HTPB推进剂/衬层粘接试件变形破坏过程试验与数值模拟

为得到粘接界面的力学行为和破坏模式,对HTPB推进剂/衬层粘接试件进行了单向拉伸宏观观察试验,获得不同拉伸阶段的变形图片,记录了界面破坏的全过程;使用界面元模型表征推进剂/衬层界面,数值模拟了粘接界面试件在单向拉伸作用下的脱粘过程。结果表明：界面拉伸变形破坏过程表现为裂纹的起裂、扩展和失效;粘接试件的拉伸应力-应变曲线表现出明显的非线性特征;数值计算结果与试验得到的应力-应变曲线及试件宏观变形失效形态一致。为得到粘接界面的力学行为和破坏模式,对HTPB推进剂/衬层粘接试件进行了单向拉伸宏观观察试验,获得不同拉伸阶段的变形图片,记录了界面破坏的全过程;使用界面元模型表征推进剂/衬层界面,数值模拟了粘接界面试件在单向拉伸作用下的脱粘过程。结果表明：界面拉伸变形破坏过程表现为裂纹的起裂、扩展和失效;粘接试件的拉伸应力-应变曲线表现出明显的非线性特征;数值计算结果与试验得到的应力-应变曲线及试件宏观变形失效形态一致。     

固体火箭发动机粘接界面参数识别与损伤破坏数值模拟

为了研究固体火箭发动机粘接界面的损伤破坏过程,按照QJ2038.1A-2004制作了固体火箭发动机矩形粘接试件,对粘接试件进行了单向拉伸试验,获得了粘接试件的损伤破坏模式。根据粘接试件损伤破坏特点,建立了粘接试件的有限元数值模型,采用基于分步反演与Hooke-Jevees优化算法结合的反演方法,准确地获取了推进剂/衬层/绝热层界面混合模式下双线型内聚力模型的相关参数,将其应用于粘接试件拉伸试验损伤破坏过程的数值模拟中。研究结果表明:粘接试件主要的破坏形式为推进剂/衬层/绝热层界面处的脱粘;提出的反演识别方法能够较好地获取固体火箭发动机的界面相关参数,拉伸速度为2 mm·min^-1时,固体火箭发动机粘接界面的初始模量、最大粘接强度、断裂能分别为0.86 MPa、0.63 MPa、3.13 kJ·m^-2;推进剂/衬层/绝热层界面的损伤导致粘接试件的应力随应变增加的速率减慢,人工脱粘层尖端处界面的起裂,并且沿试件中央扩展,最终贯穿粘接试件是粘接试件主要损伤破坏模式。     

HTPB推进剂与衬层界面破坏过程试验研究

为了研究某种HTPB推进剂与衬层界面的失效过程,设计了小型粘接件并对其拉伸断裂过程进行了CCD光学显微镜观察,试验结果表明,紧贴衬层附近的高氯酸铵（AP）颗粒与衬层之间的脱湿,是影响该种推进剂与衬层界面粘接性能的主要因素,同时表明颗粒与衬层之间的界面能小于颗粒与基体之间的界面能。采用图像测量的方法,获得了裂纹平均宽度和平均脱湿长度（颗粒表面与基体之间空隙的长度）与夹具位移之比以及比值随夹具位移的变化率,并以之作为参数,分别在宏观和微观的角度定量分析了推进剂与衬层界面的粘接质量,可作为传统界面粘接质量评定方法的补充。     

固体火箭发动机矩形粘接试件多角度拉伸过程变形测量与破坏模式

为了研究固体火箭发动机矩形粘接试件多角度拉伸过程的变形特点与破坏模式,按照航天行业标准QJ 2038.1A—2004制作了矩形标准试件,对其分别进行了0°、22.5°、45°、67.5°、90°角度拉伸试验。采用数字图像相关方法对拉伸过程试件变形进行测量,获得了多角度拉伸条件下粘接试件应变场分布;分析45°单角度拉伸条件下粘接试件破坏模式与多角度拉伸过程试件的应变演化规律。研究结果表明：0°拉伸时粘接试件强度最大,90°拉伸时伸长率最大;界面尚未脱粘时粘接试件的应力随外界拉伸应变的增大而线性增大,界面脱粘后应力随拉伸应变的增大而开始下降;界面法向方向的变形更容易导致界面的脱粘;拉伸角度的变化使界面关键位置发生不同程度的变形,造成粘接试件不同的破坏模式。     

