2198铝锂合金充液拉深成形模拟及试验（英文）

通过有限元模拟2198铝锂合金斜面筒形件的充液拉深过程,结合试验对其塑性变形规律进行研究。研究结果表明:在板料充液拉深过程中,合适的液室溢流压力直接影响充液拉深;压边间隙影响零件的减薄率;合适的预胀压力可减小零件厚度减薄率,能够获得壁厚相对均匀,成形质量较好的零件。     

轧制差厚板盒形件充液拉深成形的数值模拟

为了解决轧制差厚板在拉深成形过程中的破裂、起皱、过渡区移动等缺陷问题,应用充液拉深方法完成差厚板零件的成形。通过数值模拟技术,对轧制差厚板的充液拉深成形性能进行研究,完成差厚板盒形件充液拉深成形的仿真,对比分析充液拉深成形与普通拉深成形的优势,讨论液体压力对于差厚板成形性能的影响。结果表明,采用充液拉深技术能够改善差厚板的成形性能。随着液体压力的增加,厚度减薄率呈现先减小后增大的趋势,而过渡区移动量则逐渐减小。大尺寸的差厚板对液体压力的变化更为敏感,但无论对于哪种尺寸的板料,采用合适的液体压力均能够获得高质量的差厚板零件。     

铝合金曲面斜法兰罩盖成形工艺的数值模拟与试验研究

研究了铝合金罩盖刚性模拉深预成形-新淬火-充液拉深终成形的多道次成形工艺。通过分析零件的几何特征,确定预成形中间构型的几何形状以及确定合理的冲压方向。基于有限元分析软件Dynaform对成形工艺进行模拟分析,优化成形过程的关键工艺参数,并进行试验验证与优化。研究表明:液室压力及加载路径对充液拉深成形零件质量影响较大,成形所需最大液室压力为15 MPa,充液拉深终成形后的零件壁厚最大减薄率为11.424%,侧壁与法兰没有明显的起皱趋势。试验证明对于该铝合金罩盖零件,采用刚性模拉深预成形-新淬火-充液拉深终成形的多道次成形工艺较传统多道次拉深工艺有明显的优势,可得到表面质量良好的合格零件。     

车灯反射镜充液拉深变液压力与变压边力研究

采用充液拉深新工艺,以车灯反射镜为研究对象,首先提出运用变液压力和变压边力优化组合的方法,结合正交设计,运用板料成形数值模拟专用软件ETA/Dynaform5.6进行成形数值模拟,得到了最优液压力和压边力组合数值;其次根据毛坯在拉深过程中的成形情况,设计出了液压力和压边力加载曲线;最后通过实验验证了该加载曲线的拉深效果。结果表明,采用最优变液压力和变压边力进行拉深所得到的成形零件不起皱,不破裂,回弹量和减薄率均小,而且零件厚度分布较均匀。     

轧制差厚板筒形件充液拉深成形影响因素的灰色关联分析

针对轧制差厚板零件在传统拉深成形工艺中易产生成形缺陷的问题，将充液拉深工艺引入轧制差厚板筒形件的成形中，并通过数值模拟技术对轧制差厚板充液拉深成形过程进行了研究。分析了液池压力对轧制差厚板成形性能的影响，并通过正交试验结合灰色理论讨论了不同工艺参数对轧制差厚板成形性能的影响规律。研究表明：充液拉深成形工艺相对于传统拉深成形工艺能够获取成形性能更好的轧制差厚板。随着液池压力的增加，轧制差厚板筒形件最大厚度减薄率呈现先减小后增大的趋势，而过渡区最大移动量逐渐减小，采用10 MPa的液池压力能够获取较小的最大厚度减薄率，并将过渡区最大移动量限制在较低水平。摩擦因数、压边力以及液池压力对于轧制差厚板充液拉深成形性能的影响程度是依次降低的，采用灰色关联分析获取的优化工艺参数组合可以提高轧制差厚板的成形性能。     

预胀压力对轧制差厚板筒形件充液拉深成形的影响

为了进一步提高轧制差厚板的成形性能,将充液拉深工艺引入轧制差厚板的成形中,并重点考虑预胀形工艺的影响。通过数值模拟技术对轧制差厚板筒形件充液拉深成形过程进行了研究,确定了合理的液体压力加载路径,讨论了不同预胀压力作用下轧制差厚板的厚度过渡区的偏移以及厚度减薄情况,最终得到合适的预胀压力数值。研究认为:随着预胀压力的增大,轧制差厚板的最大厚度减薄率呈现先减小后增大的趋势,厚度过渡区偏移量则呈现不断减小的趋势;预胀压力为1.00 MPa时,能够获取较小的最大厚度减薄率,并将厚度过渡区偏移量抑制在较低的水平,从而改善轧制差厚板的成形性能。     

