对撞式喷嘴在模拟燃烧室内喷雾特性研究

为了研究对撞式喷嘴在燃烧室内的喷雾特性,采用三维相位多普勒粒子动态分析仪(PDA),测量了模拟燃烧室内对撞式喷嘴喷雾场参数的空间分布,分析了不同喷雾压力下雾化液滴的平均直径、轴向速度和径向速度的变化规律。结果表明:喷雾压力越大,液滴平均直径D30越小,正态分布特征越明显;随着喷雾向下游发展,液滴轴向速度分布向小速度偏移,喷雾压力越大,距离喷嘴较远的截面上,轴向速度损失越小;距离喷嘴越远,雾化液滴径向速度的数目分布越趋向某一狭窄速度段,且喷雾压力越大,这种分布特征越明显。     

某空气雾化旋流喷嘴在受限空间内雾化特性的实验研究

为了研究某空气雾化旋流喷嘴在受限空间内的雾化特性,采用多普勒相位粒子动态分析仪测量了雾化场中液滴的粒径和轴向速度,并将大气环境中和受限空间内的雾化参数进行了对比分析。结果表明：雾化液滴的索特平均直径由气体和液体喷射压力共同决定;随着距喷嘴轴向距离的增大,液滴索特平均直径呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,液滴轴向速度逐渐减小;当液体喷射压力一定时,气体喷射压力增大,液滴索特平均直径变小,液滴轴向速度变大;当气体喷射压力一定时,液体喷射压力增大,液滴索特平均直径增大,但液滴轴向速度变化较小。     

不等径开放式撞击流雾化特征及二乙二醇/水体系混合研究

采用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对不等径开放式撞击流中质量分数60%的甘油-水溶液雾化性能进行了研究,探讨韦伯数We(51≤We≤1605)、入射速度u(2.12 m·s^-1≤u≤6.37m·s^-1)、喷嘴直径(喷嘴1:左侧喷嘴直径(D₁)=1.5 mm,右侧喷嘴直径(D₂)=2 mm;喷嘴2:D₁=2 mm,D₂=3 mm)对液膜破碎特征及液滴行为的影响,并对复合含能材料粘结剂溶剂二乙二醇与水混合过程的液滴分布进行了研究。结果表明:随着We增大,液膜破碎长度先增大,当液膜破碎模式到达无边缘模式后减小,且液膜厚度与液滴直径逐步减小,液滴速度逐步增大;随喷嘴直径增大,液膜破碎模式变化不显著,液膜破碎长度、厚度、液滴直径均增大,液滴速度则逐步减小。同时,拟合得到液膜破碎长度、液膜厚度、液滴索特平均直径D[3,2]与喷嘴直径、韦伯数间的经验关联式,采用二乙二醇与水体系验证后发现,随入射速度增大,二乙二醇与水撞击混合后液滴直径减小,分布变窄,D[3,2]数值在经验关...     

高速环形射流破碎雾化特性及动态喷雾模拟

在再生式液体发射药火炮(RLPG)中,液体射流破碎雾化过程影响到射流结构、液滴尺寸和速度分布等特性,是影响RLPG喷雾燃烧过程的关键因素之一.根据表面波破碎理论建立了RLPG环形喷孔高速液体薄膜破碎模型,并考虑了液滴的二次雾化过程.计算了液膜的破碎过程.计算结果表明,环形射流向喷嘴下游运动过程中内部空腔不断收缩,最终聚并成与圆柱形类似的射流向前运动,喷雾场前缘多为大颗粒液滴;在轴向某一固定位置,平均直径随时间逐渐减小并趋于一稳态值;在空间上平均直径随轴向距离的增加先减小后增大呈凹谷型分布.该模型的建立进一步完善了基于环形喷嘴的RLPG内弹道多维多相流数学模型.     

对撞式喷嘴在大气环境中喷雾实验与数值模拟

为了研究对撞式喷嘴在大气环境中的喷雾特性,设计了对撞式喷嘴喷雾实验装置。采用相位多普勒粒子动态分析仪（ PDA）,测量了不同工况下含能液体模拟工质雾化场液滴的特征参数,获得了不同喷射压力下液滴索特尔平均直径D32的分布规律以及喷雾场液滴轴向速度vz 沿轴向和径向的分布规律。在实验基础上,建立喷雾场二维非稳态简化模型,气相采用k－ε湍流模型,液滴破碎采用泰勒类比破碎模型。结果表明：喷雾场从起始到统计稳定的发展过程约需15 ms,液滴索特尔平均直径D32的分布规律、轴向速度的计算值与实验结果基本吻合。     

