接入和数据传输(Non-Orthogonal Random Access and Data Transmission based on Terminal Grouping,TG-NORA-DT)方案。首先,根据能量消耗速度对机器类型通信设备(Machine Type Communication Devices,MTCDs)进行分组,并对组设定优先级,优先级高的组MTCDs优先分配接入资源。其次,利用到达时间的差异,识别出选择相同前导码的多个MTCDs,且在随后的接入过程中实现冲突MTCDs的功率复用。最后,基于TG-NORA-DT方案,提出一种资源分配方法,以实现在物理随机接入信道(Physical Random Access Channel,PRACH)和物理上行共享信道(Physical Uplink Shared Channel,PUSCH)间的资源合理分配。仿真结果表明,与正交随机接入数据传输协议(Orthogonal Random Access and Data Transmission Protocol,ORADTP)和非正交随机接入的数据传输(Non-Orthogonal Random Access-Data Transmission,NORA-DT)方案相比,TG-NORA-DT方案提高了系统吞吐量和资源利用率,降低了前导码冲突概率,其中资源利用率提高了20%以上。     

时隙ALOHA协议(S-ALOHA)的离散时间排队网络模型的建立及性能分析

文章分析了S-ALOHA协议的模型,并分别用马尔克夫链方法及离散时间排队网络方法完成了S-ALOHA吞吐量(S)的性能分析。     

适用于飞行自组网的闲置时隙预约TDMA协议

在飞行自组网中,固定时隙分配时分多址接入（TDMA）协议存在闲置时隙无法成功使用的问题。通过对TDMA协议引入闲置时隙预约机制,提出一种支持业务优先级传输机制的闲置时隙预约TDMA协议。采用短帧长的方式满足协同与控制业务的低时延传输需求,并利用闲置时隙预约机制允许节点使用闲置时隙传输感知业务,从而满足感知业务的高吞吐量传输性能要求。仿真结果表明,与CF-MAC和CTMAC协议相比,该协议能够在降低传输时延的同时,有效提高信道利用率和网络吞吐量。     

Enhanced MAC protocol to support multimedia traffic in cognitive wireless mesh networks

With the advanced physical layer techniques such as multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), transmission real-time 2D/3D contents and applications becomes more and more necessary in wireless networks for the amazing growing in demand of customers. However, the low efficiency of medium access control (MAC) protocol degrades the performance of real-time traffic greatly in multihop, wireless and mobile environment. Focusing on supporting real-time multimedia traffic in cognitive wireless mesh networks (WMNs), an enhanced MAC protocol is proposed. And the contribution of this paper is twofold: (1) An efficient carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) compatible time division multiple access (TDMA)-like MAC protocol called T-MAC is proposed, which aims to improve the system performance by allocating more channel access time in centralized manner and decreasing overhead. (2) An optimal adaptive scheduling scheme is proposed to support real-time multimedia applications and guarantee QoS for different priority traffic, which aims to find the optimized schedule among all possible sequences of concurrent transmissions by minimizing the occupied resources. Detailed simulation results and comparison with IEEE 802.11e MAC scheme show that the proposed T-MAC can effectively improve quality of service (QoS) for multimedia traffic in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet loss rate, which also manifests that T-MAC is an efficient multimedia applications transmission scheme for mobile terminals and MAPs in cognitive WMNs.     

一种节点任务活动状态感知的改进型S-MAC协议

S-MAC协议设计的主要目标是减少能量消耗。该协议具有良好的扩展性,不要求严格的时间同步,但它也存在着节点活动时间无法根据通信负载动态变化和节点休眠带来的延迟问题。提出一种基于节点任务活动状态感知的MAC协议,通过收集节点自身和相邻节点的任务活动状态来估算无线传感器网络的网络负载,并根据网络负载来确定节点进行信道访问的概率,以此来提高能量效率和吞吐量。仿真结果表明:提出的改进方法可以减少能量消耗,并通过消除不必要的碰撞来提高网络的吞吐量。     

基于协作网络编码的高效媒体访问控制协议

针对Ad Hoc网络中现有的编码感知的协作MAC协议（NCAC-MAC）在选择协作中继节点时未考虑节点的传输能耗以及候选协作中继节点发送的控制消息不能使其他不在彼此通信范围内的候选节点放弃竞争而产生碰撞的问题,提出一种基于协作网络编码的高效媒体访问控制协议（HECNC-MAC）。该协议主要提出以下三个优化思路：首先,候选协作中继节点对其目的节点能否解码进行解码预判,减少参与竞争节点的同时保证其目的节点能成功解码;其次,在选择协作中继节点时综合考虑节点所需的传输能耗;最后,取消ETH（Eager To Help）控制消息,且目的节点通过伪广播的方式通告确认消息。理论分析与仿真结果表明,与载波侦听多路访问（CSMA）、Phoenix和NCAC-MAC相比,HECNC-MAC能够有效减少节点的能耗,降低数据包端到端时延,提高网络吞吐量。     

Analysis and performance evaluation of HYPERchannel access protocols

HYPERchannel [1,3,5,7] is a local network configuration with random access to the global transmission medium and with ‘Carrier Sense’ techniques. Conflicts are resolved by a fixed priority scheduling of retransmissions.This paper presents a performance evaluation of HYPERchannel access protocols for different types of user systems. Analytical results and asymptotic relations are obtained for the throughput of HYPERchannel under different load characteristics.The fixed priority rule for retransmissions discriminates against low priority users; a modification of the access scheme (‘Fair HYPERchannel’) is proposed which compensates for this undesirable effect. The performance of this new protocol version is also evaluated.In a final section, the access schemes of HYPERchannel are compared with similar access protocols.     

