气味与滋味间相互作用对食品风味感知影响研究进展

食品风味是影响消费者购买欲的重要因素,而风味感知的形成受嗅觉、味觉等多种感官的共同影响,利用气味与滋味间感知交互作用改善食品风味已成为最受关注的食品风味调控新方向之一。基于此,本文首先从神经生物学角度分析嗅觉与味觉间跨模态感知交互作用的主要形成通路及机制,然后从静态感官分析和动态感官分析两个方面总结跨模态感知交互作用的主要研究方法,最后结合相关文献案例分别综述气味物质对味觉感知（甜、咸、苦、鲜和酸）以及滋味物质对嗅觉感知的影响,旨在为食品加工过程风味品质的调控提供新思路。     

Influence of the season on proteolysis and sensory characteristics of Idiazabal cheese

The present study examined the influence of the manufacturing time on proteolysis and sensory characteristics of Idiazabal cheese. Samples of Idiazabal cheeses made using traditional manufacturing methods at two different times of year were collected at a plant operating under the auspices of the Idiazabal Cheese Appellation of Origin. The cheeses were made in February and June, roughly the beginning and the end of the manufacturing season. Chemical analyses were performed on d 1, 90, and 180 of ripening and sensory analyses on d 90, 120, and 180 of ripening. Higher nitrogen fraction (soluble and nonprotein nitrogen) levels and free amino acid contents were observed in the cheeses manufactured during the month of June. Degradation of the alphas- and beta-caseins was also greater in the cheeses made at that time of year. The cheeses manufactured in February earned higher sensory analysis scores for characteristic odor and taste and higher total sensory scores. The cheeses manufactured in June earned higher scores for the sensory attributes sweet flavor and bitter taste.     

GC-O-MS分析热处理前后西瓜汁挥发性风味成分

利用GC-O-MS分析热处理前后西瓜汁的挥发性有机物风味成分。结果表明,GC-O-MS鉴定出鲜榨西瓜汁44种气味化合物,热处理西瓜汁50种气味化合物。结合嗅闻、气味稀释因子和香气活性值确定鲜榨西瓜汁中的关键气味化合物是壬醛(清香、青草味)、反-2-壬烯醛(清香、黄瓜味)、反,顺-2,6-壬二烯醛(清香、黄瓜味)、反,顺-3,6-壬二烯醇(清香、黄瓜味)、反,顺-2,6-壬二烯醇(清香、黄瓜味)和香叶基丙酮(花香、甜味);热处理西瓜汁中关键气味化合物为反-2-庚烯醛(脂味、苦味)、1-癸醛(脂味、肥皂味)、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮(蘑菇味、霉味)、苯乙酮(苦杏仁味)、二乙基二硫醚(大蒜味)和顺-6-壬烯醛(臭味、刺激味)。顺-6-壬烯醛特征气味原为清香、黄瓜味,而热处理西瓜汁中顺-6-壬烯醛的含量增大,超过感官评价员鼻子的耐受值,呈现臭味、刺激味。热处理产生了异味成分,气味化合物的变化导致了西瓜汁加热后的蒸煮味。     

不同风味类型漳平水仙茶的主要品质差异分析

以漳平水仙王子和水仙公主的春茶和秋茶为材料,通过感官审评和生化成分测定,结合多元分析方法探究漳平水仙茶风味品质差异的关键因素。结果表明：漳平水仙王子茶滋味浓醇收敛性强,香气呈甜香带桂花香;水仙公主茶滋味醇爽回甘明显,香气呈清香带兰花香。生化成分分析结果表明,咖啡碱、茶多酚和茶红素可作为鉴别二者不同滋味的特征非挥发物;3-蒈烯、乙酸叶醇酯、正己醇、α-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯可作为鉴别二者不同香型的特征挥发物。本研究将进一步为不同风味漳平水仙茶的分类提供客观、准确的理论依据。     

Seasonal changes in the fatty acids of gilthead sea bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sparus aurata</Emphasis>) and white sea bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diplodus sargus</Emphasis>) captured in Iskenderun Bay,eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey

Seasonal variations in the fatty acid compositions of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and white sea bream (Diplodus sargus), captured in Iskenderun Bay, Eastern Mediterranean of Turkey, were investigated. Results from studying the composition over all seasons showed that the basic saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids for gilthead sea bream and white sea bream were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:63). The other main fatty acids for both species were myristic acid (14:0), stearic acid (18:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1), linoleic acid (18:26) (especially in autumn and winter for gilthead sea bream), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:53). Gilthead sea bream and white sea bream exhibited seasonal fluctuations in their fatty acid contents. EPA ratios in gilthead sea bream in the autumn, winter, spring and summer were 5.42%, 4.69%, 5.20% and 4.27%, whereas the ratios in white sea bream in autumn, spring and summer were found to be 5.03%, 4.53% and 6.97%, respectively. DHA ratios in gilthead sea bream in autumn, winter, spring and summer were 15.37%, 14.16%, 9.51% and 7.07%, whereas the ratios in white sea bream in autumn, spring and summer were found to be 11.49%, 20.17% and 7.74%, respectively. The present study suggests that the daily consumption of either 100 g of gilthead sea bream captured in any season or 100 g white sea bream captured in spring or summer could meet peoples needs for EPA+DHA fatty acids.     

Characterisation of odour active volatile compounds of New Zealand sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus) roe using gas chromatography–olfactometry–finger span cross modality (GC–O–FSCM) method

Sea urchin roe is a high value product; however, previous attempts to market the roe from the New Zealand sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus) have been unsuccessful due to its inconsistent sensory quality. The current study investigated the odour active volatile profiles of roe from male and female sea urchins, harvested from two locations in New Zealand, using solvent assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE) extracts and a gas chromatography–olfactometry–finger span cross modality (GC–O–FSCM) method. Panellists detected 81 odour active compounds, 18 of which were identified using GC–mass spectrometry (MS). Generalised procrustes analysis (GPA) of the data revealed that there were differences in the volatile profile that were location and gender specific. These differences may have contributed to the inconsistent sensory properties of sea urchin roe. The differences in volatile profiles between sea urchin populations and genders must be appreciated before developing effective strategies to produce consistent sea urchin roe quality.     

超高压引发虾仁致敏性及感官品质的变化

以南美白对虾为原料,研究超高压处理引发虾仁致敏性及感官品质的变化。将南美白对虾虾仁采用不同压力(0.1~800 MPa)处理,用间接酶联免疫吸附法检测致敏性消减效果,确定消减条件,并分别用电子眼、电子鼻和电子舌检测其颜色、气味和滋味的变化。结果表明:在压力600 MPa、温度40℃的条件下处理30 min,能够较好地消减虾仁致敏性(消减率为45.66%)。另外,高压处理也引发虾仁感官品质的变化,与未处理虾仁相比,随着压力的升高,超高压处理的虾仁的主色色号及占比逐渐增大;主要气味成分乙酰吡嗪的含量逐渐降低,且二甲基三硫类化合物消失;咸味和酸味逐渐增加,而鲜味增加了32~34倍,并且出现了甜味和苦味;在相同压力下,甜味和苦味的强度值相近。因此,超高压处理对虾仁致敏性有消减作用,同时,会引起虾仁色、香、味等感官品质的变化。     

不同产区青蟹肝胰腺风味品质的比较

采用感官评价、味觉活度值、电子鼻和挥发性物质分析,对来自渤海、东海和南海地区养殖的青蟹肝胰腺进行了风味品质比较。结果表明,东海雄蟹和雌蟹肝胰腺的感官评价较好;通过游离氨基酸的TAV分析发现,肝胰腺鲜甜味均较好,Glu、Ala和Arg是提供愉快滋味的主要游离氨基酸,渤海和东海的雌雄蟹肝胰腺中鲜甜味氨基酸含量相近,且均高于南海雌雄蟹;利用主成分分析发现,三个地区的雌雄蟹肝胰腺的第一和第二主成分之和均大于90%,其气味之间存在较大差异;通过挥发性成分分析发现,3个地区雄蟹肝胰腺中分别检测到41、45、46种挥发性风味物质,雌蟹肝胰腺中分别检测到45、40、43种挥发性风味化合物。醛类物质是青蟹肝胰腺主要的风味来源,其中1-癸烯-3-酮、2-戊基呋喃使东海青蟹肝胰腺呈现独特的风味。综上认为,东海雌雄蟹肝胰腺的风味品质相对较好。     

Sensory characteristics of human milk: Association between mothers' diet and milk for bitter taste

