Effects of roasting and boiling of quinoa,kiwicha and kañiwa on composition and availability of minerals in vitro

BACKGOUND: Andean indigenous crops such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus) and kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) seeds are good sources of minerals (calcium and iron). Little is known, however, about mineral bioavailability in these grains. Thus the aim of the present study was to determine the iron, calcium and zinc potential availability in raw, roasted and boiled quinoa, kañiwa and kiwicha seeds. Potential availability was estimated by dialyzability. RESULTS: These seeds are good sources of phenolic compounds and kañiwa of dietary fiber. Their calcium, zinc and iron content is higher than in common cereals. In general, roasting did not significantly affect mineral dialyzability. Conversely, in boiled grains there was an increase in dialyzability of zinc and, in the case of kañiwa, also in iron and calcium dialyzability. CONCLUSION: Taking into account the high content of minerals in Andean grains, the potential contribution of these minerals would not differ considerably from that of wheat flour. Further studies are required to research the effect of extrusion on mineral availability in Andean grains. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

母乳和不同婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质消化性研究

以母乳为对照,模拟婴儿胃肠消化环境对两种普通婴儿配方乳粉和一种适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的蛋白质进行体外模拟消化研究,测定其体外胃、肠以及胃肠总消化率和消化液中的氨基酸含量。结果表明体外胃消化率、肠消化率及胃肠总消化率从高到低依次均为:母乳>适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉>婴儿配方乳粉B>婴儿配方乳粉A,且母乳中蛋白质的体外消化率均显著高于适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉和两种普通婴儿配方乳粉(p<0.05)。此外,在体外胃肠总消化液中,适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的必需氨基酸总量显著高于母乳和婴儿配方乳粉A、B(p<0.05),母乳和适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的氨基酸总量显著高于婴儿配方乳粉A、B(p<0.05)。与两种普通婴儿配方乳粉相比,适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质能更好的被机体消化利用,营养价值更高。      

Iron and calcium availability from digestion of infant cereals by Caco-2 cells

An adequate mineral intake during infancy is needed for normal growth and development. This study investigated the effect of dephytinization of four infant cereals and the use of water and follow-on formula as the liquid of reconstitution on the intestinal cell uptake of iron and calcium from infant cereals using a model that combines a simulated gastrointestinal digestion adapted to the gastrointestinal conditions of infants younger than 6 months and the Caco-2 cell line. Iron and calcium uptake by Caco-2 cells from most infant cereals was significantly (p < 0.05) improved when a phytase was added. When infant cereals were reconstituted with water, dephytinization increased iron (3.2–19.5 vs. 3–10%) and calcium (0.66–2.3 vs. 0.35–0.59%) availability compared to the same infant cereals reconstituted with a follow-on formula. We can conclude that dephytinization of infant cereals and water addition improved iron and calcium availability, depending on the infant cereal used.     

Zinc and iron contents and their bioaccessibility in cereals and pulses consumed in India

Several cereals and pulses commonly consumed in India were screened for zinc and iron contents and their bioaccessibility in the same was determined by equilibrium dialysis employing an in vitro simulated digestion procedure. Zinc content of cereals ranged from 1.08 mg/100 g in rice to 2.24 mg/100 g in sorghum. Zinc content of pulses was between 2.03 mg/100 g (whole chickpea) and 2.68 mg/ 100 g (decorticated chickpea). Iron content of cereals ranged from 1.32 mg% in rice to 6.51 mg% in sorghum, while that of pulses ranged from 3.85 mg% in decorticated green gram to 6.46 mg% in black gram. Dialyzability of zinc from pulses (27–56%) was generally higher than that from cereals (5.5–21.4%). Dialyzabilities of iron were almost similar from both cereals and pulses examined and were 4.13–8.05% in cereals and 1.77–10.2 % in pulses. A significant negative correlation between inherent phytate content and zinc dialyzability value was inferred in the case of pulses. Phytic acid content of the cereals had a significant negative influence on iron dialyzability. Inherent calcium had a negative influence on zinc dialyzability in cereals. Tannin did not have any significant influence on zinc or iron dialyzabilities from cereals and pulses. While both insoluble and soluble fractions of the dietary fibre generally interfered with zinc dialyzability, the insoluble fraction alone had this effect on iron dialyzability. The lower collective negative influence of the inherent factors on zinc dialyzability from pulses is consistent with their higher concentrations in these grains, relative to cereals. The negative correlation of inherent phytic acid with zinc and iron dialyzabilities was supported by enhanced dialyzabilities of these minerals upon partial removal of phytate from the grains by treatment with fungal phytase.     

