小麦啤酒的生产工艺

小麦啤酒以其特殊的小麦芽香气,风味上较普通大麦啤酒有显著特点,深受消费者的青睐。小麦啤酒(wheatbeer)是指以小麦为全部或者大部分原料所生产的一类啤酒,小麦麦芽和大麦麦芽相比具有较高的蛋白质含量,从而具有很好的泡持力,但是由于小麦麦芽本身固有的特性(裸麦、蛋白含量高),使得小麦啤酒制备过程中过滤困难,制成的小麦啤酒非生物稳定性较差。结合本文对国内外现行的小麦啤酒生产技术、工艺所作的综述,可以从小麦啤酒的生产工艺方面来着手解决以上难题。     

浅淡小麦啤酒的开发

介绍了国外生产小麦啤酒的概况和在我国开发小麦啤酒应注意的问题。文中叙述了小麦啤酒的种类,发酵方式,使用小麦酿造的优越性和存在问题,采用底面发酵生产小麦啤酒更适合我国的实际情况。     

小麦啤酒生产中的几个技术问题

1　原料配比中小麦麦芽的比例由于小麦麦芽色度较深、蛋白质含量较高、没有外壳 ,会影响糖化麦汁的过滤效果和成品酒的外观质量及保质期 ,因此使用量不宜过大 ,一般来说控制在 30 %～ 4 0 %为宜。2　酵母菌种的选用国外生产的小麦啤酒 ,多采用上面酵母进行发酵 ,成品啤酒酯香味较浓 ,酸味较重 ,而且上面酵母发酵温度高 ,副产物多 ,口味相对较浓郁 ,国内消费者不宜接受。建议国内企业采用下面酵母发酵 ,工艺变化小 ,生产易控制 ,更主要的是生产出的小麦啤酒比较适合国内消费者的口味习惯 ,除具有一般啤酒的风味 ,还具有小麦啤酒的典型口感 :…     

小麦品种的选择及其制麦工艺的研究

前言 在国外，有专门用于啤酒酿造的小麦品种，在我国，现有的小麦品种主要为加工面粉所用。小麦与大麦相比，小麦中的蛋白质和戊聚糖含量较高，按国家标准，小麦啤酒必须为小麦芽占原料40％以上，如此高的添加量，会对啤酒生产及产品质量带来影响。本文主要从以下两方面进行研究：     

现代小麦啤酒生产技术

主要介绍小麦啤酒的生产，包括小麦品种选择，麦汁制备工艺和一罐法发酵工艺。     

真菌木聚糖酶在小麦啤酒酿造中的应用

阿拉伯木聚糖是谷物细胞壁多糖的重要组成部分,对啤酒的过滤有着重要的影响.通过介绍真菌木聚糖酶在小麦啤酒酿造中应用,从而较好地解决了小麦啤酒生产中存在的过滤难题,生产出了风味独特的小麦啤酒.     

小麦啤酒质量参数与生产实践

近些年来，国产小麦啤酒以酯香独特、营养值高、泡沫丰富及新颖时尚的特点逐渐被广大消费者认识和接受。本文结合生产含酵母菌混浊型小麦啤酒的实践经验谈些个人体会。     

小麦麦芽替代大麦麦芽生产啤酒的工艺探讨

在我国的啤酒生产中,一般是以大麦麦芽为主要原料。但目前所用的进口大麦麦芽价格约为2700元/t,国产大麦麦芽价格也在2300元/t左右,均比前一二年有了较大的提高,从而导致啤酒产品的生产成本加大,企业盈利水平下降。并且,啤酒市场竞争激烈,产品雷同现象比较普遍。如何降低生产成本,开发新产品,提高市场竞争力,增强企业效益是当前我国众多啤酒生产厂家积极努力解决的问题。而用小麦麦芽替代部分大麦麦芽生产啤酒则可以在一定程度上满足上述需求,为此,本文拟对此产品的工艺情况作一探讨。一、小麦麦芽概述小麦麦芽是以小麦为原料生产的,小麦的…     

