挤压态ZM61-Sn合金的显微组织及高温力学性能（英文）

利用金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和高温拉伸对挤压态ZM61-x Sn(x=2,4,8,质量分数,%)合金的显微组织、高温力学性能和断裂机制进行了研究。结果表明添加Sn元素可有效细化合金组织且细化效果随Sn含量的增加而增强。挤压态ZM61-x Sn(x=2,4,8)合金的平均晶粒尺寸分别为11,8和4μm。随Sn含量的增加,合金的力学性能先升高后降低。在所有的实验合金中ZM61-4Sn合金的强度最高,当在180℃下进行拉伸实验时,其极限抗拉强度和屈服强度分别为216和173 MPa。合金的延伸率随Sn含量的增加而增加,当拉伸温度为300℃时,ZM61-x Sn(x=2,4,8)合金的延伸率分别为183.8%,235.8%和258.6%。ZM61-4Sn合金具有最好的强度和塑性的结合。试样最后的断裂主要由局部缩颈引起以及试样的主要断裂机制为显微孔洞聚集。当在260和300℃下拉伸时,合金发生了不完全的动态再结晶。     

Sn对ZM61合金组织与性能的影响

通过光学金相(OM),扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射(XRD)等分析方法,研究不同Sn含量对Mg-6Zn-1Mn(ZM61)合金显微组织和力学性能的影响,并初步探讨Sn元素在镁合金中的存在形式和作用机理。结果表明:Sn元素在ZM61合金中主要以Mg2Sn相存在;Sn元素不仅可以改善合金的铸造性能,所形成弥散的Mg2Sn相颗粒还可以明显的细化晶粒改善组织,提高合金的力学性能,其中经440℃,2h+90℃,24h+180℃,8h双级时效处理的ZM61-4Sn合金具有最佳的综合力学性能,其屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率分别为358MPa、374MPa和4.6%;Sn的加入不会改变合金的断裂机制,但是粗大的Mg2Sn粒子会成为裂纹源,从而降低合金的塑性,所以Sn含量不宜过高,不大于4%较为合适。     

低合金化Mg-Zn-Y合金的显微组织与力学性能研究

本文通过常规铸造制备了三种成分的低合金化Mg-Zn-Y (Mg-0.6Zn-0.1Y、Mg-1.3Zn-0.1Y、Mg-2.0Zn-0.1Y，wt.%)，并对其进行低温慢速挤压（140℃，0.1mm/s）。研究结果表明：随Zn含量的增加，挤压前合金的晶粒尺寸逐渐减少。挤压后合金晶粒显著细化，形成弥散的纳米析出相，同时随Zn含量的增加合金的再结晶程度与纳米析出相的数量均增加，基面织构强度则无显著变化。挤压后合金的力学性能得到大幅提升，其中Mg-2.0Zn-0.1Y合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率分别达到406.4MPa、424.5MPa、12.2%。随Zn含量增加，Mg-Zn-Y合金的延伸率显著增加，其断口形貌由解理面转变为细小的韧窝，断裂方式由解理断裂转变为韧性断裂。     

ZM81-xSn (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10)变形镁合金的组织演变和力学性能

通过对不同Sn含量的ZM81合金的微观组织和力学性能的测得,研究了Sn在ZM81合金中的存在形式和作用机制及不同添加量对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明：Sn元素主要以Mg2Sn共晶相形式存在,能够细化铸态组织;热挤压过程中,Sn添加能够起到抑制动态再结晶和晶粒细化的作用;T6处理,尤其是双级时效,能显著提升挤压态合金的力学性能,其中ZM81-4Sn合金具有最佳的综合力学性能,抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为416MPa、393MPa和4.1%。实验合金高强度主要源于MgZn2和Mg2Sn析出相的双重时效强化效果;相比单级时效,双级时效态合金的析出相细小弥散,因此其力学性能更优。     

ZM81-xSn变形镁合金的组织演变和力学性能（英文）

通过对不同Sn含量ZM81合金的微观组织和力学性能表征,研究了Sn在ZM81合金中的存在形式和作用机制及不同添加量对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:Sn元素主要以Mg2Sn共晶相形式存在,能够细化铸态组织;热挤压过程中,Sn添加能够起到抑制动态再结晶和晶粒细化的作用;T6处理,尤其是双级时效,能显著提升挤压态合金的力学性能,其中ZM81-4Sn合金具有最佳综合力学性能,其抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为416 MPa、393 MPa和4.1%。实验合金高强度主要源于Mg Zn2和Mg2Sn析出相的双重时效强化效果;相比单级时效,双级时效态合金的析出相更细小弥散,因此其力学性能更优。     