Mineral retention in three-week-old piglets fed goat and cow milk infant formulas

Goat milk and cow milk are commonly used in infant formula preparations and, as such, understanding the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas made from these milks is important. In this study, a goat milk infant formula was compared with an adapted (whey-enhanced) cow milk infant formula with respect to mineral absorption and deposition using the 3-wk-old piglet as a model for the 3-mo-old infant. Equal numbers of piglets (n = 8) were fed either the goat milk formula or the cow milk formula. The mineral composition of the prepared goat milk formula was higher than that of the prepared cow milk formula for most minerals, including calcium (75.1 vs. 56.7 mg/100 mL) but excluding iron, which was higher in the prepared cow milk formula (0.92 vs. 0.74 mg/100 mL). The amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and manganese absorbed by the piglets were significantly higher for the goat milk formula, whereas the amounts of zinc, iron, and magnesium absorbed were significantly higher for the cow milk formula. Apparent mineral absorption, relative to intake, was statistically higher in the cow milk formula for calcium and phosphorus, although the actual differences were very small (less than 1.3%). For copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium there was no significant difference between treatments in apparent mineral absorption, whereas for manganese, absorption was higher for the goat milk infant formula. The absolute mineral deposition was higher in piglets fed the goat milk formula for calcium, phosphorus, and manganese, whereas iron deposition was higher in the piglets fed cow milk formula. For all other minerals tested, there were no significant differences between treatments. The goat milk infant formula provided a pattern of mineral retention in the 3-wk-old piglet very similar to that of the adapted cow milk infant formula. The minor differences observed between the 2 appeared to be due to the different mineral contents of the 2 formulas.     

Bioavailability of zinc from infant foods by in vitro methods (solubility,dialyzability and uptake and transport by Caco‐2 cells)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of zinc from infant foods (adapted, follow‐up and toddler milk‐based formulas and fruit juices containing milk and cereals, FMC) using solubility, dialyzability and a model combining simulated gastrointestinal digestion and zinc uptake and transport by Caco‐2 cells. The greater solubility of zinc from infant formulas compared with fruit juices (FMC) could be due to the greater casein phosphopeptide content resulting from casein hydrolysis. The highest zinc dialysis percentage corresponded to FMC, which on the other hand had the lowest zinc contents of the analyzed samples. The presence of organic acids in samples of this kind favors the formation of soluble low molecular weight complexes with zinc, thereby increasing the solubility of the latter. Bifidobacterium addition exerted no effect upon zinc bioavailability. Transport and uptake efficiency in Caco‐2 cells were significantly greater for toddler formulas, which presented the highest casein contents. The greater efficiency in zinc transport and uptake from the powdered toddler formula compared with the liquid formulation could be explained by the effect of Maillard reaction products. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Fermentation on Iron, Zinc, and Calcium Availability from Iron-fortified Dairy Products

ABSTRACT: Iron, zinc, and calcium dialyzability and ascorbic acid (AA) concentrations were determined in milk, acidified milk, or yogurt fortified with ferrous sulfate (FS) or iron bis-glycinate (FBG) with or without AA addition in a 4:1 AA:Fe molar ratio. Milk fermentation or acidification caused an increase in iron availability from both iron sources. Highest availability values were obtained for fermented products with added AA (18-fold increase compared to milk). AA oxidation during fermentation was minor. However, at 14 d of cold storage, AA degradation was close to 50% in FS-fortified yogurt and 35% in FBG-fortified yogurt. Nevertheless, iron dialyzability remained constant. Lactic acidification and fermentation also increased Zn availability, but Ca dialyzability was hardly increased by either treatment. AA addition did not modify Zn or Ca availability.     

Study of the effect of different iron salts used to fortify infant formulas on the bioavailability of trace elements using ICP-OES

Five different iron salts—sulphate, lactate, diphosphate, encapsulated sulphate, and EDTA-Fe(III)—were used to fortify an infant formula to study possible differences in iron bioavailability. The effect of iron fortification at two levels (0.5 mg Fe 100 kcal⁻¹ and 1.5 mg Fe 100 kcal⁻¹) on the bioavailability of other important trace elements such as copper and zinc were also evaluated. An in vitro method based on element dialysability (i.e., the fraction available by absorption) to simulate newborn digestion was applied to study iron, copper and zinc bioavailability. Enzyme treatment was carried out in two stages involving pepsin at pH 5.0 followed by pancreatin at pH 7.0. The incubation times were short to mimic the transit of meal in an infant's gastrointestinal tract. Iron, copper and zinc were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using an axially configured device. The percentages of Fe, Cu and Zn dialysable at both iron fortification levels are discussed. From these results, EDTA-Fe (III) appears to be the most adequate salt for iron fortification of infant formulas.     

Physicochemical properties of different thickeners used in infant foods and their relationship with mineral availability during in vitro digestion process

Locust bean gum (LBG) and modified starches are commonly used as thickeners in food products for infants. However, there is no consensus on their possible effects on infant nutrition, especially on mineral availability. The aim of the present work was to characterize the effect of LBG, cross-linked, hydroxypropylated maize starch (Mhdp) and pre-gelatinized rice starch (gRS) on Ca, Fe and Zn availability during a gastric and intestinal in vitro digestion assay in relation to their physicochemical properties in solution (apparent viscosity, solubility, molar mass (M) and conformational properties) through the simulated digestion process. LBG gave the highest decrease in Ca and Fe gastric (17.96% and 17.6% respectively) and intestinal (19.5% and 13.5%) solubility with respect to the reference without thickeners. Ca (11.1% ± 1.1), Fe (2.77% ± 0.3) and Zn (7.78% ± 0.6) dialyzability was also lower than for the reference (23.4% ± 2.9; 19.65% ± 3.53 and 27.74% ± 3.3 respectively). LBG solubility remained stable during gastric digestion, decreasing significantly from a range of 65–69% to 61.1% after intestinal digestion. LBG viscosity remained stable during the digestion process, being these findings attributable to its resistance to enzymes. On the other hand, the addition to Mhdp or gRS slightly affected Ca and Fe solubility or Ca dialyzability, decreasing after gastric digestion and then increasing after intestinal digestion with respect to the reference. These results correlated to the changes in their viscosity enhancing properties, which increased during gastric digestion and decreased after intestinal digestion, being attributable to their digestion by pancreatic enzymes. Gastric digestion resulted in an increase in M for the modified starches (more pronounced for gRS). The increase in mineral solubility and dialyzability after intestinal digestion with respect to the gastric stage was explained by the degradation of starches by intestinal enzymes, which resulted in a decrease in apparent shear viscosity (from 1.2 to 1 Pa s, measured in a shear rate range 0.00–50 s⁻¹) and an increase in solubility (from 3 to 6% to approximately 70%) after intestinal digestion. In conclusion, LBG could be more effective than Mhdp and gRS as thickener, providing higher viscosity and resistance to digestive process. However, its negative effect on mineral solubility and dialyzability should be taken into account. On the contrary, Mhdp and gRS showed to be degraded after intestinal digestion.     