以小麦面粉作为辅料生产小麦啤酒

研究小麦面粉作为啤酒辅料酿造工艺,在小麦面粉的最大添加量占原料的20%的条件下,中性蛋白酶添加量0.10 mL/kg,耐热α-淀粉酶添加量20 u/g,木聚糖酶的添加量1.8 mL/kg,解决小麦面粉作为啤酒辅料中出现黏度大,过滤困难等不利因素;同时采用上面发酵工艺,以其他辅料酿造啤酒的麦汁和发酵液的理化指标为参照,进一步评估工艺的合理性;研究利用蛋白疏水层析色谱法(HIC),对添加小麦面粉作为辅料生产的小麦啤酒的啤酒泡沫中分离疏水蛋白,其疏水蛋白含量显著增加,并显著提高啤酒的泡沫性能。同时酿造的啤酒具有典型的小麦啤酒的特征香味4-乙烯基愈创木酚味道。     

小麦制麦对白啤酒胶体混浊的影响

小麦和小麦麦芽通常用于白啤酒的生产，尽管小麦和小麦麦芽的特性在很大程度上取决于小麦品种和制麦过程，但当前啤酒酿造者并未制定严格的小麦和小麦麦芽指标。最近的研究显示，小麦的蛋白质含量和各种分子量蛋白质的分布对白啤酒的最终混浊程度有着强烈的影响，因此本论文的目的就是研究小麦制麦对啤酒浊度的影响。不同改良程度的小麦麦芽由工业制备，麦芽指标，包括可溶性蛋白质含量和蛋白质降解状况等经过测定；小麦啤酒由实验室酿制并进行了标准的啤酒分析。实验发现小麦制麦对所期望的啤酒混浊有着积极的影响，增加蛋白质降解程度、减少沉淀物的生成等能形成稳定的浊度。     

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its use as a brewing cereal – a review

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has a long tradition as a raw material for the production of malt and beer. Nevertheless, it has been studied to a much lesser extent than barley, which is the number one brewing cereal. The protein content of wheat ranges from about 6 to 20%, depending on the variety and baking characteristics, as well as on environmental conditions during growth. Since wheat is the most used cereal in the baking industry, the focus of wheat breeding and research has been about optimization for baking purposes (i.e. high protein content, stable falling numbers, constant baking qualities). It is well known that wheat varieties with a high protein content lead to problems in the brewing process. Therefore, varieties with a low protein content and with low viscosity values are favoured for malting and brewing. Since wheat beer yield has nearly doubled from 1990 to 2009, and is still increasing, more focus has been placed on conducting research on wheat for the malting and brewing industry. Currently, every tenth beer sold in Germany is a wheat beer. Therefore, it is of major interest to screen wheat varieties for brewing processability and to give more focus to wheat as a brewing cereal. In this review, a detailed characterization of wheat is given, particularly in regard to carbohydrates, pentosans, protein fractions and enzymes. The impact of wheat and its quality on the malting and brewing process is reviewed. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

50t上面发酵小麦啤酒中试生产工艺技术研究

小麦啤酒是以小麦麦芽为主要原料(占原料总量的40％以上)，采用上面酵母发酵酿制而成。该实验对50t上面发酵小麦啤酒进行了研究，低蛋白白皮软质小麦麦芽、优质大麦麦芽、大米、酒花的选取及合理配比是小麦啤酒风味及质量的可靠保证；双醪浸出糖化工艺操作简便，是可行的；合理调整发酵接种量、接种温度、主发酵温度及发酵罐压力等工艺参数：对改善小麦啤酒风味，提高小麦啤酒质量起到了至关重要的作用；小麦啤酒成品稳定性测试取得了满意的结果。     

Changes in crude arabinoxylan during cloudy wheat beer brewing on a production scale

