臭氧/氯消毒中藻类有机物生成消毒副产物的特征

饮用水源地藻华会释放大量藻类有机物(AOM),AOM与氯消毒剂反应生成的消毒副产物(DBPs)会给饮用水用户带来不容忽视的健康风险。为此,探究了臭氧/氯消毒对AOM结构和DBPs生成的影响。结果表明,臭氧氧化能有效去除AOM中芳香蛋白和酚类、叶绿素a、藻蓝蛋白结构物质,但是对腐殖酸类结构的去除效果相对较差。DBPs生成总量随臭氧投加浓度的升高而增加,其中主要是三氯甲烷(TCM);卤代乙腈和卤代酮的生成总量随臭氧投加浓度的变化趋势不明显。延长臭氧接触时间会明显增加1 h氯化中TCM的生成量,氯化24 h时DBPs生成总量与臭氧接触时间无关。在臭氧/氯消毒过程中,AOM的DBPs生成潜能低于天然有机物(NOM)。AOM有利于一溴一氯乙腈的生成,而NOM会生成更多的二氯乙腈。     

浅析饮用水中氯化消毒副产物的控制

从饮用水中消毒副产物(DBPs)的种类,及其对人体健康的影响方面,综述了DBPs的控制现状以及前景,分析了几种对DBPs前体物及其DBPs的去除方法,讨论了它们的运行效果,展望了今后饮用水安全消毒的前景,从而将其危害降至最低。     

不同饮用水处理工艺中消毒副产物的生成潜能

对取自饮用水处理过程中的水样分别进行氯消毒和氯胺消毒,分析不同饮用水处理工艺对7类18种消毒副产物(DBPs)生成潜能的影响,测定的DBPs包括含碳DBPs[三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)、卤代酮(HKs)、三氯乙醛(CH)]和含氮DBPs[卤乙腈(HANs)、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)、总亚硝胺(TONO)]。结果表明,混凝、沉淀和过滤工艺均能有效降低卤代DBPs的生成潜能,活性炭吸附反而会增大TONO的生成潜能。混凝和砂滤工艺对去除含碳DBPs前体物更有效,氧化处理工艺则更有利于含氮DBPs前体物的去除。细胞毒性主要来源于HANs和HAAs,且其变化趋势大致与HANs和HAAs生成潜能一致。水中Br~-浓度的增加会显著增大溴代DBPs的生成潜能,并使细胞毒性大幅升高。     

高级还原技术去除有机消毒副产物的研究进展

有机消毒副产物给饮用水安全带来严重威胁。高级还原技术（ARPs）对有机消毒副产物具有良好的去除效果及较宽的pH值适用范围,受到了广泛关注。综述了ARPs去除有机消毒副产物的效能,指出其机理为还原剂经活化后产生还原能力极强的还原性自由基,攻击有机消毒副产物的碳卤键或其他不饱和键,从而实现对DBPs的去除。同时分析了该技术的重要影响因素,包括pH值、还原剂浓度、光源强度、天然有机物、共存离子和溶解氧等对DBPs去除效果的影响,探讨了该技术的现存缺陷,展望了ARPs体系去除有机消毒副产物的发展趋势,以期促进ARPs的应用。     

强化混凝去除饮用水中消毒副产物前驱物（DBPFP）的应用

天然有机物（NOM）是水体产生色度和嗅味的主要原因。它可分为腐殖质和非腐殖质两部分，腐殖质包含土壤浸析和从植物分解产生的有机物质——腐殖酸和富里酸等，非腐殖质包括亲水酸类、蛋白质、氨基酸、糖类。NOM能产生对人体有害的消毒副产物（DBP）的形成，如三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）。因此，NOM的有效去除是控制饮用水中DBPFP的关键问题，     

磺胺甲口恶唑氯化消毒副产物生成势及影响因素研究

研究了东太湖水源水中典型抗生素磺胺甲口恶唑(SMX)氯化消毒副产物(DBPs)生成势及影响因素。结果表明:SMX经氯化反应后可生成三卤甲烷、卤乙腈、卤乙酸、卤乙醛、卤代丙酮等多种DBPs,且加氯量、反应时间、反应温度、pH值等因素均会影响其DBPs生成势。当溶液中存在溴离子时,SMX氯化生成的三卤甲烷、卤乙酸的组分及生成量有较大变化,且随着溴离子浓度的增大,一些氯代消毒副产物(Cl-DBPs)会转化为具有更高毒性的溴代消毒副产物(Br-DBPs)。     

消毒副产物三氯甲烷与膀胱癌的关系

<正>氯化消毒(chlorination)是饮用水加工过程中使用最广泛的消毒方式。然而,氯化消毒过程中可产生对健康有害的物质一消毒副产物(disinfection byproducs,DBPs)。消毒副产物主要包括三卤甲烷(trihalomethanes,THMs)、卤代乙酸(haloacefic acids,HAAs)、卤代乙腈(haloaceton itriles,HAN)等。毒理学研究显示DBPs具有遗传毒性、致突变性、细胞毒性、生殖发育毒性和致癌性。膀胱癌是指发生在膀胱黏膜上的恶性肿瘤。是泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是全身十大常见肿瘤之一。有研究表明消化副产物的暴露与膀胱癌     

