NiTi超弹丝的信息传感及其信息处理系统

介绍了以NiTi基合金呈现较好的形状记忆效应及其超弹性，在恒温拉伸、卸载过程中，纯马氏体的NiTi形状记忆合金丝的电阻与应变（R－ε）曲线均成近似线性关系，滞后较小，且随着循环次数的增加，电阻与应变（R－ε）曲线几乎重合。利用这一特性将其用作应变传感元件构成智能结构试件。介绍了其传感网络的信号处理与放大电路及其数据处理系统。实验表明研究的NiTi超弹丝的信息传感及其信息处理系统，能够实时监测智能结构试件的传感信号，能够准确判断冲击载荷的位置和能量。     

埋入NiTi超弹性丝的结构冲击响应监测

利用NiTi超弹性丝的大应变和电特性性能，作为结构健康监测的应变传感元件。将一定规格的NiTi超弹性丝埋入玻璃纤维／环氧树脂复合材料结构中，制作了实验构件，设计了具体的实验方法，研究了基于NiTi超弹性丝的复合材料结构冲击响应监测技术。冲击实验表明，通过实时监测超弹性传感元件的信号输出，可判断结构的受载位置、受载程度及结构产生的应变情况。实验结果与理论分析相一致。     

不同埋设条件下复合结构中NiTi超弹丝传感差异性试验研究

介绍了两种不同基体材料的试件及试验系统，分析了在不同埋设条件下复合结构中NiTi超弹丝传感性能的差异情况。     

不同埋设条件下复合结构中NiTi超弹丝传感差异性试验研究

介绍了两种不同基体材料的试件及试验系统,分析了在不同埋设条件下复合结构中NiTi超弹丝传感性能的差异情况。     

LY12CZ铝合金循环瞬态特性研究

研究了ＬＹ１２ＣＺ铝合金（板材）的循环瞬态特性，通过恒应力幅值及恒应变幅值的疲劳试验证实了ＬＹ１２ＣＺ为循环硬化材料，在恒应力幅值下，横向应变幅值εＴａ与循环次数Ｎ能较好地符合εＴａ＝Ｃ＋ＤｌｇＮ关系式（Ｄ＜０），且系数Ｃ和Ｄ均能近似服从应力幅值σａ的幂函变化规律，从而建立了可供工程应用的新的εＴａ＝ｆ（σａ，Ｎ）关系式；在恒（横向）应变幅值下，应力幅值与循环次数Ｎ也能很好地符合σａ＝Ａ＋ＢｌｇＮ     

TiNi形状记忆合金的力传感特性及其机理研究

测试了不同初始组织状态TiTi SMA丝材恒温拉伸过程中的电阻-应力-应变关系，分析了力学及电阻特性的变化机理，得出了马氏体（M）态及奥氏体（A）态TiNi形状记忆合金（SMA）具有力传感性能的结论。为构建TiNi SMA传感元件的智能材料结构提供了理论依据。     

LYl2CZ 铝合金循环瞬态特性研究

研究了 LY12CZ 铝合金(板材)的循环瞬态特性,通过恒应力幅值及恒应变幅值的疲劳试验证实了 LY12CZ 为循环硬化材料。在恒应力幅值下,横向应变幅值ε_T(?)与循环次数 N 能较好地符合ε(?)=C+DlgN 关系式(D<0),且系数 C 和 D 均能近似服从应力幅值σ(?)的幂函数变化规律,从而建立了可供工程应用的新的ε_T(?)=f(σ(?),N)关系式;在恒(横向)应变幅值下,应力幅值与循环次数 N 也能很好地符合σ(?)=A+BlgN 关系式(B>0)。另外,根据恒应力幅值疲劳试验结果的拟合计算表明,LY12CZ(板材)在一定的中、低周范围内,S—N 曲线能近似地符合幂函数公式 N_e~(?)=C。     