基于细观参数的HTPB推进剂粘接界面损伤演化数值模拟

为了研究加载角度对三组元端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）推进剂粘接界面细观失效机理的影响,使用微CT对单轴拉伸过程中的粘接界面进行原位扫描与重构,表征其损伤演化过程,然后将细观结构参数与损伤变量引入内聚力模型,得到不同加载角度下粘接界面的细观损伤演化过程。结果表明,粘接界面高氯酸铵（AP）颗粒的初始脱湿主要从靠近界面的弱界面层开始,方向沿界面的剪切分力方向。界面破坏形式与剪切角度有关,合力与界面的角度越小,裂纹越容易扩展至推进剂/衬层界面,反之裂纹扩展更容易发生在AP颗粒间。通过与CT试验结果对比,从失效模式与载荷位移关系验证了计算结果的准确性,揭示了不同加载角度下推进剂粘接界面结构的损伤演化规律。     

不同温度下固体火箭发动机粘接界面振动试验

为解决陆上运输过程中固体发动机推进剂/衬层粘接界面在温度、振动载荷同时作用下的损伤问题,以试验的方式研究振动载荷对粘接界面的影响.给出试验试件和不同温度下粘接试件的加速振动试验设计,确定不同温度下加速振动试验方案,总结试件失效规律,分析试件力学性能随振动时间、温度间的变化关系,并从细观角度解释温振载荷造成粘接界面性能下降的原因.结果表明,当环境温度越高,抗拉强度下降越快;当温度升高,振动时间增加时,界面处颗粒脱湿程度加剧,更易出现裂纹.     

端羟基聚丁二烯推进剂/衬层脱粘的断裂机理与断裂能获取研究

推进剂/衬层界面脱粘是破坏固体火箭发动机装药结构完整性的主要形式之一。采用双悬臂夹层梁实验对端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂/衬层粘接界面的I型断裂进行研究,实验观察到裂纹尖端存在包含孔洞和纤维的银纹损伤区,裂纹萌发和扩展本质上是局部银纹萌生、面增厚和微纤断裂。界面脱粘的失效机理则是尖端近处孔洞的形成和合并,典型的界面失效模式包含胶黏剂的内聚破坏、界面破坏和混合破坏。裂纹稳定传播时,裂尖的损伤区形状与外界对其施加的约束有关。采用有效裂纹长度的概念可以修正裂尖塑性变形和钝化的影响,较为准确地获取了I型断裂能。     

NEPE推进剂/衬层/绝热层界面迁移组分定量分析

应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、气相色谱(GC)对含硝酸酯的聚醚(NEPE)推进剂/端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)衬层/三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)绝热层Φ25圆柱标准粘接试件粘结界面主要迁移组分进行了定量分析研究。研究结果表明,HPLC适合于同时测定粘接界面主要迁移组分增塑剂硝化甘油(NG)、丁三醇三硝酸酯(BTTN)、功能助剂AD;GC法适合于测定增塑剂癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)。采用建立的相应方法测定衬层中这四个组分,结果变异系数小于6%,样品回收率大于90%,测定方法准确度和精密度可满足一般测定要求。样品测定结果表明,推进剂中的NG、BTTN、AD可向衬层和绝热层迁移,其中衬层中含量较高,AD比NG、BTTN迁移更为明显,且AD易在衬层富聚。衬层中的DOS则只向绝热层迁移,不向推进剂迁移。     

固体推进剂矩形粘接试件的多角度拉伸试验

为采用试件模拟固体火箭发动机燃烧室壳体/绝热层/衬层/推进剂粘接系统同时承受拉伸和剪切载荷的受载状态,设计了符合航天行业标准QJ 2038.1A-2004规定的矩形粘接试件的多角度拉伸夹具。实现了对试件的单纯拉伸、单纯剪切以及拉伸、剪切结合的多种载荷状态。随着拉伸角度由0°增至90°,界面失效时刻对应的载荷由1166 N降至420 N,最大主应力由0.945 MPa降至0.461 MPa,上界面最大主应力集中系数由1.1上升至2.7,下界面最大主应力集中系数则变化较小。试验中试件起裂部位与界面最大应力位置的计算结果一致性较好,可为发动机粘接系统结构完整性分析提供参考。     

HTPB推进剂复合型裂纹尖端变形场测量及破坏模式分析

为了实现端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂复合型裂纹尖端变形场测量及破坏模式分析,制作了含中心贯穿复合型裂纹的HTPB推进剂试件,进行了动态拉伸观察试验,获得了复合型裂纹的扩展特性,并通过数字图像相关方法(DIC)得到试件表面及裂纹尖端的应变场,对复合型裂纹尖端应变场特点及应变场与裂纹扩展规律的关系进行了研究。结果表明,复合型裂纹试件的拉伸过程可以分为线性段、非线性段和失效段三个阶段,裂纹沿与载荷垂直的方向扩展;数字图像相关方法采用大变形分析方法能有效解决试件大变形的问题,可以定量给出试件表面的应变场,且应变集中区域与理论结果吻合;复合型裂纹的扩展与应变场的变化密切相关,应变场在裂纹尖端产生应变集中,导致裂纹扩展。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.