It is unknown how consumption of bitter foods and beverages in the maternal diet influences sensory properties of fresh human milk. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the sensory characteristics of fresh human fore and hind milk, (2) to establish relationships between sensory properties and composition of fresh human milk, and (3) to assess the relationship between bitterness of the maternal diet and human milk. Twenty-two lactating mothers generated sensory terms to describe perception of their milk and received training on sensory attribute intensity rating. Mothers kept a 24-h food diary followed by a sensory self-assessment of their fore and hind milks. The odor of human fresh milk was described as neutral, creamy, and sweet, taste as sweet and bitter, and mouthfeel as thin, watery, smooth, and fatty. Sweetness was equivalent to 1.53 g of sucrose/100 mL and was not significantly different between fore and hind milk. Fore milk was significantly less creamy, less fatty, thinner, more watery, and lower in vanilla flavor intensity than hind milk. Carbohydrate content of human milk was positively correlated with sweetness and glutamic acid content with umami. The bitterness of the diet consumed 24 h before lactation was moderately positively correlated with bitterness of fore milk, but not hind milk. We conclude that the consumption of bitter foods may influence the bitterness of human fore milk, which may be another way for?breastfed children to learn to accept bitter vegetables and, hence, develop healthier food preferences.     

贻贝（Mytilus edulis）酶解液酵母发酵法脱腥工艺探究及其风味变化分析

为了消除贝类酶解物的腥味和苦味,本文以贻贝酶解液为研究对象,使用安琪果酒酵母进行发酵并以感官评分和蛋白损失率为指标对酵母添加量、发酵温度和发酵时间进行研究,确定发酵参数。利用感官科学结合氨基酸自动分析技术、质谱分析技术探究了发酵前后风味轮廓的差异。结果表明,当果酒酵母添加量为0.2%,在35℃下发酵2.0 h处理后,贻贝酶解液的鱼腥味、泥土味、哈喇味显著下降,发酵味和果香显著提升（P<0.05）。甜味氨基酸含量由1.33 mg/g显著上升至1.99 mg/g(P<0.05),鲜味氨基酸含量由1.60 mg/g提高到1.93 mg/g,苦味氨基酸含量由3.64 mg/g下降至3.34 mg/g。贻贝酶解液中共检测出挥发性风味物质32种,发酵后增加到40种,主要包括醛类、醇类、酯类、酸类、酮类和呋喃类化合物,其中辛醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、2-辛烯醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇为贻贝酶解液主要的异味来源。发酵后壬醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、2-辛烯醛不再作为酶解液的风味活性成分,产生鱼腥味的1-辛烯-3-醇和辛醛的OAV值也在发酵后大幅下降;此外,发酵后新增了癸醛、苯乙醛、2-壬酮、2-十一...     

Effect of season on contractile and metabolic properties of desert camel muscle (Camelus dromedarius)

Thirty fattened one humped desert camels were used to examine the effect of season on contractile and metabolic properties of Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle. Ten camels were slaughtered according to seasons of the year (winter, summer and autumn). Season significantly influenced muscle chemical composition, ultimate pH (pHu) and color. Activities of metabolic enzymes were higher during autumn season compared to summer and winter for phosphofructokinase (+ 64% compared to both seasons) and for isocitrate dehydrogenase (+ 35% and + 145% in autumn vs. summer and winter, respectively). Quantification of muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed only presence of type I and type IIa MyHC in camel muscle and indicated high proportion in winter for type I and in autumn for type IIa with respect to other seasons. Several correlations between different MyHC proportions and enzyme activities were reported. These findings indicated that muscle characteristics in camels are influenced by season.     

Amino acid and fatty acid composition of wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): a seasonal differentiation

Seasonal variations in the amino acid and fatty acid compositions of wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) captured in the north eastern Mediterranean were investigated. In all seasons, the major amino acids in sea bass fillets were determined to be aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. Methionine, tyrosine and histidine composition of the fillets were lower than those of the other amino acids in all seasons. The ratios of essential (E, g amino acid/16 g N)/nonessential (NE, g amino acid/16 g N) amino acids were observed to be 0.75 for winter, 0.76 for autumn, 0.77 for both spring and summer. Results showed that, sea bass fillets are well-balanced food source in terms of E/NE ratios in all seasons. In addition, seasonal differences in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of the fillets were observed in all seasons. The major fatty acids of sea bass fillets were observed to be palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1ω9), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3). The amounts of EPA+DHA in autumn, winter, spring and summer were determined as 0.16, 0.12, 1.14 and 1.02 g/100 g wet weight, respectively.     