基于无线自组网络分时发送协议的路由汇聚容量

对于无线自组网而言,由于网络拓扑与路由选择的随机性,容量的分析显得尤为复杂。研究了能量约束对无线自组网容量性能的影响。该网络具有路由汇聚功能,且节点的发送过程基于分时竞争发送协议。在假设能量缓存中的能量值足够大时,节点就能发送数据的前提下,提出了一种基于闭合排队网络的容量分析模型。该模型同时考虑了数据细节、能量缓存以及随机接入协议。然后研究了能量约束对随机接入协议设计参数的影响,以优化网络性能。最后分析了能量约束对最大稳定容量、稳定域以及分组丢弃率的影响。仿真结果验证了所提分析模型的准确性。     

面向编码机会路由的无线Mesh 网络广播信道接入

编码机会路由是有损无线Mesh网络中提供高吞吐量和高可靠性传输的理想方案.该路由机制建立在无线广播的多用户分集优势和随机网络编码的纠删特性之上,为广播MAC的设计引入了新的机会和挑战.基于最优停止理论,研究面向编码机会路由的机会广播信道接入问题,提出一种在接入延迟和信道交付能力之间加以折衷,以获得最优的平均有效速率的方法,并在IEEE 802.11 DCF协议基础上设计实现面向NCOR的广播MAC协议O-BCast.仿真结果表明,该协议显著提高了编码机会路由的端到端吞吐量,具有网络负载自适应的良好特性.     

Design of ARQ protocols for two-user cooperative diversity systems in wireless networks

Automatic repeat-request (ARQ) protocols for two-user cooperative diversity system employing Alamouti space-time coding are investigated in this paper. A whole cooperative transmit frame of an original cooperative system consists of three sub-frames. According to different feedback schedules in a transmit frame at the destination, two basic ARQ protocols, namely post-cooperating and pre-cooperating, are proposed and analyzed. We show that both proposed ARQ protocols can improve the throughput in two-user cooperative system. Pre-cooperating protocol yields 50% gains in users’ throughput than post-cooperating protocol if both users have high user-destination average received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the destination. Nevertheless, if both of user-destination average received SNRs are low, post-cooperating protocol is more effective than pre-cooperating protocol. Proposed protocols provide useful basic tools for designing more complicated ARQ protocols. Finally, simulation results verify our analysis.     

基于网络编码的输电线路WSN传输协议

根据输电线路监测对无线传感器网络实时性和可靠性要求高的特点,设计了一种基于网络编码的WSN传输协议。该协议充分利用信道广播特性和节点间的协作通信,结合了机会路由和网络编码各自优势,将网络编码经典蝶形结构应用到输电线路WSN长链拓扑结构中,在节点数据包具体接收状态不确定的情况下,采取主动网络保护机制,选择线性编码包作为冗余包进行传输,直到节点解码出源包。性能分析与仿真实验表明,该传输协议提高了数据传输可靠性和系统吞吐量,缩短了网络传输时延,提升了无线传感器网络的性能。     

下一代WLAN分组目标唤醒时间调度改进方案

密集WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network,无线局域网)中,大规模站点同时接入信道引起激烈竞争,从而导致网络性能急剧下滑.IEEE工作组着手研发下一代WLAN标准IEEE 802.11ax,该标准结合基于正交频分复用多址技术提出了上行多用户随机接入和广播目标唤醒时间(Target Wake Time,TWT)机制.为降低碰撞和减轻干扰,进一步提高吞吐率和能效,本文结合广播TWT机制提出了一种基于网络密度的改进分组信道接入方案.该方案在原有广播TWT调度方法的基础上,依据网络密度选择不同的休眠决策策略;通过将站点分配在不同TWT服务期来控制同时服务站点数并确定站点分组,在TWT服务期内达到最大化吞吐率的目标,实现高效的信道接入.仿真结果分析表明所提策略具有更高的吞吐率和能效.     

Channel access and traffic control for dynamic-spectrum networks with single-transmit, dual-receive radios

Cognitive radios have a great potential to improve spectrum utilization by enabling dynamic spectrum access. A key challenge in operating these radios is how to implement an efficient medium access control (MAC) mechanism that adaptively and efficiently allocates transmission powers and spectrum according to the surrounding environment. In this work, we propose a distributed MAC protocol for operating spectrum-agile radios in a multi-hop ad hoc network. Our protocol is unique in that it exploits the “dual-receive” capability of radios, which is used to overcome channel access problems that are common to multi-channel designs. We conduct theoretical analysis of the protocol and study its performance via simulations. To further improve the system throughput, we propose a framework for joint adaptive load and medium access controls. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves more than 90% of the maximum (global) system throughput that is achieved at saturation, while guaranteeing low collision rates.     

无线中继网络中基于方向天线的MAC协议

无线中继网络是指网络中的节点互相通信成为中继节点之间,中继节点之间距离很近可以形成协作分集,该文对这种网络进行了研究,引入多天线技术(MIMO)中的波束成型技术来消除信道间干扰,实现并行传输数据,分析了协作传输策略,结合协作传输策略对中继节点的功率分配进行了优化,基于合协作传输策略设计了一种基于方向天线的MAC协议.经过分析和实验仿真,基于MIMO波束成型的协作传输方法在相同情况下比其它的方法增加15％以上的信道容量.