臭氧催化氧化与BAC联用控制氯化消毒副产物

研究了臭氧催化氧化与生物活性炭联用技术对氯化消毒副产物（DBPs）的控制效能。结果表明：常规工艺出水中分子质量为2000u左右的疏水性有机物是氯化消毒副产物的主要前质，其占DOC与UV254的比例分别为70％和80％，并与UV254有良好的线性相关性，故可用UV254作为DBPs前质的替代指标。臭氧催化氧化与生物活性炭联用对DBPs前质的去除效果显著，其中臭氧催化氧化可有效去除三卤甲烷（THMs）前质中的疏水性有机物及部分亲水性有机物，并提高了DBPs前质的可生化性，是给水深度处理中控制THMs前质的主要工艺环节。臭氧催化氧化／生物活性炭对UV254的控制是减少DBPs生成的一条有效途径。     

混凝对藻源有机物的去除及其消毒副产物的控制

以聚合氯化铝(PAC)为混凝剂,研究了混凝处理对藻源性有机质(AOM)及其典型含氮和非含氮消毒副产物(DBPs)的去除效能。结果表明,AOM主要由分子质量较小、芳香结构较少的有机质组成,经混凝处理后沉淀性能较差,当PAC投加量为15~25 mg/L时,对其溶解性有机质(DOC)的去除率为46.8%~51.5%。混凝对不同DBPs前体物的去除能力有较大区别,在混合阶段转速为100 r/min、搅拌时间为30 s的条件下,随着PAC投加量从10 mg/L增加至30 mg/L,对1,1-二氯丙酮、1,1,1-三氯丙酮、二氯乙腈和三氯硝基甲烷的去除率都有不同程度的提高,但三氯甲烷在PAC投量为10和30 mg/L时的生成量反而高于不投加PAC时的。剧烈的搅拌不利于对DBPs的消减。     

基于动力学的消毒副产物预测模型的建立与检验

为了改善消毒副产物(DBPs)预测模型的预测力和广谱性,提出了一种根据DBPs浓度与各运行指标参数的关系,结合DBPFP测定值预测配水管网中DBPs浓度的方法,并确定DBPs浓度与消毒时间之间的定量关系。根据试验现象和他人的研究成果提出了一系列假设,并据此建立了基于反应动力学的DBPs生成消耗模型;然后以实测数据进行回归分析,确定模型中的待定参数;最后以DBPs生成消耗模型建立DBPs预测模型,并以检测数据对其进行检验和改善。结果表明,回归分析DBPs生成消耗模型预测待定参数时稳定性均较好,且公共参数预测结果比较接近;除CHCl_3和DCAA以外其他DBPs生成消耗模型回归分析的确定性系数(R~2)均大于0.90;使用DBPs预测模型预测配水管网中DBPs浓度时存在按固定比例缩小的情况,引入修正量k进行修正后其预测能力较好。     

饮用水氯消毒副产物安全控制的研究现状

叙述了饮用水处理过程中消毒副产物（DBPs）的形成机制和变化情况,总结了DBPs的诱发因子,探讨了DBPs安全控制的基本对策,同时为饮用水高效安全消毒方案的进一步探究提出了建议。     

济南市供水消毒副产物的变化研究

选取济南市主要的三个地表水厂为研究对象,分析了消毒副产物在管网中的变化规律,并提出了控制饮用水中消毒副产物的对策。研究结果表明,济南市饮用水中的消毒副产物主要是三卤甲烷,温度和余氯是管网中控制消毒副产物和TOC浓度的重要因素。     

顺序氯化消毒控制卫生学指标的效果

开发了一种短时游离氯消毒后加氨转化为氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺,该工艺可充分利用游离氯灭活微生物迅速彻底、氯胺生成消毒副产物少的优势,安全经济地实现对微生物指标的双重控制。在天津市某水厂的中试表明,该消毒工艺对细菌总数、总大肠菌群的控制效果略好于单纯游离氯消毒,说明游离氯和氯胺可能因为攻击位点不同而存在一定程度的协同效应。     

Comparison of the disinfection by-product formation potential of treated waters exposed to chlorine and monochloramine

The formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) from chlorination and monochloramination of treated drinking waters was determined. Samples were collected after treatment at 11 water treatment works but before exposure to chlorine or monochloramine. Formation potential tests were carried out to determine the DBPs formed by chlorination and monochloramination. DBPs measured were trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), halonitromethanes (HNMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloaldehydes (HAs), haloketones (HKs) and iodo-THMs (i-THMs). All waters had the potential to form significant levels of all the DBPs measured. Compared to chlorine, monochloramination generally resulted in lower concentrations of DBPs with the exception of 1,1-dichloropropanone. The concentrations of THMs correlated well with the HAAs formed. The impact of bromine on the speciation of the DBPs was determined. The literature findings that higher bromide levels lead to higher concentrations of brominated DBPS were confirmed.     

