Design and Performance of Coplanar Waveguide Bandpass Filters

End-coupled resonator bandpass filters built in coplanar waveguide are investigated. The admittance inverter parameters of the coupling gaps between resonant sections are deduced from experiment, and bandpass filter design rules are developed. This allows easy filter synthesis from "prototype" low-pass designs. Measurements of single section resonator quality factors are used to predict filter insertion losses. Several examples of filters realized in coplanar waveguide are presented. Odd-mode coplanar waveguide filter elements that shortcircuit the even coplanar waveguide mode are investigated. Filter tuning, accomplished by adjusting the height of conducting planes above the resonant filter sections, is demonstrated.     

A Frequency-Stabilized Microwave Band-Rejection Filter Using High Dielectric Constant Resonators

The high permittivity dielectric resonator is a low loss microwave filter element whose size is substantiality less than metal waveguide cavities. Temperature stabilizing their resonant frequency increases the applicability of such elements. A temperature compensated 3-section band-rejection filter using dielectric resonators has been fabricated and tested. The measured electrical performance was comparable to metal waveguide filters and the frequency stability for temperature variations was comparable to brass waveguide cavity filters which are not temperature compensated.     

Concept of multiorder multimode resonant optical filters

The idea of implementing optical filters by coupling evanescent waves from several diffracted orders into multiple leaky waveguide modes is studied theoretically. Using a dielectric thin-film structure consisting of a coupling grating placed between adjacent waveguides, guided-mode resonance filters exhibiting multiple reflection peaks within a specified wavelength range can be obtained. These peaks originate in the resonant waveguide modes that are excited by the diffracted waves dispersed by the grating. It is shown that this device can be used to realize multiwavelength as well as wide-band spectral filters.     

Quarter-Wavelength Coupled Dielectric Plate Resonators for High Selectivity TE/sub 10/-Mode Filters

An analysis of high selectivity TE/sub 10/-mode filters with quarter-wavelength coupled resonators formed by axially spaced dielectric plates is presented and shows that high-loaded quality factors of individual resonators can be obtained by placing the resonant frequency close to the waveguide cutoff frequency and by using low-loss Iow-dielectric constant materials. Design equations for Butterworth and Chebyschev filters are presented and employed in a three-cavity Butterworth filter having 30-MHz bandwidth at resonant frequency at 7250 MHz. Experimental results show that filter performance can be well predicted.     

A new resistance measurement technique applicable tohigh-temperature superconducting materials at microwave frequencies

A two-gap electrically floating resonant strip was used for surface resistance measurements of the high-temperature superconductor YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ. The method is simple, has no electrical contact, operates at various resonant frequencies, and requires only a small sample. An analysis that allows for the accurate design of the strip dimensions to produce a desired resonant frequency was used. Experimental measurements on resonant frequencies in X- and Ku-band (8-18 GHz) agree well with the calculations. The method allows one to extract the normalized surface resistance of the sample from transmission coefficient measurements at the resonant frequency. These normalized values compare favorably to the Mattis-Baredeen theory taken in the local limit. The resonant strip in waveguide should have applications in high-temperature superconductive material characterization and in the development of waveguide superconductive filters     

Design of Interstage Coupling Apertures for Narrow-Band Tunable Coaxial Band-Pass Filters (Correspondence)

The design technique to be described in this note is applicable to tunable coaxial baud-pass filters having narrow bandwidths (i.e., less than 10 percent). In the frequeucy range of 1500 Mc to about 10,000 Mc, coaxial band-pass filters usually employ coupled /spl lambda//4 resonant cavities. Unlike direct coupled waveguide band-pass filters which are often amenable to a complete paper design, these coaxial band-pass filters require empirical developmental methods to supplement the filter theory customarily employed. The purpose of this note is to present a technique for simplifying the empirical development.     

High-Power Microwave Rejection Filters Using Higher-Order Modes

In order to obtain filters capable of handling very high power, the use of radial lines and uniform line discontinuities was investigated. Forty-five-degree tapers and uniform lines were used to design a high-power microwave filter capable of handling 700 kw at 15 pounds pressure in a 0.900 by 0.400 ID waveguide. In addition to the filtering which results from the discontinuities in the TE/sub 10/ mode in the waveguide, high insertion loss elements are effected when the enlarged uniform line section is larger than the TE/sub 10/ mode waveguide wavelength and when the length of the enlarged section is approximately (2n -1)lambda/sub g//4. Extremely large insertion losses are possible by the cascading of these elements. Tuning, in the standard-size waveguide, has no effect on the insertion loss of the higher-mode enlarged waveguide at its resonant frequency. Empirical design formulas are evolved and the design procedure for band-rejection filters is given, using these high insertion loss elements.     