形状记忆合金智能复合材料自修复中传感与控制方法研究

对于埋入形状记忆合金丝的智能材料,提出了通过监测电阻的变化来传感外应力引起的应变、判断基材的损伤情况,同时使用参考形状记忆合金丝补偿温度引起的应变,消除传感误差。在结构自修复过程中,由于环境温度、热对流和热辐射条件以及加热电流强度不同等因素致使形状记忆合金的温度状态难以确定,为了尽快让裂缝闭合、在最短时间促成形状记忆合金的相变并防止因过热而烧毁基材或形状记忆合金丝,提出了一种基于电阻变化率反馈的动态自传感加热方法,可以实时监测相变的起始点和结束点,有效地防止过热。试验结果与理论分析吻合良好。     

NiTi超弹性丝复合材料结构强度的监测

研究了NiTi超弹性丝复合材料结构强度的监测方法，设计和制作了埋入NiTi超弹性丝的玻纤环氧层板复合材料试样，对平板及其含孔洞的试样进行了拉伸试验，实时采集结构中传感元件的输出，以试验的方法监测结构宏观力学行为。结果表明：埋入的超弹性传感元件可对结构的裂纹、断裂特性及强度等进行监测。     

循环应力应变关系对碳素钢疲劳寿命预测的影响

通过试验对拉压载荷下材料的循环应力应变关系进行测试,建立了表达式σ＝ｋεｐ＾ｍ中常数κ、ｍ与材料的静抗拉强度间的经验式,并用该方程式可以直接由材料的静抗拉强度比较简便地预测材料的疲劳强度。最后与国外常用的拉压状态下的应力应变经验式σ＝１．７３σｂεｐ＾０．１６进行了比较;得到了两种材料疲劳寿命预测结果。     

Fretting wear behavior of superelastic nickel titanium shape memory alloy

The fretting behavior of superelastic nickel titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy was studied at various displacement amplitudes on a serve-hydraulic dynamic test machine. The results showed that the superelastic properties of the material played a key role in the observed excellent fretting behavior of NiTi alloy. Due to the low phase transition stress (only 1/4 the value of its plastic yield stress) and the large recoverable phase transition strain (5%) of NiTi, the friction force of NiTi/GCr15 stainless steel pair is smaller than the value of GCr15/GCr15 pair and at the same time the Rabinowicz wear coefficient of NiTi plate is about 1/9 the value of GCr15 plate under the same fretting conditions. For NiTi/GCr15 pair, even NiTi has a much lower hardness than GCr15, the superelastic NiTi alloy exhibits superior fretting wear property than GCr15 steel. It was found that the weak ploughing was the main wear mechanism of NiTi alloy in the partial slip regime. While in the mixed regime and gross slip regime, the wear of NiTi was mainly caused by the abrasive wear of the GCr15 debris in the three-body wear mode.     

基于桥梁结构的FBG传感器温度与应变交叉敏感问题的研究

对光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器在桥梁结构健康监测中产生的温度与应变交叉敏感问题进行了研究。采用参考光纤光栅法在应变传感光纤光栅附近额外加入一个温度测量光纤光栅,对应变光栅实现温度补偿功能。设计了基于参考光纤光栅法的FBG传感器及FBG传感器封装的机械结构,并通过实验来验证FBG传感器的性能。实验数据表明,温度传感光纤光栅几乎不受应变的影响,应变传感光栅的中心波长变化与温度变化呈一阶线性关系,修正后的测量结果更加精确,达到了双参数同时测量的目的,应变与布拉格波长的线性关系非常好,相关系数达到0.99以上。参考光纤光栅法能够很好地解决FBG传感器温度与应变交叉敏感的问题。     

Experimental study on rate dependence of macroscopic domain and stress hysteresis in NiTi shape memory alloy strips