As one of the major non‐starch polysaccharides in the cloudy wheat beer, arabinoxylan has a crucial influence on the wort viscosity, foam profile and stability of the beer. In this study, the cloudy wheat beer was fermented on a production scale with a ratio of barley to wheat malt of 1:1, during which the changes in arabinoxylan were monitored in order to determine the key steps which influence the content, substitution degree of arabinoxylan (A/X) and average degree of polymerization (avDP) value of crude arabinoxylan during cloudy wheat beer brewing. The results show that the total contents of crude arabinoxylan, arabinose, xylose and galactose increased until the end of mashing and then dropped with the addition of spent grain sparging water. The crude arabinoxylan decreased during the saccharification, and then stabilized at ~10.00 mg/g. During fermentation and storage, the content of crude arabinoxylan did not change remarkably. The A/X remained at ~0.50 in the process of wort preparation and brewing and the avDP value of crude arabinoxylan decreased during saccharification and then stayed at ~3.00 in the fermentation and storage phases, which was lower because the contents of free arabinose, xylose and galactose were not subtracted from the total contents of the sugars. Therefore, wort preparation is shown the key step influencing the changes in crude arabinoxylan during cloudy wheat beer brewing. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

小麦麦芽在低度啤酒生产中的应用

在低度啤酒生产中，酿造时添加30％小麦麦芽，30％大麦麦芽，40％大米，采用添加复合酶补充酶活，增加可发酵糖含量，降低麦汁粘度，提高原料利用率；过滤时添加硅胶，提高啤酒非生物稳定性；酵母接种量为原料的0．6％，采用低温发酵；可减少副产物，改善啤酒风味特征；提高社会效益。     

Preliminary characterization of an Italian craft durum wheat beer

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the production of beers brewed using raw materials of local origin. Many micro‐breweries have been established in Italy, particularly in Sardinia, where some have started to use Sardinian wheat to produce a beer that has a regional connection. The most widespread wheat cultivar used in Italy has been Senatore Cappelli, which is still grown in Sardinia and in some other regions. Bread produced with this type of wheat is characterized by a high protein content and good sensory properties. Owing to its origin, this cultivar is being considered for use in beer production. In this work, a Sardinian durum wheat beer was compared with two other wheat beers brewed in Europe (Germany and the Czech Republic). Standard beer chemical analyses, along with volatile and sensorial profiles, were used to characterize the Sardinian craft durum wheat beer. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

“SP-3”与“SP-2”在全小麦啤酒酿造中应用研究

“SP-3”是新选育的啤酒酵母菌株,而“SP-2”为通常生产大麦芽啤酒使用的啤酒酵母菌株,“SP-3”与“SP-2”啤酒酵母菌株在全小麦啤酒生产中应用对比试验结果表明,“SP-3”啤酒酵母菌株在全小麦芽啤酒的酿造中适用性较强,各项指标均优于“SP-2”啤酒酵母菌株,用其酿制的啤酒口感纯正、清爽、柔和,能够较好地适应当前消费者的口感需求.     

硅胶处理对小麦啤酒胶体稳定性的影响

表明硅胶处理对小麦啤酒胶体稳定性的影响。小麦啤酒与正常的啤酒相比,小麦啤酒的抗冷能力较差,尤其是啤酒在冰箱内保藏温度接近0℃时,啤酒容易出现冷混浊,这是由于用于酿造小麦啤酒的主要原料小麦芽含有较高的蛋白质。我们通过在贮酒后期添加硅胶,将成品啤酒经饱和硫酸铵极限试验和冷热试验测定啤酒的SASPL值和保质期,发现使用硅胶可以有效地延长小麦啤酒的保质期。     

Gene expression in wheat beer yeast strains and the synthesis of acetate esters

The synthesis of aroma compounds represents one of the most important parameters in beer production. Although it has been a historical topic of research, exactly how aroma components are formed has yet to be fully explained. Moreover, all of the research that has been published on yeast strains is focused on lagers and ales. Wheat beer yeast strains have not been the focus of aroma and flavour research. In this study, five different wheat beer yeasts were analysed to determine their capacity for producing acetate esters. In this study, the most commonly used wheat beer yeast strains for the production of German‐style wheat beer were analysed. This involved measuring the level of expression of the alcohol acetyl transferase genes ATF1, ATF2 and IAH1 over a period of 4 days (during primary fermentation) and plotting the data to observe the development of expression of the genes over time. Results confirmed their capacity to form acetate esters and showed a distinct correlation with increasing expression of the gene ATF1. However, the findings also indicated that gene expression in different yeast strains can vary considerably during fermentation. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling