不锈钢水壶口径腐蚀行为的研究

本文通过化学成分检测、金相分析、宏观及微观检验技术手段对某公司生产的不锈钢水壶口径弯曲处出现严重锈蚀现象进行分析研究,结果表明:水壶口径弯曲处腐蚀是由于非标200系奥氏体不锈钢在冷加工过程中,形变诱发马氏体相变,而形变马氏体在腐蚀介质中易先发生腐蚀,从而引发严重腐蚀损伤。     

拉伸变形对304不锈钢应力腐蚀的影响

研究了在-70℃和180℃拉伸变形对304不锈钢应力腐蚀的影响，结果表明，随着拉伸变形量的增加，180℃拉伸变形的304不锈钢在42％沸腾MgCl2溶液中应力腐蚀破裂敏感性逐渐减小，而在-70℃拉伸变形的304不锈钢在42％沸腾MgCl2溶液中应力腐蚀破裂敏感性经历了一个从减小到增大的过程．马氏体相的存在导致304不锈钢在42％沸腾MgCl2溶液中应力腐蚀破裂敏感性增大。     

加工硬化对304不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹裂尖力学性能的影响

压力管道中应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)是奥氏体不锈钢的主要失效形式之一,同时冷加工变形对材料的力学性能和裂纹的萌生及扩展会产生一定影响。本工作首先利用疲劳拉伸机获取304不锈钢不同冷加工硬化下的材料本构参数,同时利用有限元仿真软件ABAQUS建立了SCC裂纹裂尖宏观分析模型及子模型,研究不同加工硬化下304奥氏体不锈钢材料的SCC裂纹裂尖应力应变、J积分及裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明,材料在20%冷加工率变形内,随着材料加工硬化程度的增加,SCC裂纹裂尖Mises应力、J积分逐渐增大,裂纹裂尖应变(PEEQ)减小,一定程度加工硬化会促进和加速304不锈钢发生应力腐蚀开裂。     

原子力显微镜评价奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的研究

由13Cr可焊马氏体不锈钢(WMSGSS)制造的油气管线由于价格便宜,相对于昂贵的耐腐蚀合金来说是一个很有竞争力的选择。但是实验室试验和现场经历表明,13Cr马氏体不锈钢焊接接头热影响区发生了沿晶应力腐蚀开裂(IGSCC)。对于低等级的马氏体不锈钢来说,沿晶应力腐蚀开裂机理被认为是在晶界的碳化物附近存在贫铬区。对于中等级和高等级马氏体不锈钢来说,只在实验室试验发现有应力腐蚀开裂。它们的应力腐蚀开裂机理还没有明确,虽然最可能的应力腐蚀开裂机理也被认为和低等级马氏体不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂机理类似。原子力显微镜(AFM)已开始广泛用于材料显微组织和环境敏感断裂的研究中。高等级马氏体不锈钢焊接接头对晶间腐蚀/应力腐蚀开裂敏感性很有希望由原子力显微镜检测到。在原子力显微镜技术应用于这项研究之前,用由304不锈钢准备的不同敏化度的试样来确定它的适用性是十分有益的。本文用原子力显微镜研究了不同敏化程度的304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性并和SEM和EDS结果进行了对比。     

304L不锈钢形变诱导马氏体的X射线衍射分析

为准确测定304L奥氏体不锈钢中形变诱导马氏体的含量,更好地解释该材料中形变诱导马氏体相变机制,使用X射线衍射法对一系列形变后的奥氏体不锈钢样品进行研究,采用Rietveld全谱拟合法对各物相含量进行分析,并与传统的直接对比法、K值法进行比较,该法能最大限度克服传统方法的缺点。分析结果显示:304L奥氏体不锈钢形变过程中会发生α′和ε马氏体相变,且低温形变会加速奥氏体不锈钢中奥氏体相向马氏体相的转变。     

马氏体相变对孔蚀闭塞区化学和电化学行为的影响

采用模拟闭塞电池法和模拟闭塞溶液法研究了奥氏体304不锈钢形变诱发马氏体相变对孔蚀闭塞区化学和电化学行为的影响。为了模拟闭塞区内外间的电偶电流，对试件通入电流进行阳极极化。结果表明，与未形变的304不锈钢的试验结果相比，随着马氏体含量的增加，闭塞区溶液pH值下降，Cl^-迁入闭塞区的量更多。马氏体相的存在增强了材料的电化学活性，使其在模拟闭塞溶液中的自腐蚀电位负移，维钝电流密度增加，加速了闭塞区金属阳极溶解，促进了孔蚀的发展。     

F304不锈钢阀门卸压杆断裂原因分析

通过宏观检验、金相检验和断口分析等方法,对F304不锈钢截止阀卸压杆断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:卸压杆发生了应力腐蚀开裂,裂纹起源于杆中心孔内壁并向材料中扩展;开裂的原因是卸压杆冷加工成形后未进行高温固溶处理,奥氏体不锈钢中存在大量形变诱发马氏体组织,同时天然气中存在硫等腐蚀性物质,导致氢脆型应力腐蚀,最终造成卸压杆断裂。     