Effect of pea and soya bean interaction on zinc dialyzability in weaning foods

Higher values are reported for Zn dialyzability of homogenized infant formulas when pea content is high and soya bean content is low, but also when the reverse is the case, ie low pea content and high soya bean content. This apparent paradox is examined in terms of a potential antagonistic effect of the pea × soya bean interaction on Zn dialyzability. The antagonistic effect is traced to the linear combined effect of the two ingredients on pH over a narrow interval around 5.90 and on calcium content. This combined effect may account for the difference in results between in vivo and in vitro studies reported by several authors. The combination of certain vegetables in an infant formula may, in certain circumstances, enhance Zn dialyzability, contradicting the general view that increased legume content diminishes Zn dialyzability due to an increase in phytic acid levels. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Bioaccessibility of calcium, iron and zinc from three legume samples

Legumes can be a source of mineral elements but also of antinutritional factors which can affect their absorption. An in vitro method including gastrointestinal digestion was used to estimate mineral bioavailability. Soluble (bioaccessible) and insoluble calcium, iron and zinc from white beans, chickpeas and lentils were determined after gastrointestinal digestion. The influence of the original sample weight on the soluble mineral fraction was also estimated. The results obtained show that white beans are the legumes with the highest bioaccessible calcium and iron contents. Lentils have a high iron content but its bioaccessibility is much lower than that of iron from white beans and chickpeas. An increase in sample weight increases the amount of bioaccessible element available for intake, but the increase is not always proportional.     

Casein phosphopeptides released by simulated gastrointestinal digestion of infant formulas and their potential role in mineral binding

Adapted and follow-up milk-based infant formulas were subjected to gastrointestinal digestion simulating physiological conditions. The naturally occurring casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) generated were fractionated by anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography and sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry. In both infant formula digests, a total of 19 CCPs from bovine casein were identified, of which 7 corresponded to α_s1-casein and 12 to α_s2-casein. Most CPPs had the cluster sequence SpSpSpEE, representing the binding sites for minerals. The distribution of calcium, iron and zinc content in CPP fractions eluted from the anion exchange column was also studied. The results obtained suggest that calcium could be preferably bound to CPPs with the cluster sequence SpSpSpEE, whereas iron and zinc could be bound to CPPs containing the phosphorylated cluster and phosphoserine residues.     

Infant formula iron dialysability related to other nutrients

The dialysable iron in relation to total iron, to protein sources, to calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, and vitamin C of 17 infant formulas, from four different multinational companies were analyzed. Total iron, calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The dialysable iron was determined. The considered vitamin C concentration was that declared on the labels. There was no significant statistical relationship between total iron and dialysable iron (P = 0.54, r = 0.09) when considered separately. When analyzed considering protein sources, this relationship was shown to be inversely proportional to protein hydrolysate (P = 0.03, r = −0.72), and soy protein (P = 0.02, r = −0.93). The percentage of dialysable iron was significantly greater from the protein hydrolysate (P < 0.01). The dialysable iron showed a negative correlation with calcium (P < 0.05, r = −0.61). In conclusion, the infant formulas whose protein sources are casein and casein plus whey protein should present Ca:Fe and Fe:vitamin C ratios that allow considerable iron dialysability.     

Calcium, zinc, and iron bioavailabilities from a commercial human milk fortifier: a comparison study

Adding human milk fortifiers (HMF) to human milk (HM) is one way of overcoming the nutrient deficits found in the latter. In this study, the bioavailabilities of calcium, zinc, and iron in S-26/SMA HMF added to HM were compared with those in HM fortified with various bovine milk proteins: alpha-lactalbumin, colostrum, caseinate, casein phosphopeptides, and whey protein concentrate. The bioavailability of each mineral was assessed using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. Calcium and zinc uptake by the cells was traced with radioisotopes; iron uptake was assessed via cell ferritin levels. Samples were prepared on an equal protein content basis and with added calcium, but no zinc or iron was added. Results revealed that calcium uptake from HM + S-26/SMA was not different from any of the HM fortified with the bovine milk proteins, except for unfortified HM and HM + colostrum in which calcium uptake was significantly lower (-89 and -38%, respectively). Uptake of zinc and iron were significantly higher for HM + S-26/SMA than for the other HM + fortifiers.     

Effects of pH on Calcium, Zinc, and Phytate Solubilities and Complexes Following In Vitro Digestions of Soy Protein Isolate

High intraluminal gastric pH values in young infants could affect the bioavailability of zinc in soy protein isolate formula. This investigation examined the effects of pH on the solubilities and complexes of calcium, zinc and phytate following in vitro pepsin and pepsin-pan-creatin digestions of soy protein isolate. The results of these in vitro studies suggested that (1) high intraluminal gastric pH values could lead to the formation of insoluble calcium-zinc-phytate complexes in the stomach following ingestion of soy protein isolate and (2) high intraluminal gastric pH values would only affect resultant soy zinc solubility in the small intestine in the absence of exogenous calcium or zinc but not in the presence of same.     

Dietary PUFA for preterm and term infants: review of clinical studies

Human milk contains n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA (long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids), which are absent from many infant formulas. During neonatal life, there is a rapid accretion of AA (arachidonic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in infant brain, DHA in retina and of AA in the whole body. The DHA status of breast-fed infants is higher than that of formula-fed infants when formulas do not contain LCPUFA. Studies report that visual acuity of breast-fed infants is better than that of formula-fed infants, but other studies do not find a difference. Cognitive development of breast-fed infants is generally better, but many sociocultural confounding factors may also contribute to these differences. The effect of dietary LCPUFA on FA status, immune function, visual, cognitive, and motor functions has been evaluated in preterm and term infants. Plasma and RBC FA status of infants fed formulas supplemented with both n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA was closer to the status of breast-fed infants than to that of infants fed formulas containing no LCPUFA. Adding n-3 LCPUFA to preterm-infant formulas led to initial beneficial effects on visual acuity. Few data are available on cognitive function, but it seems that in preterm infants, feeding n-3 LCPUFA improved visual attention and cognitive development compared with infants receiving no LCPUFA. Term infants need an exogenous supply of AA and DHA to achieve similar accretion of fatty acid in plasma and RBC (red blood cell) in comparison to breast-fed infants. Fewer than half of all studies have found beneficial effects of LCPUFA on visual, mental, or psychomotor functions. Improved developmental scores at 18 mo of age have been reported for infants fed both AA and DHA. Growth, body weight, and anthropometrics of preterm and term infants fed formulas providing both n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA fatty acids is similar in most studies to that of infants fed formulas containing no LCPUFA. A larger double-blind multicenter randomized study has recently demonstrated improved growth and developmental scores in a long-term feeding study of preterm infants. Collectively, the body of literature suggests that LCPUFA is important to the growth and development of infants. Thus, for preterm infants we recommend LCPUFA intakes in the range provided by feeding of human milk typical of mothers in Western countries. This range can be achieved by a combination of AA and DHA, providing an AA to DHA ratio of approximately 1.5 and a DHA content of as much as 0.4%. Preterm infants may benefit from slightly higher levels of these fatty acids than term infants. In long-term studies, feeding more than 0.2% DHA and 0.3% AA improved the status of these fatty acids for many weeks after DHA; AA was no longer present in the formula, enabling a DHA and AA status more similar to that of infants fed human milk. The addition of LCPUFA in infant formulas for term infants, with appropriate regard for quantitative and qualitative qualities, is safe and will enable the formula-fed infant to achieve the same blood LCPUFA status as that of the breast-fed infant.     