NiTi polycrystalline shape memory alloys, when stretched, can deform through the formation and growth of localized macroscopic martensite domains. In this paper, we study the effects of stretching rate on the stress-induced domains and stress hysteresis in NiTi strips. Synchronized measurements of the nominal stress–strain curve, macroscopic domain pattern and the associated temperature field were conducted in the strain rate range of 10⁻⁴–10⁻¹/s. It was found that the nominal stress–strain curve changed from the near-isothermal plateau-type with distinct stress drops at the very low strain rate to the near-adiabatic smooth hardening-type in the high strain-rate region. The corresponding deformation mode changed from the nucleation propagation mode with a few parallelepiped martensite domains to the near-homogeneous multiple-nucleation mode with many fine alternating austenite–martensite stripes. The number of the domains (domain spacing) increased (decreased) monotonically with the strain rate and followed a power law scaling, while the stress hysteresis (or material damping capacity) changed non-monotonically with the strain rate, reaching a peak at strain rate of 2.0×10⁻³/s. We show that, though the rate dependence of both pattern and hysteresis originates from the transfer of the released/absorbed heat and the thermo-mechanical coupling, the domain spacing in the test of static air is mainly controlled by heat conduction and the hysteresis change is mainly controlled by the heat convection with the ambient.     

Development of a variable temperature mechanical loading device for in situ neutron scattering measurements

Understanding the phase transformation and failure mechanism of NiTi shape memory alloys under variable environments of high and low temperatures is critical to the establishment of constitutive properties and to the realization of controllable design. Information regarding the correlation between the phase transformation and deformation can be obtained by in situ neutron scattering measurements. Therefore, a variable temperature mechanical loading device is designed, which can be used for mechanical loading and in situ neutron scattering measurements in a variable temperature environment. Specifically, the device can achieve precise temperature control with a temperature change from −55 °C to 200 °C in a protective atmosphere. The rated load in the axial direction is 6 kN, and the maximum displacement of the unilateral grip is larger than 30 mm. In situ neutron scattering measurements can be performed through neutron windows, and the strain can be measured by digital image correlation technology. Moreover, the force sensor is calibrated to improve test precision. Through an evaluation of temperature uncertainty, the temperature measurement performance is estimated. Tensile tests of the NiTi alloy at variable temperatures are carried out, and preliminary results are given. The four deformation stages of the NiTi alloy can be seen from the stressstrain curve, which corresponds to the existing results. This demonstrates that the designed variable temperature mechanical loading device can supply the testing demands. The device provides a new way to study the relationship between the phase transformation and mechanical properties of NiTi shape memory alloys at variable temperatures.

     

基于光纤传感技术的三维地应力传感器

为了实现对地下岩层空间应力状态及其变化规律的有效监测,基于光纤光栅传感技术与平面应力状态测量原理,提出了一种平面应变花与光纤光栅传感技术相结合的监测方法。通过利用碳纤维层积复合材料对光纤光栅封装做成应变传感单元,九个应变传感单元分别组成两组直角应变花与一组等角应变花,三组应变花分别放置于三个圆柱形探头S1,S2,S3上,三个探头以一定的机械结构连接构成地层空间应力的监测的三维地应力传感装置。对光纤应变传感单元进行温度与应力的标定实验,在室内对整体传感装置进行了应力加载模拟实验。实验结果表明:光纤应变传感单元的应力分辨率为0.017 2 MPa;应力监测为0~60 MPa;探头S1最大主应力的监测平均误差为16.31%,探头S2最大主应力的监测平均误差为24.36%,S3探头的绝对误差为0.006 8 MPa;实际加载应力与传感器测量的应力空间角度误差平均值为1.24°。传感器的监测结果与实际加载应力的变化规律相一致,可满足对地下岩层空间应力状态连续监测的要求。     

循环加载下热处理对NiTi记忆合金丝超弹性变形行为和寿命的影响

通过循环加载试验,研究了不同热处理工艺下NiTi形状记忆合金丝超弹性的变形行为和寿命特征,得到了试样应力和寿命间的疲劳曲线。结果表明,不同的退火温度和退火时间对合金的超弹性性能具有不同程度的影响。     