材料状态对NiTi形状记忆合金相变行为的影响

用金相显微镜观察了冷加工和固溶状态的显微组织形貌,用示差热量扫描法(DSC)系统研究了冷加工、固溶和时效处理对近等原子比的NiTi形状记忆合金的相变温度的影响。试验结果表明,冷加工态NiTi合金组织形态呈纤维状,固溶处理后组织形态呈等轴状。冷加工带来的大量变形缺陷抑制了热弹性马氏体的相变;冷加工态NiTi合金直接进行时效发生了P→M相变;经固溶处理后再进行时效则发生了P→R→M相变。NiTi合金在不同的热处理条件下发生了不同类型的热弹性马氏体相变。分析认为,应力、位错密度及析出相对NiTi合金热弹性马氏体的相变行为有重要的影响。     

基体组织和加工过程对不锈钢餐、厨具铬离子析出量的影响

研究了不锈钢基体组织和加工过程中形变程度、应力分布及加工温度对不锈钢餐、厨具铬离子析出量的影响。结果表明:马氏体不锈钢的耐腐蚀性比奥氏体不锈钢的差,铬离子析出量更大;加工过程导致奥氏体不锈钢发生马氏体相变,同时产生大量的位错和缺陷,使其耐腐蚀性降低,铬离子析出量增多;加工过程中局部的应力集中导致该部分区域马氏体相变量大,铬离子析出量增多;加工温度控制在形变诱发马氏体转变温度Md以上时,马氏体相变量显著减少,铬离子析出量得到明显控制。     

同区域户外暴晒环境与棚下环境304不锈钢腐蚀规律对比研究

在海洋大气环境同区域户外暴晒和棚下两种典型环境下同步开展了304不锈钢腐蚀试验，通过宏观检查分析、腐蚀深度检测分析、微观形貌观察及能谱分析、电化学测试分析等手段，分周期研究了304不锈钢在户外暴晒环境和棚下环境的腐蚀行为，分析两种环境304不锈钢1年周期的腐蚀机理和腐蚀规律。研究结果表明：同区域户外暴晒环境与棚下环境304不锈钢腐蚀行为不完全一致，有着不同的腐蚀速率和腐蚀规律，棚下环境不锈钢表面润湿时间比较长，很快形成电化学微孔腐蚀条件，腐蚀速度比室外暴露环境快得多。研究成果对不锈钢在户外暴晒和棚下两种典型服役环境下的使用及防护有重要借鉴意义。     

Deformation induced martensitic transformation in a 201 modified austenitic stainless steel

The production of low nickel austenitic stainless steels has increased considerably mainly due to nickel price evolution in the last years. In the present work, the susceptibility to deformation induced martensitic transformation of a 201 modified stainless steel was evaluated. The results were compared to existing results of traditional AISI 304 steel. The variation of martensite volume fraction against true strain was modeled by a sigmoidal equation and the transformation rate was also determined.     

Austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures 1—Structural stability and magnetic properties

The structure and magnetic properties of some 15 austenitic stainless steels were examined after cyclic cooling treatments and low temperature deformation. Magnetic measurements at room temperature, 77 K, and 4.2 K and subsequent metallographic examination suggest that many of the AISI 300 stainless steels such as 301, 302, 303, 304, 304L, 305, 316L, 321, and 347 must be considered potentially unstable with respect to the formation of the ferromagnetic α′ martensite phase on repeated cooling to low temperatures. This structural instability was increased significantly after a sensitizing treatment in the weldable steels 304L, 321, and 347 leading to the formation of up to 11.2% a′ martensite, part of which formed isothermally. Low temperature deformation is even more potent in promoting the transformation, at least 50% α′ martensite being induced by deformation at 4.2 K in the otherwise stable alloys such as 309 and the 0.2% N versions of 304L and 316L. The high alloy steels 310 and Kromarc 55 remain fully a austenitic even after deformation to rupture at 4.2 K. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of the latter alloys and Incoloy 800 indicates that their low temperature structural stability is associated with magnetic transitions which occur within the austenite phase.     

Evaluation of changes in X-ray elastic constants and residual stress as a function of cold rolling of austenitic steels

Abstract

Austenitic steels rapidly attain high mechanical strength when subjected to cold working. The heterogeneous plastic deformation produced in cross section of the specimen, development of preferred orientation and martensitic transformation contribute to the occurrence of residual stress in cold worked steels. AISI 304 and 316 steels were cold rolled at room temperature from 10% up to 70% deformations in steps of 10%. The formation and sigmoidal growth of martensite caused by cold rolling (CR) 304 steel was studied by X-ray diffraction. The residual stresses generated were evaluated in both the austenite and martensite phases using sin² ψ technique. The accurate determination of residual stress by X-ray diffraction requires experimental determination of X-ray elastic constants for both the austenite and martensite phases. The changes in X-ray elastic constants as a function of CR of 304 and 316 steels were measured and their effect on residual stress values was established. The results show that tensile stress was generated initially on cold working in the austenite phase in both steels and in the dominant martensite phase in 304 steel, which decreases, passes through zero and becomes compressive at higher deformations. X-ray elastic constants were found to decrease in all cases and a maximum reduction of 15% was found.     