环形谐振腔GaAlAs／GaAs四端口滤波器的仿真与实验研究

基于四端口谐振腔滤波理论，采用时域有限差分法(2D—FDTD)对环行谐振腔的滤波特性进行数值仿真，仿真结果给出多模干涉(MMI)耦合长度与滤波特性的关系．所制作的两种GaAlAs／GaAs平面波导环形谐振腔窄带滤波器的测试结果与仿真结果符合较好．     

A new type of waveguide ring cavity for resonator and filterapplications

A new type of rectangular waveguide ring cavity has been developed for applications to resonators, filters, and multiplexers. The circuits have advantages of high Q and high power handling capability. H-plane and E-plane waveguide ring cavities have been investigated thoroughly in single-mode and dual-mode operations. For single-mode operation, regular resonant modes, split resonant modes, and forced resonant modes were explained by resonant mode charts of E-field points. Mechanically tuned and electronically tuned resonators built by adjusting the resonant modes between regular resonant modes and forced resonant modes have been demonstrated. For dual-mode operation, a dual-mode filter using a single H-plane ring cavity has been built with a bandwidth of 0.77%, a stopband attenuation of more than 40 dB, and a sharp gain slope transition. Another dual-mode filter which was formed by cascading two E-plane ring cavities has also been fabricated with a bandwidth of 1.12%, a stopband attenuation of 70 dB, a mode purity of 2 GHz at the center frequency of 26.82 GHz, and a sharp gain slope transition     

Propagation in a Rectangular Waveguide Periodically Loaded with Resonant Irises

In this contribution we treat the problem of an infinite rectangular waveguide periodically loaded by means of infinitely thin resonant irises. The method of solution breaks down the problem into two separate steps: 1) the multiport network characterizstion of the resonant iris; 2) the network analysis of the equivalent periodic network. The results for the resonant iris can be used for various applications, such as the design of waveguide filters and matching networks. In the limiting cases of purely capacitive or inductive irises, the results agree exactly with existing experimental and numerical values. The size of the eigenvalue equation to be solved for the periodic structure equals half the number of ports of the network chracterization of the iris and is generally small (typically five to seven). The eigenvalues have good convergence properties with resect to the size of the matrix.     

Dual mode coupling by square corner cut in resonators and filters

A method for realization of dual-mode coupling in rectangular waveguide cavities is described and analyzed. The method completely replaces the coupling screw, and therefore can be used to eliminate the need for tuning in dual-mode waveguide cavity filters. It also offers a wide range of coupling values and can achieve higher power-handling capability than coupling screws. Mode matching is used to calculate the mode chart of the infinitely long square corner cut rectangular waveguide (SCCRW), the field distributions of each mode, and the resonant frequencies of the cavity. An evanescent mode rectangular waveguide is used to provide dual-mode couplings between adjacent cavities. The junction discontinuity between the SCCRW and the rectangular waveguide is modeled by a double mode-matching method, yielding modal scattering parameters of the junction. A four-pole dual-mode elliptic-function rectangular waveguide cavity filter using the coupling method was constructed. The experimental filter results showed excellent agreement with theory     

Novel waveguide filters with multiple attenuation poles using dual-behavior resonance of frequency-selective surfaces

This paper develops novel waveguide filters consisting of frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) in order to realize both the drastic size reduction and multiple attenuation poles in stopbands at both sides of passband. The FSS provides not only a passband but also attenuation-pole frequencies in stopbands since the FSS has both the aperture-element and the patch-element behaviors. In the present design method, the shape of each FSS is designed by a genetic algorithm so that the resonant curve of FSS can be fitted to that obtained from an equivalent-circuit approach. By using such FSSs and quarter-wavelength waveguides, a bandpass filter with six attenuation poles like an elliptic-function filter has been constructed. Furthermore, a technique of the size reduction by controlling adequately the resonant response of each FSS is presented. In this filter, the FSSs are closely located at the interval of the length much shorter than a quarter wavelength. It is shown from the design example that the half longitudinal length of the former example can be obtained, keeping both the passband response and attenuation poles in stopbands. The effectiveness of the waveguide filters with FSSs is validated by good agreement between the calculated and the measured results.     

Mixed Mode Filters (Short Papers)

Mixed mode bandpass filters are described which utilize alternating TE/sub 011//spl deg/ and TE/sub n11//spl deg/ circular waveguide cavity modes. This novel filter configuration exhibits both excellent unloaded Q and spurious mode response characteristics. The use of mixed resonant modes makes possible the design of microwave filters for both in-line side wall connected cylindrical resonators as well as folded planar filter configurations, whereby cross-coupling between selected resonators can be realized.     

Unloaded Q of Single Crystal Yttrium-Iron-Garnet Resonator as a Function of Frequency (Correspondence)

The practical feasibility of constructing magnetically tunable broad-tuning range microwave filters using single crystal yttriumiron-garnet resonators was demonstrated in a recent paper. Experimental results were presented on one- and two- resonator filters which can be tuned by varying a dc magnetic field bias over a full waveguide bandwidth and greater, at the same time maintaining an insertion loss performance which is comparable to mechanically-tuned cavity filters. The crucial parameter of the resonant elements in a band-pass filter is the unloaded Q, Q/sub u/. With a spherical single crystal of yttrium-iron-garnet the Q/sub u/ decreases with frequency below X-band frequencies reaching very low values at frequencies around 2000 Mc.     

