Investigation of Crosstalk and Coupling Effects of Incident Plane Waves in Orthogonal Microstrips in High-Speed Integrated Circuits Using Full-Wave and Quasi-Static Methods

The crosstalk and coupling of the external fields on orthogonal microstrip transmission lines in different layers have significant effects on signal quality in MMIC and PCBs. In this paper the crosstalk is analyzed in detail using both full-wave and quasi-static methods. The used full wave method is mixed potential integral equation method of moment (MPIEMoM). Because of the weak coupling between lines, the effect of the incident plane-wave is studied by applying transmission line theory in a scattered voltage formulation uses quasi-TEM propagation model for each interconnection and the exact distribution of the incident electric field within the layers. Afterward, by using the predetermined lumped circuit model of the cross-region, the effect of coupling between two lines is calculated and then applied to terminal voltages in 1–20 GHz frequency range which results in the final terminal voltages.     

Fast transmission line coupling calculation using a convolutiontechnique

A fast method for the calculation of the mutual coupling between transmission lines is presented. The method is based on using the convolution of the incident field and the current induced by a Dirac impulse type field. Only first-order coupling between the lines is taken into account. This means that only the current induced by the source line is taken into account and all currents resulting from induction by this induced current are discarded. The technique is orders of magnitude faster than traditional moment method techniques because no large matrix equations need to be solved     

传输线端接复杂电路的电磁耦合时域分析方法

该文基于时域有限差分(FDTD)方法和传输线方程,结合Ngspice软件,提出一种高效的时域混合算法,能够快速模拟空间电磁场作用传输线端接复杂电路的电磁耦合问题。该算法的优势在于实现了空间电磁场辐射与端接复杂电路瞬态响应的协同计算,且避免了对传输线和复杂电路结构的直接建模。首先,将复杂电路通过传输线的特性阻抗进行等效,采用FDTD方法结合传输线方程,求解得到特性阻抗上的入射电流响应。然后,在每个时间步上,将该电流引入复杂电路作为激励源,联合电路模型建立网表文件。最后,使用Ngspice软件读取网表文件,并仿真得到电路各元件上的瞬态响应。通过相应计算实例的数值模拟,与电磁场仿真软件CST的计算结果以及耗用内存和时间进行对比,验证了算法的正确性和高效性。     

Circuit-Based Analysis of Electromagnetic Field Coupling With Nonuniform Transmission Lines

This paper presents a new algorithm for simulating electromagnetic (EM) field coupling with nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines in a circuit simulation environment. The proposed algorithm is based on the concept of passive model-order reduction, whereby an algorithmically developed passive reduced-order model, coupled with a set of equivalent sources representing the incident filed, are shown to accurately capture the behavior of the transmission line under EM excitation. The reduced-order model is developed independently from the particular shape of the incident field pulse, in the sense that, in constructing the model, one does not need prior knowledge about the waveform of the incident pulse of the EM field. In addition, it is also shown that the model developed can be used to simulate the transmission line in the absence of the EM field. The derived equivalent sources, representing the field coupling, are given directly in the time domain, thereby making simulation under nonlinear circuit terminations an easy task. Although the proposed work is aimed mainly at simulating nonuniform transmission lines, it can be applied to uniform lines as a special case. The proposed algorithm has been validated numerically with several examples.     

Fast transient analysis of incident field coupling to multiconductor transmission lines

Due to the rapid surge in operating frequencies and complexity of modern electronic designs, accurate/fast electromagnetic compatibility/interference analysis is becoming mandatory. This paper presents a closed-form SPICE macromodel for fast transient analysis of lossy multiconductor transmission lines in the presence of incident electromagnetic fields. In the proposed algorithm, the equivalent sources due to incident field coupling have been formulated so as to take an advantage of the recently developed delay extraction based passive transmission line macromodels. Also, a method to incorporate frequency-dependent per-unit-length parameters is presented. The time-domain macromodel is in the form of ordinary differential equations and can be easily included in SPICE like simulators for transient analysis. The proposed algorithm while guaranteeing the stability of the simulation by employing passive transmission line macromodel, provides significant speed-up for the incident field coupling analysis of multiconductor transmission line networks, especially with large delay and low losses.     