低合金化Mg-Zn-Y合金的显微组织与力学性能

通过常规铸造制备了3种成分的低合金化Mg-Zn-Y合金(Mg-0.6Zn-0.1Y、Mg-1.3Zn-0.1Y、Mg-2.0Zn-0.1Y,质量分数,%),并对其进行低温慢速挤压(140℃,0.1mm/s)。结果表明:随Zn含量的增加,挤压前合金的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。挤压后合金晶粒显著细化,形成弥散的纳米析出相,同时随Zn含量的增加合金的再结晶程度与纳米析出相的数量均增加,基面织构强度则无显著变化。挤压后合金的力学性能得到大幅提升,其中Mg-2.0Zn-0.1Y合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率分别达到406.4 MPa、424.53 MPa、12.2%。随Zn含量增加,Mg-Zn-Y合金的延伸率显著增加,其断口形貌由解理面转变为细小的韧窝,断裂方式由解理断裂转变为韧性断裂。     

Sn含量对Mg-Sn-Al-Zn镁合金组织与性能的影响

利用SEM和XRD及拉伸试验机研究了不同Sn含量对铸态Mg-x Sn-3Al-1Zn(x=3,4.5,6,7.5)合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,Sn元素的增加可使合金晶粒细化;合金中的析出相Mg2Sn的数量随Sn含量增加明显增多,其尺寸也随Sn含量的增加而增大,并且当Sn添加量超过6 wt%时Mg2Sn相从颗粒状转变为长条状且沿晶界分布。在Sn含量为6wt%时合金的拉伸性能最佳,抗拉强度为222.5 MPa,屈服强度为76.2 MPa,伸长率为16%。     

ZM71-xCe镁合金显微组织和力学性能

对添加不同含量Ce元素的Mg-Zn-Mn系ZM71变形镁合金进行挤压及热处理,测试不同状态下ZM71及ZM71-xCe合金的室温拉伸性能,利用光学金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、差热分析(DSC)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及能谱(DES)、透射电镜(TEM)等分析试验手段观察了不同状态下的显微组织,初步探讨了Ce元素在ZM71合金中的存在形式和作用机制及不同添加量对合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:Ce元素主要以三元稀土τ相存在于合金中,主要分布在晶界和枝晶间,能够细化铸态组织;Ce元素能够明显细化挤压态合金的组织,提升力学性能,但添加量应控制在1%以内,其中ZM71-0.5Ce具有最佳的综合力学性能,抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为318MPa、250MPa和13.6%;时效热处理不能提升挤压态高锌含量的Mg-Zn-Mn-Ce合金力学性能。     

Sn含量对铸态和挤压态Mg-8Li-3Al-(1,2,3)Sn合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响（英文）

采用X射线衍射、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸测试研究Sn含量对铸态和挤压态Mg-8Li-3Al-(1,2,3)Sn(质量分数,%)合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响。研究发现,铸态Mg-8Li-3Al-(1,2,3)Sn合金由α-Mg+β-Li双相基体、MgLiAl_2相和Li_2MgSn相组成。Sn含量的增加引起α-Mg枝晶细化和Li_2MgSn相含量增加。热挤压过程中,β-Li相发生完全动态再结晶,而α-Mg相发生不完全动态再结晶。随Sn含量增加,α-Mg相再结晶体积分数增加而再结晶晶粒平均尺寸减小。Sn含量的增加能够提高铸态Mg-8Li-3Al-(1,2,3)Sn合金的强度,但对塑性不利。热挤压使Mg-8Li-3Al-(1,2,3)Sn合金的拉伸性能明显提高,Mg-8Li-3Al-2Sn合金表现出最高的拉伸性能。     

热塑性变形对ZM2和ZM5合金的组织和室温拉伸性能的影响

研究了在300℃~350℃下、变形速率为5.610-3 s-1~1.810-2 s-1和挤压比为111条件下的热挤压,以及350℃下多道次的旋锻对ZM2和ZM5铸造合金的组织和室温拉伸性能的影响规律。结果表明:比之铸态组织,ZM2合金挤压态组织细化明显,晶粒为动态再结晶引起的等轴细晶,室温抗拉强度和延性都有显著升高。后续旋锻进一步使组织得到细化,强度升高而延性下降。变形ZM5合金显示出比T4处理态优异的室温拉伸性能。320C下,随着挤压速率的增大,ZM5合金的b和0.2 减小,增大;固定挤压速率为5.610-3 s-1时,升高挤压温度,ZM5合金的b和0.2减小,而增加。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。