微量元素与早产婴幼儿生长发育的相关性

早产是新生儿和 5 岁以下儿童死亡的主要原因,同时作为一种常见的临床不良妊娠结局,不仅增加了母婴短期和长期并发症的风险,而且给个人、家庭和社会造成巨大负担,其发病原因及机制较为复杂,其中母体血液微量元素变化对胎儿发育有着非常重要的影响,微量元素的不平衡,可能导致不良妊娠结局。关于微量元素对早产婴幼儿的作用研究甚少,故本文结合近些年国内外关于微量元素应用的研究,综述了微量元素(铁、铜、锌、硒、锰5种)与早产婴幼儿生长发育的关系,以及微量元素影响早产发生的作用机制(炎症反应、氧化应激、内分泌调节机制),以期为微量元素在早产婴幼儿的生长发育研究中提供一定的理论指导依据。     

Phospholipids in Human Milk and Infant Formulas: Benefits and Needs for Correct Infant Nutrition

The composition of human milk has served as a basis for the development of infant formulas, which are used when breastfeeding is not possible. Among the human milk nutrients, 50% of the total energetic value corresponds to fat, with a high level of fatty acids and 0.2–2.0% present in the form of phospholipids (PLs). The PL contents and fatty acid distribution in PL species have been investigated as bioactive elements for the production of infant formulas, since they offer potential benefits for the optimum growth and health of the newborn infant. The differences in the amount of PLs and in fatty acid distribution in PL species between human milk and infant formulas can imply biologically significant differences for newborn infants fed with infant formulas versus human milk–mainly due to the greater proportion of sphingomyelin with respect to phosphatidylcholine in infant formulas. The limited information referred to the characterization of fatty acid distribution in PL species in infant formulas or in ingredients used to enrich them merits further research in order to obtain products with benefits similar to those of human milk in terms of infant growth, visual acuity, and neurological development. The present review establishes the scientific basis for helping to adjust formulations to the requirements of infant nutrition.     

Comparison of the Availability of Various Iron Fortificants in Bread and Milk Using an In Vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Culture Method

ABSTRACT: The availabilities and dialyzabilities of various iron fortificants in bread and milk were compared using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. In white bread, availability and dialyzability of electrolytic iron were lower than that of ferrous fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO₄. NaFe(III)EDTA was also lower in availability than ferrous fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO₄ but had the highest dialyzability. In 2% fat milk, NaFe(III)EDTA was again the highest in dialyzability but was similar in availability to ferrous fumarate, encapsulated ferrous fumarate, Ferrochel®, and FeSO₄. The results suggest that iron from NaFe(III)EDTA and electrolytic iron does not completely exchange with intrinsic iron in foods.     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on bioaccessibility,as well as antioxidant activity,mineral and starch contents in Granny Smith apple

The aim of this work was to study the effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the bioaccessibility of specific nutrients (antioxidant, minerals and starch) in apple and to establish processing conditions that maximise the health benefits. The apple was pressurised at 500 MPa during 2, 4, 8 and 10 min. The antioxidant activity, mineral and starch content and bioaccessibility of apple samples were significantly affected by the processing and digestion conditions. Therefore, these results indicated that in vitro digestion has a noticeable effect on the antioxidant concentration, IC₅₀, with much lower values (a smaller IC₅₀ value corresponds to a higher antioxidant activity) of apple samples compared with those untreated and non-digestion. Apple has the highest calcium content (30.33 ± 1.94 mg/100 g), iron (14.46 ± 3.49 mg/100 g) and zinc (6.22 ± 0.91 mg/100 g). High hydrostatic pressure increased the mineral contents availability by 2.11–303.00% for calcium, 4.63–10.93% for iron and 8.68–28.93% for zinc. The dialysability and solubility of calcium, iron and zinc with respect to the values for the untreated sample were reduced by this high pressure technique. Consumption of apple under high hydrostatic pressure may supply substantial antioxidants, mineral and starch, which may provide health promoting and disease preventing effects.