Modeling of magnetic-field coupling with cable bundle harnesses

A field-to-line coupling model is developed for cable bundle harnesses in terms of the scattering currents and total line voltages. The equivalent distributed sources representing the effects of electromagnetic coupling are expressed as a function of the incident magnetic-field components. Such a formulation is particularly suitable to be used for the analysis of multiconductor transmission lines excited by a transient field, when data for the incident electric field are either inaccurate or not available. This model allows the accurate calculation of the induced voltages and currents on complex cable bundles. The effects on the induced voltages and currents due to ground losses and to the presence of the dielectric sheath in shielded and unshielded cables is discussed, considering bundles excited by either slow or fast transient fields. Numerical applications demonstrate the validity of the proposed procedure.     

基于三平行光子晶体波导的多功能功分器研究

采用时域有限差分法研究三平行光子晶体直波导的传输特性及模场分布,结合耦合模理论计算光子晶体波导的耦合系数.计算结果表明,在高频段(0.33～0.42)(ωa/27πc)的范围内两耦合波导与主波导表现出相互的能量交换,实现光耦合,耦合系数随入射波频率增加而减小;而在低频段(0.31～0.33)(ωa/2πc)的范围内,两耦合波导与主波导的传输谱图同步变化,耦合波导的传输光强均约为入射光强的四分之一.最后,提出一种采用固定波导耦合长度同时实现超微结构光均分器及1/4功分器的方案,当耦合长度取L_c=(2n+1)π/2 K时,两耦合波导可将高频段相应入射波实现均分,同时将低频段中的任意入射波实现1/4功分.

Abstract：

The propagating characteristics and mode profiles of three parallel photonic crystal waveguides are studied by using finite-difference time-domain method, and the coupling coefficient between the parallel photonic crystal waveguides is obtained with coupled-mode theory. Numerical results demonstrate that for a high frequency range of (0.33～0.42)(ωa/ 2πc), they exchange energy with each other and the optical coupling is realized, the coupling coefficient decreased with the increase of input frequency; while at a low frequency range of (0.31 ～0.33) (ωa/2πc), the mode profiles of the coupling waveguides and main waveguide are changed synchronously, and the coupling waveguides propagating intensity occupies a quarter of the incident intensity. Finally, a solution realizing the ultracompact optical power equalizer and 1/4 optical beam splitter is proposed using a certain coupling length, when the coupling length is L_c= (2n+1)π/2 K, the corresponding incident wave with high frequency can be equalized, meanwhile the wave power with arbitrary frequency at low frequency can be quartered within the two coupling waveguides.     

Electromagnetic coupling mechanism to a conducting strip through anarrow slit in a parallel-plate waveguide

The problem of electromagnetic coupling to a conducting strip through a narrow slit in a parallel-plate waveguide (PPW) is reconsidered with an emphasis on the radiative coupling mechanism. Two different types of coupling are discussed: cavity and parasitic. The maximum coupled power in both cases is observed to be almost the maximum available power from the slit (half of the incident power in the PPW), even though the two types of coupling are quite different from each other in their equivalent circuit representation or coupling mechanism. The similarity between the problem of cavity-type coupling and the previously reported transmission resonance problem through a narrow slit in thick screens is also described in connection with the aperture-body resonance phenomenon     

Réponse d’une antenne de réception à une onde incidente non plane

This paper is devoted to the determination of the power coupling factor between an arbitrary incident wave and the load of an antenna illuminated by this wave. The coupling factor is deduced, by means of reciprocity theorem, from the equivalent schema of the antenna. The power delivered to the load is expressed as a function of the spherical wave angular spectrum related to the incident wave and of the radiation characteristic of the antenna in emitting situation. The expression of the coupling factor is well suited for discussing the influence of various parameters and giving conditions for optimal coupling.     

应用空域分解法研究复杂物体的散射特性

本文给出了三种空域分解法迭代格式.在入射波非对称而结构对称时.给出了一种处理方法.从而减少计算量和存储量.以园柱体和平板复合体为目标,对TM波正入射时三种迭代格式下的结果及存储量计算量作了比较,然后分别计算了TM波和TE波入射时的散射待性.对入射方向和耦合的影响进行了讨论.     