夏秋灵芝菌茶的制备及内含物质分析研究

目的 探究灵芝菌(Ganodermalucidum)对夏秋茶品质的影响,提高夏秋茶资源利用率。方法 以夏秋茶为原料,经加工成黑毛茶后,灵芝菌作为发酵剂进行发酵制备灵芝菌茶,测定发酵前后茶中18种游离氨基酸含量、茶多酚、pH、感官评分、色差L*及滋味(酸、甜、苦、鲜、涩度)等品质指标,运用Plackett-Burman实验对夏秋茶品质指标参数进行优化,建立综合评价指标的回归模型。结果 黑毛茶经灵芝菌发酵处理后,游离氨基酸总含量增加了8.70 mg/g,茶多酚质量分数减少了0.9%,甜度由11.12增加到14.36,苦涩度由4.98减少到2.53;构建数学模型Y(综合评分)=93.00-0.23A-0.84B+0.21C+0.01AB+2.100AC+1.50BC-3.40A²-3.20B²-2.60C² (A、B、C分别表示茶多酚含量、感官评分、氨基酸含量),模型决定系数R²=0.9812,调整决定系数R_adj²=0.9570。结论 灵芝菌发酵夏秋黑毛茶在一...     

强化发酵和传统发酵对米发糕风味的影响

采用接种单一酵母菌(ZSM-001)进行强化发酵和传统发酵制作米发糕,通过气质联用分析米发糕中挥发性成分及氨基酸自动分析仪检测游离氨基酸的组成和含量,并结合质构、感官的测定,研究强化发酵和传统发酵对米发糕风味的影响.结果表明:传统发酵制得的米发糕含32种挥发性成分,以脂类化合物为主,占挥发性物质总量的79.16％,其呈味氨基酸总含量(1 981.79 mg/100 g)显著高于强化发酵制得的米发糕(505.66 mg/100 g),产生的酸味、甜味和苦味氨基酸对滋味贡献更大,尤其是新增的甜味氨基酸对滋味的贡献,赋予传统发酵制得的米发糕酸甜适宜的滋味.     

季节变化对杂交鲟鱼肉营养成分的影响

采集春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的杂交鲟鱼(Huso dauricus ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂) 样品,分析比较肌肉基本营养成分、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成、矿物元素组成的差异。结果表明:鲟鱼肉脂肪含量季节变化特点明显,以秋季鲟鱼肉脂肪含量为最高（P<0.05）,而后依次为冬季、春季、夏季的鲟鱼肉;蛋白质含量以冬季鲟鱼肉最高,春季、夏季、秋季鲟鱼肉依次下降;春季鲟鱼肉必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸及总氨基酸含量最高,但秋季鲟鱼肉必需氨基酸占总氨基酸比例最高,冬季鲟鱼肉鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸比例最高;夏季、秋季鲟鱼肉多不饱和脂肪酸及二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量显著高于冬季、春季（P < 0.05）,脂肪酸不饱和度受季节影响差异并不显著（P>0.05）;矿物元素含量在春、夏两季鲟鱼肉中较高。季节对鲟鱼肉的营养组成影响明显,分析不同季节杂交鲟鱼肉的营养组成,可为后续开发加工提供理论依据,在加工中可根据需要选择适宜季节的养殖鲟鱼。     

4种烹制方式下青蟹肝胰腺感官品质比较

目的比较热蒸、热煮、冷蒸和冷煮条件下青蟹肝胰腺的感官品质。方法利用感官评价、味觉活度值分析、电子鼻和挥发性风味物质分析对青蟹肝胰腺感官品质进行比较。结果冷蒸雄蟹肝胰腺,热蒸、冷蒸和热煮的雌蟹肝胰腺的综合评价略好。通过对比较游离氨基酸含量及其TAV,发现肝胰腺的滋味偏鲜甜,鲜味主要来源于谷氨酸,而甜味来源于精氨酸,苦味主要来源于赖氨酸,冷蒸和冷煮雄蟹肝胰腺的鲜味氨基酸TAV值所占比例为12.7%和12.6%,甜味氨基酸所占的比例分别为52.79%和49.99%,热蒸、冷蒸和冷煮雌蟹肝胰腺中鲜味和甜味氨基酸TAV值所占比例均较为类似,比较发现冷蒸雄蟹肝胰腺,热蒸,冷蒸和冷煮雌蟹肝胰腺滋味均较好。此外,雄蟹和雌蟹肝胰腺主成分分析表明肝胰腺第一主成分和第二主成分的贡献率之和大于90%。通过比较风味物质发现冷蒸雄蟹和冷蒸、热蒸雌蟹肝胰腺风味较好。结论冷蒸青蟹肝胰腺的综合感官品质较好。