Filter-response line shapes of resonant waveguide gratings

The line shape symmetry properties of planar dielectric resonant waveguide-grating filters are theoretically characterized for both TE and TM polarization. Classical antireflection theory is applied to the design of guided-mode resonance filters and it is shown that the symmetry of the line-shape response is determined by the location of the resonance relative to the minimum of the antireflection band. The conditions that allow a single dielectric layer to simultaneously function as both a waveguide grating and as an antireflection thin film are presented. Single-layer antireflection waveguide gratings are shown to yield highly symmetrical filter-response line shapes with suppressed sideband reflectivity and 100% reflectivity at the resonance wavelength. The parametric locations of the symmetrical line-shape responses are predicted approximately by solving the resonance-location equation with the grating thickness set equal to a multiple of a half-resonance-wavelength. Graphical representations of these solutions are provided. Symmetric waveguide-grating filters are shown to yield symmetrical line shapes with near-zero sideband reflectivity, whereas asymmetric filters produce symmetrical line shapes but suffer from increased sideband reflectance that increases as the asymmetry of the filter grows. Numerous calculated examples are presented to demonstrate that ideal reflection filters can be designed by combining thin-film antireflection effects and resonance effects in a single dielectric layer     

Fabrication of narrow-band channel-dropping filters

The first fabrication and demonstration of narrowband channel-dropping filters, which have recently been proposed for use in high-bit-rate communication systems, is described. The devices use waveguide couplers combined with quarter-wave-shifted distributed-feedback (DFB) resonators and can, in principle, produce resonant transfer of 50% of incident power with sub-angstrom bandwidths. Resonant transfer of power at the expected wavelength and within the expected range of efficiency and bandwidth for this design is shown     

Novel TE10δ rectangular-waveguide-type resonatorsand their bandpass filter applications

New dielectric-filled rectangular-waveguide-type TE_10δ resonators are presented. A dielectric-filled rectangular waveguide section (WGS) has inductive impedance at the open-end faces. Using this property and the frequency dependency of the wave impedance of the WGS, we calculated the resonant frequency and the slope parameter of the waveguide-type resonators. The resonant frequency depends strongly on the width of the WGS and loosely on the height and the length. The calculated resonant frequencies agree well with measured data. One of the proposed bandpass filters shows highly reduced spurious up to three times the center frequency. Quality factors of the resonator and effects of a housing are also discussed     

双层基片集成波导双通带滤波器设计

根据频率变换法的双通带滤波器综合理论,采用矩形基片集成波导谐振腔作为基本谐振单元,通过谐振器之间直接耦合设计了一种双层结构的双通带基片集成波导滤波器,利用Ansoft HFSS建立滤波器模型并进行全波仿真。仿真结果表明,两个通带内回波损耗均大于20 dB,插入损耗小于0.5 dB,通带之间的阻带衰减特性良好,同时其尺寸压缩了约50%,较好地实现了滤波器的小型化,满足了工程需要的技术指标。     

Circularly Polarized Microwave Cavity Filters

A new group of circularly polarized microwave cavity filters is described. With a single circularly polarized cavity, a reflectionless filter is achieved that couples nearly 100 per cent of the energy from the main waveguide at the cavity resonant frequency. Two degenerate cavity modes may be excited, to produce a circularly polarized field, by coupling to the transverse and longitudinal waveguide magnetic fields or to the transverse electric and magnetic waveguide fields. A theoretical analysis is presented as well as experimental results. The loss between the band-pass terminals of the reflectionless circularly polarized filter is identical with the loss in a conventional reflectiontype band-pass filter with the same bandwidth and cavity-wall losses. The null at resonance between the band-elimination terminals of the reflectionless circularly polarized filter is limited only by the asymmetries of the cavity and not by the cavity-wall losses. Design equations and curves are given for eight of the lower order, circularly cylindrical, degenerate cavity modes that are coupled to a rectangular waveguide at the point of circularly polarized waveguide magnetic fields.     

Cold tests of open coaxial resonators in the range 9–17 GHz

A study of selective properties of coaxial open cylindrical resonators have been conducted experimentally and compared with theory. The resonator consists of an inner circular cylinder symmetrically located inside an outer weakly irregular open waveguide. Several fundamental TE modes were identified over the range 9 to 17 GHz through measurements of the resonant frequencies and the associated loaded quality factors. It has been verified that the structure and the number of resonant modes are both strongly dependent on the diameter of the coaxial insert. Such an electrodynamical system proves to be useful in guided wave applications requiring, for example, filters, frequency-tunable resonators and devices for analyzing the modal composition of a signal.