Swimming pool water--fractionation and genotoxicological characterization of organic constituents

Swimming pool water treatment in general includes flocculation, sand filtration, and subsequent disinfection with chlorine. The continuous chlorination and input of organic material by bathers in combination with recirculation of the pool water leads to an accumulation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the water. Several DBPs have been identified as human carcinogens and are thought to cause allergic asthma. Therefore, the elimination of DBPs is one major aim of pool water treatment. Using membrane filtration as an alternative treatment technology, DBPs can be removed more efficiently than with conventional treatment. In this study membrane filtration and genotoxicity testing were applied for the characterization of pool water constituents and for the identification of the necessary molecular weight cut off of the membrane for an efficient elimination. Two-step membrane filtration revealed that most of the DBPs (as adsorbable organically bound halogen, AOX) were present in the molecular weight fraction below 1000 g/mol. The fraction below 200 g/mol contained more than 30% of the AOX. The distribution of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) across the fractions was similar to that of the AOX. The genotoxicity was found to be strongest in the low-molecular weight fraction. Thus, considerable DBP removal by membrane treatment requires membranes with low-molecular weight cut offs down to 200 g/mol. The comprehensive elimination of the genotoxic compounds requires further treatment steps.     

氯胺消毒工艺中一氯胺生成效率的影响规律

以上海市某自来水厂滤后水为研究对象,系统考察了氯胺消毒过程中氮源种类、氯氮比、pH值、反应时间、温度、G值和氯投加速率等因素对一氯胺浓度及消毒副产物(DBPs)生成量的影响。结果表明,氮源种类、Cl₂/N质量比和p H值为主要影响因素,其他为次要影响因素。与氯化铵、碳酸铵、醋酸铵和氨水这4种氮源相比,以硫酸铵为氮源可生成较高浓度的一氯胺;当pH值由6.0增大到9.0时,一氯胺浓度(以Cl₂计)由2.611 mg/L升高至4.256 mg/L;随着Cl₂/N质量比由2∶1逐渐增至8∶1,一氯胺浓度先升后降,并在5∶1时达到最大值3.831 mg/L。DBPs浓度随Cl₂/N质量比、反应时间、温度和氯投加速率的增加而升高,随G值的增大而降低;而随着pH值由6.0增加到9.0,DBPs浓度先降低后略有增加。自来水厂氯胺消毒工艺中一氯胺生成的最佳工艺条件如下:以硫酸铵为氮源,Cl₂/N质量比为(4∶1)~(5∶1),pH值为中性或碱性,反应时间为2 h,温度为25℃左右,G值为300 s-1,混匀慢速加氯。     

Multiobjective optimization of water quality and rechlorination cost in water distribution systems

To comprehensively describe the effect of residual chlorine and disinfection by-products (DBPs) on water quality in water distribution systems (WDS) and optimize rechlorination cost, this study developed a multi-objective optimization model of water quality and rechlorination cost. Firstly, chlorine decay and DBPs formation were simulated using EPANET_MSX. An improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) with real code was used to optimize the multiobjective model and Pareto fronts could be obtained under different conditions. The results showed that Pareto fronts obtained by average value were better than those obtained by standard deviation and multiplication. Moreover, with the number of boosters increased, maximum value of water quality increased and rechlorination cost decreased. Wall chlorine decay constants were the most important on Pareto fronts, followed by the number of chlorination nodes, proportional coefficients of trihalomethanes (THMs) generation based on residual chlorine consumption, and THMs concentration.     

Evaluation of bromine substitution factors of DBPs during chlorination and chloramination

Bromine substitution factor (BSF) was used to quantify the effects of disinfectant dose, reaction time, pH, and temperature on the bromine substitution of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination and chloramination. The BSF is defined as the ratio of the bromine incorporated into a given class of DBPs to the total concentration of chlorine and bromine in that class. Four classes of DBPs were evaluated: trihalomethanes (THMs), dihaloacetonitriles (DHANs), dihaloacetic acids (DHAAs) and trihaloacetic acids (THAAs). The results showed that the BSFs of the four classes of DBPs generally decreased with increasing reaction time and temperature during chlorination at neutral pH. The BSFs peaked at a low chlorine dose (1 mg/L) and decreased when the chlorine dose further increased. The BSFs of chlorination DBPs at neutral pH are in the order of DHAN > THM & DHAA > THAA. DHAAs formed by chloramines exhibited distinctly different bromine substitution patterns compared to chlorination DHAAs. Brominated DBP formation was generally less affected by the pH change compared to chlorinated DBP formation.     

紫外线消毒技术在二次供水中的应用研究

介绍了紫外线消毒技术在二次供水中的应用情况,并进行了二次供水紫外线消毒实验。结果表明:①紫外线消毒会使二次供水中的余氯略有降低,但是仍满足我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的限值要求;②紫外线消毒在80 m J/cm²辐射剂量内仅小幅改变水中部分有机物的官能团;③紫外线消毒对二次供水中消毒副产物(DBPs)的浓度和生成几乎没有影响。