新型外混式气动喷嘴的雾化性能

气动喷嘴是一种广泛应用于液体燃料燃烧室的燃油雾化装置,具有雾化效果好、供油系统简单等优点.设计了一种新型外混式气动喷嘴,对其雾化性能进行了实验研究.实验研究主要分析空气压力、液体压力及测量位置不同时,新型外混式气动喷嘴喷雾的SMD、平均轴向速度、平均径向速度、液滴通量等特性参数沿喷嘴径向的分布情况.试验结果表明,所设计的喷嘴具有良好的雾化效果.     

RLPG环形喷嘴雾化特性的实验研究

应用激光衍射瞬变喷雾场测量系统，进行了ＲＬＰＧ环形喷嘴雾化特性的实验研究，实验表明：（１）ＤＭ随时间增加呈山岭谷型分布，贮液室压力随时间增加呈山峰型分布，二者比较反映了环形喷嘴喷射压降对雾化质量的影响；（２）ＤＳＭ随轴向距离增大而增大，喷雾场前沿多为大液滴。     

凝胶汽油双股撞击式雾化速度场实验研究

为研究凝胶剂含量、撞击角以及喷射压力等参数对凝胶汽油双股撞击式雾化速度场的影响,实验室制备了凝胶剂含量分别为4%和5%的QNJ-4、QNJ-5凝胶汽油样品。利用旋转式流变仪分别对QNJ-4、QNJ-5凝胶汽油的表观粘度进行了测量,并拟合了反映其表观粘度变化的幂率公式。采用粒子图像速度仪测量了撞击角θ分别为60°、75°、90°、105°和120°,喷射压力p为0.5 MPa、 0.75 MPa、1.0 MPa和1.25 MPa条件下双股撞击式雾化流场的速度分布。结果表明：凝胶剂含量越高,反映凝胶汽油表观粘度变化的幂率公式中,粘度系数k越大,流动指数n越小;凝胶剂含量越高,凝胶汽油撞击雾化后的液滴速度越小;在撞击点下游,中心轴线上的液滴速度v_l沿轴线呈总体下降的趋势,但由于撞击点产生的不稳定波的作用,液滴速度v_l会出现波动;随着撞击角的不断增大,凝胶液滴的核心速度v_c不断减小,但在撞击角为105°会出现暂时增大;随着喷射压力的增大,凝胶汽油雾化后的核心速度v_c不断增大,但增大幅度越来越小。     

遭毁伤聚能战斗部射流成型行为

针对遭毁伤聚能装药射流成型行为及其终点效应问题,采用AUTODYN-3D软件研究了侵孔位置、侵孔深度和侵孔直径对射流径向速度及其侵彻能力的影响特性。结果表明:侵孔导致射流径向速度明显增大且射流偏离轴线甚至提前断裂形成碎片,严重降低了其对靶板的侵彻能力,同等条件下,侵孔直径d=0.278倍装药直径的聚能装药比完好聚能装药对靶板侵深降低了24%;射流径向偏移速度主要受侵孔位置和侵孔直径的影响,随着侵孔到药型罩顶距离的减小,射流径向速度显著增大,同时对靶板侵彻深度也越小,x=0倍装药直径时,射流径向速度达19.0 m·s~(-1);射流径向速度随侵孔直径的增大而显著增大,d=0.278倍装药直径时,射流径向速度达41.1 m·s~(-1)。     

含碳颗粒凝胶推进剂模拟液雾化研究（英文）

制备了含质量分数5%平均粒径5μm的碳颗粒的凝胶推进剂模拟液并研究了其雾化特性。测量了模拟液的流变特性,在射流速度10~22 m·s~(-1)、撞击角60°~90°、喷嘴直径0.5~1.5 mm及喷嘴长径比3.5~8条件下进行了雾化实验,利用线性稳定理论研究了其液膜破碎特性。结果表明,碳颗粒的添加导致凝胶模拟液的稠度系数增大、流动指数减小;在本文实验范围内,模拟液只能雾化形成液丝及大尺寸液滴,雾化效果随着射流速度、撞击角度的增加而改善,喷嘴长径比及喷嘴直径变化对雾化模式的影响很小;理论预测的液膜破碎长度与实验值之间存在14.9%~24%的误差,但线性稳定理论预测的液膜破碎长度变化趋势与实验吻合良好。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.