A SPICE model for incident field coupling to lossy multiconductortransmission lines

An efficient time-domain macromodel for incident field coupling to lossy multiconductor transmission lines is presented. The model takes the form of ordinary differential equations and can be easily included in SPICE like simulators for transient analysis. The model is based on the closed-form matrix-rational approximation of the exponential matrix describing telegrapher's equations and semi-analytic rational approximation of forcing functions     

Field coupling to nonuniform and uniform transmission lines

We study time-domain and frequency-domain responses of nonuniform and uniform transmission lines excited by incident electromagnetic waves. Externally excited uniform transmission lines permit closed-form solutions in terms of inverse chain matrix, whereas nonuniform lines cannot be analytically solved, in general. We adopt a method of equivalent cascaded network chain as the method of solving the latter situation. Useful and compact expressions for the load currents induced at terminal loads are derived. To confirm the validity of this method and the forcing terms, theoretical and experimental results of coupling calculations for a few typical (uniform/nonuniform) line geometries, relevant in the EMC field, are presented and discussed     

Aperture Coupling Between Dielectric Image Lines

Aperture coupling between dielectric image lines is used develop a design technique for directional couplers at millimeter-wave frequencies. Expressions for coupling coefficients and directivity, employing coupling between image lines through apertures in the common ground plane are developed. The design procedure is illustrated by application 10-, 20-, and 30-dB directional couplers in rectangular image lines with circular aperture coupling.     

微波脉冲对电容近炸引信腔体耦合特性分析*

利用有限积分法仿真分析了微波脉冲对电容近炸引信腔体的耦合过程,分别分析了微波入射方向、 电场极化方向和微波频率对引信腔体耦合特性的影响。结果表明:微波入射角度为30°、电场极化方向与弹轴夹角 为30°时,耦合系数最大;引信探测电路位置处的微波场最强;随着微波频率增大,耦合系数存在明显减小的趋势,同 时存在多个共振增强的频率点。分析表明,对于环状孔缝而言,其共振频率与矩形孔缝不同,且数值与环状孔缝的 圆周长成反比。     

Coupling suppression in microstrip lines using a bi-periodicallyperforated ground plane

A perforated ground plane is used to suppress the coupling between adjacent and intersecting transmission lines. Experimental results indicate 40-dB suppression of broadside coupling between two adjacent 50-Ω lines. A new option in the design of circuit routing schemes is proposed by demonstrating 28-dB coupling reduction between two intersecting 50-Ω lines     

Diffraction of a Wave Beam by an Aperture

The diffraction field of a wave beam from a circular and a rectangular aperture is obtained in the Fresnel region by using the Huygens-Kirchhoff approximation. The diffraction field in the Fraunhofer region can be obtained simply by replacing a parameter. The diffraction field is then expanded into a series of beam mode functions. From the field distributions and the expansion coefficients, which represent the coupling of the incident beam to the various modes in the diffraction field, the effects of an aperture on the incident beam can be known. With this mode expansion method, the conditions for optimum coupling between fundamental modes are obtained and solved numerically.     

量子阱红外探测器光耦合模式的发展状况

根据子带跃迁的量子力学选择定则,量子阱红外探测器对垂直于阱层的辐射无响应,只有利用光耦合模式,把正入射的光束转变成量子阱可吸收的形式,红外探测器的量子效率才能提高.文中介绍了几种主要光耦合模式及其发展现状,指出各耦合模式的设计思想和适用范围,并进行了比较.     

Analysis of the enhanced coupling efficiency for different profile curves of special optical taper

For enhancing the coupling efficiency between the beam and the photodiode, a special optical taper is proposed for receiving optical signal. Based on the circular symmetric structure of special optical taper, the profile curve equations of it are deduced, including the trigonometric function type, parabolic type and exponential type. Moreover, the coupling efficiencies for special optical tapers with different profile curves are studied. The relationships of incident position, incident angle and coupling efficiency are analyzed. Finally, the comparison of coupling efficiency analytical results is also given.     

The equivalent circuit of a microstrip crossover in a dielectricsubstrate

A quasi-static analysis is carried out to examine the capacitive coupling between two nonintersecting orthogonal microstrip lines above a ground plane and in a dielectric substrate. The charge density along the width of each strip is described using a prescribed charge distribution. A pair of coupled integral equations is derived and solved by the method of moments to obtain the excess charge densities. The lumped excess capacitances are computed and compared to those obtained using wire lines with radii equal to the equivalent radii of the strips     

Method for the acceleration of transmission-line couplingcalculations

In this paper, a fast method for the calculation of mutual coupling between transmission lines is described. Starting from the general method of moments, which can handle random shapes, the calculations are speeded up for the specific case of coupling between lines. This is accomplished by assuming that all lines are terminated in their characteristic impedance and using the traveling current waves on these matched lines. Only first-order coupling between the lines is taken into account. This means that only the current induced by the source line is taken into account and all currents resulting from induction by this induced current are discarded. This results in a much faster method because only the inverse of the Z-matrix for the observation line is involved