The effect of TiN inclusions and deformation-induced martensite on the corrosion properties of AISI 321 stainless steel

Stainless steel of type 321 is commonly used for the production of exhaust systems because of its temperature resistance and welding properties, which are better than those of AISI 304 or similar steels. AISI 321 is a titanium stabilized austenitic stainless steel, where this element is added to form carbides in order to avoid chromium impoverishment due to chromium carbide formation. Cold shaping can, in the case of austenitic stainless steel, cause the formation of deformation induced martensite, which can improve its mechanical properties, but unfortunately can also spoil its good resistance to corrosion. Titanium nitride inclusions are cathodic with respect to steels, and therefore cause their anodic dissolution. Martensite is, however, more susceptible to the corrosion than austenite in steels. The main aim of this study was to analyze the pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking which is initiated on prototype cold-formed outer exhaust sleeves during the testing of different cleaning procedures before chromium plating. Various microscopic methods were used to identify the initiation of corrosion and its propagation.     

Radial distribution of martensitic phase transformation in a metastable stainless steel under torsional deformation: A synchrotron X-ray diffraction study

The strain-induced martensitic phase transformation in a metastable 304 L stainless steel under torsional deformation was investigated using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The measured radial distribution of the martensite phase fraction in a solid cylindrical specimen agrees well with the prediction based on a combination of transformation kinetics and a radial plastic strain distribution equation.     

Experimental study of hydrogen embrittlement on AISI 304 stainless steels and Rayleigh wave characterization

Many failures due to hydrogen embrittlement or hydrogen damage are widely reported in oil and refinery industry. Despite many ultrasonic testing methods have been developed to assess hydrogen embrittlement, they are applied well to serious hydrogen attack instead of earlier degradation. This paper aims to characterize nascent hydrogen embrittlement of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steels under cathodic hydrogenation using Rayleigh wave. After cathodic hydrogen charging of AISI 304 stainless steel, XRD and metallographic examination show that martensite transformation occurs within the subsurface region of the specimens. Microhardness testing indicates that hydrogen leads to hardening of the material. It is found that Rayleigh wave are better to inspect local degradation than bulk waves. Rayleigh wave velocity of 5 MHz and 10 MHz decreases significantly with cathodic charging time, while longitudinal wave velocity changes not. Acoustic velocity change is due to elastic modulus reduction resulting from hydrogen-induced phase transformation in the subsurface region.     

Influence of electrolytic plasma process on corrosion property of peened 304 austenitic stainless steel

An electrolytic plasma process (EPP) was applied onto shot peened surface of 304 stainless steel (SS) and the corrosion behavior were studied with different treatment parameters. The peening process on 304 SS was performed by a ball milling machine. Although the peening process may improve the material strength, due to the refinement of γ phase and γ → martensite (α') transformation, the low corrosion resistance of martensite limits the application of the resultant material. In this paper, EPP was applied onto the peened surfaces for a rapid surface annealing. After EPP, the deformation-induced martensite was partially reverted back to austenite phase. X-ray diffraction, hardness, and SEM study were employed to manifest the major transformations. Optimal EPP treatment could achieve both high strength and corrosion resistance on steel surfaces.     

A discussion on evaluation criteria for crevice corrosion of various stainless steels

In this study,crevice corrosion performances of a newly developed LDSS 2002 and three commercial stainless steels(AISI 304,AISI 316L and DSS 2205)were investigated and discussed.Crevice repassivation potential(ER,CREV),which was measured by the potentiodynamic-galvanostatic-potentiodynamic(PDGS-PD)test,was applicable to crevice corrosion evaluation of 304 and 316 L stainless steels.However,much lower(ER,CREV values were obtained for DSS 2205 and LDSS 2002.These abnormal(ER,CREV values for duplex stainless steels may be related to the selective attack of the less corrosion-resistant phase,the lower corrosion potential in the crevice-like solution,and more crevice corrosion sites in the PD-GS-PD test.A critical chloride concentration of crevice corrosion(CCCCREV)measurement was introduced for crevice corrosion evaluation of various stainless steels.The derived CCCCREVwas proved to be a valid criterion for crevice corrosion evaluation of both the austenitic and duplex stainless steels.An order of crevice corrosion resistance of AISI 304≈LDSS 2002相似文献   

基于磁性测定法研究奥氏体不锈钢波纹管的形变马氏体含量

根据形变诱发马氏体磁性的变化,针对SUS304和SUS316L奥氏体不锈钢分步机械胀压成型波纹管以及未经固溶处理与经固溶处理SUS304奥氏体不锈钢液压成型波纹管,采用MP30E—S型铁素体测定仪定量测定了波纹管母材区及焊缝区的形变马氏体含量。结果表明：形变马氏体含量的大小与波纹管材料、相对变形量以及热处理状态等均有很大关系;在相同变形量条件下SUS316L不锈钢的形变马氏体含量比SUS304不锈钢要小得多;相对变形量越大,形变马氏体含量也越大,且波峰处的形变马氏体含量较波谷处的要大得多;与未固溶处理波纹管相比,经固溶处理后波纹管的形变马氏体含量显著减小。