TNTZ钛合金流变行为及物理基本构模型

借助Gleeble-3500热模拟机对Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.5Zr(TNTZ)钛合金进行了变形温度为700~900 ℃、应变速率为0.001~1 s-1的等温恒应变速率压缩实验,分析了应变速率和变形温度对TNTZ钛合金流变应力的影响。根据实验数据,计算了不同变形条件下的温升值,分析了变形热产生的规律。综合考虑温度对材料自扩散系数和弹性模量的影响以及应变对合金流变应力的影响,通过多元线性回归拟合材料参数与应变之间的函数关系,构建了基于应变补偿的物理基本构模型。研究结果表明：TNTZ钛合金的流变应力随应变速率的增大而增大,随变形温度的升高而减小;变形热效应引起的温升与应变速率正相关,与变形温度负相关。通过应变补偿建立的物理基本构模型预测精度较高,模型相关系数R达0.964,平均相对误差为10.63%。     

研究NiTi合金相变局部化现象的宏观原位多场测试方法及分析

利用光学观测局部化相变场,数字图像相关(Digital image correlation, DIC)方法测量应变场,红外热成像技术测量温度场,设计一种宏观原位多场测试装置,以研究NiTi形状记忆合中应力诱发马氏体相变中出现的相变局部化和相变带演化规律。此外结合高低温动态冷热循环热力学试验系统和DIC方法,设计一种高低温下宏观原位多场测试的试验装置,用以研究温度诱导相变失稳引发的局部化。详细阐述2种试验方案的设计和安装细节,分析和讨论2套试验方案中影响测量效果和精度的关键参数,并利用两套测试装置获得了局部化的多场数据。     

Fatigue of bitumen and bituminous mixes

This paper gives details of an investigation into the fundamental fatigue properties of bitumen and bituminous mixes. Fatigue tests carried out under constant bending stress, at varying temperatures between −13·5°C and +25°C, show that the material exhibits fatigue properties over wide ranges of stress and that for a particular temperature and speed of loading the log stress-log number of cycles to failure relationship is linear between 10⁴ and 10⁸ cycles. The life under constant stress is highly dependent on the temperature of the test, a low temperature giving a longer life at a particular stress; it is also dependent to some extent on the speed of loading, but taking into account the stiffness of the material which depends on temperature, speed of loading, rheological characteristics and composition of the mix, it has been found that when the logarithm of the strain is plotted against the logarithm of the number of cycles to failure all experimental results at different speeds and temperatures for one mix lie with a certain amount of scatter about a straight line. It appears therefore that the factor affecting the fatigue life is one of strain rather than stress, and the effects of temperature and speed can be accounted for by their effect on the stiffness of the specimen. This has been confirmed by tests under constant torsional strain at different temperatures between −20°C and +40°C, but at the higher temperatures under this type of loading the fatigue life includes a considerable crack-propagation time. Similar results have been obtained from mixes containing different amounts of aggregate, but as the quantity of aggregate in the mix is reduced so the life for a given strain increases, suggesting that the criterion of failure may be one of tensile strain in the bitumen present in the mix. Some tests have also been carried out on pure bitumen specimens at different temperatures.

Careful examination of the fatigue cracks and failure surfaces shows that in nearly all cases failure originates on the principal tensile plane. The effects of such factors as surface conditions, void content and rest periods have also been studied.     

高温超塑胀形实验装置

超塑变形具有很强的结构敏感性，其变形规律与应力状态和变形路径有关，因此在处理二维胀形问题时，不能直接引用一维拉伸的实验数据，胀形实验装置便成为理论研究和制定工艺方案的重要手段。设计了高温超塑胀形实验装置，并针对实验装置进行了程序设计。该实验装置具有氩气净化、炉外加热、温度和压力闭环控制，能同时施加正压、背压并按设定的恒压、恒极点胀形速度和应变速率进行实验，同时可以无接触地记录胀形件极点高度与时间的关系，并观察其形貌变化过程。