车灯反射镜液压力作用区域与径向压力

针对不规则曲面板材零件成形需要,提出了凹模腔液压力作用区域和主动径向加压的充液拉深新技术。通过数值模拟方法,采用分析软件eta/DYNAFORM5.6和HYPERWORKS9.0相结合,对St16板材车灯反射镜零件液压力作用区域和主动径向加压充液拉深成形过程进行了研究。以零件成形最终壁厚分布和短轴最小宽度为评定标准,分析了不同液压力作用区域和主动径向压力加载路径对成形质量的影响。通过数值模拟证明了,在不同液压力作用区域和主动径向加压充液拉深过程中,成形件的最小厚度的变化趋势。研究表明,采用凹模圆角处向外偏置6mm的液压力作用区域,并配合1.3倍液压力的主动径向压力加载路径,获得的车灯反射镜最大减薄率为10.056%,零件质量好。     

关键参数对薄壁筒形件充液成形的影响规律

为了研究初始反胀高度(IRBH)、反胀压力(IRBP)和液室压力加载路径3个工艺参数对板料充液成形的影响规律,以不锈钢321材料为研究对象,进行板材充液成形工艺过程的分析。首先,利用数值模拟的方法,在有初始反胀(IRB)的充液成形基础上,研究了初始反胀高度与初始反胀压力的组合形式以及液室压力加载路径对制件成形的影响规律,然后分别研究了有无初始反胀的充液成形过程。最后,通过实验的方法进行验证。结果表明:当初始反胀高度为3.75 mm、初始反胀压力为2 MPa时,充液结束时板料的最大减薄率为4.803%,在所有结果中最小;无初始反胀时,零件壁厚最大减薄率为5%;当在充液拉深后期继续加大液室压力时,板料底部发生波动,出现二次变形,与此同时,板料最大减薄率增大。从而验证了合适的初始反胀高度和反胀压力可以减小制件壁厚的最大减薄率,液室压力加载路径不同,零件的壁厚分布也不同。     

磁力泵隔离套充液拉深成形模拟分析

运用板料成形有限元软件,对磁力泵隔离套零件的充液拉深成形过程进行模拟,获得成形后的零件成形极限图(FLD)和侧壁厚度分布图,研究了在确定的压边力、凹凸模圆角半径和摩擦系数下,液室压力、压边间隙对零件成形质量的影响规律。研究表明,当液室压力为40 MPa时,侧壁厚度分布范围在0.932~1.027 mm之间;压边间隙为1.08 mm时,零件的侧壁厚度最大减薄率为8.8%;通过控制液室压力为40 MPa、压边间隙为1.08 mm时,试验件壁厚均匀、减薄率低,获得较佳的成形效果,试验结果也进一步验证了结论的有效性。     

反胀压力对铝合金球底筒形件充液拉深过程的影响

充液拉深工艺是一种先进的板材柔性成形方法。结合航天部件的实际需求,通过数值模拟的方法,对5A06铝合金球底筒形零件的初始反胀充液拉深成形过程进行了研究。应用基于LS-DYNA3D内核的动力显示分析软件eta/Dynaform5.5,分析了液室初始反胀压力与液室压力对零件壁厚分布以及起皱、拉裂等缺陷的影响规律,讨论了反胀压力与液室压力的匹配关系,得到了合理的加载区间。结果表明,采用优化的初始反胀压力和液室压力耦合加载条件,可以有效的抑制零件球底部的过度减薄,控制悬空区的内皱,提高零件成形质量。     

Enhancing formability in hydromechanical deep drawing process adding a shallow drawbead to the blank holder

In this paper, a new method was proposed in order to enhance the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) of AA5754-O in the hydromechanical deep drawing process (HDD). In the proposed method, a shallow drawbead was added to the blank holder to increase LDR so as to provide strain hardening of a large region on the flange of the sheet material in addition to pre-bulging process which affects particularly only the initial stage but not the later ongoing process. So the LDR of the AA5754-O was increased from 2.65 to 2.787 by enlarging the region of strain hardening in the flange and partially reducing wrinkling tendency due to occurred tensile stresses using the convenient pressure and blank holder force profiles. The importance levels and their convenient values for height of drawbead, pre-bulge height and pressure, surface roughness of the punch were determined with analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method. ANOVA analysis illustrated that adding a shallow drawbead to the blank holder is the most effective factor between the investigated factors for the HDD process. While the effects of the pre-bulging pressure and pre-bulging height were determined as quite small, the surface roughness of the punch was found unimportant compared to the effect of the shallow drawbead. The highest LDR value was obtained with 1 mm drawbead height, 5 mm pre-bulging height, 10 MPa pre-bulging pressure and 2.8 μm surface roughness of the punch.     

Effects of pre-bulging on 2024 aluminum alloy complex-shaped components

To improve the poor plasticity of 2024 aluminum alloy sheet, which causes wrinkle and fracture in conventional deep drawing of complexshaped components, hydromechanical deep drawing (HDD) with pre-bulging was investigated. The loading paths of chamber pressure and pre-bulging pressure were designed and optimized by numerical simulations and experiments, and effects of loading paths were obtained and analyzed for thickness, stress and defects. A reasonable loading path was determined. Thickness is more uniform when pre-bulging pressure is 2 MPa and chamber pressure is 15 MPa. The suspending area of a blank wrinkles easily between the punch and the die when pre-bulging pressure is smaller than 1.5 MPa; fracture occurs for the suspending area of blank between the punch and the die when pre-bulging pressure is larger than 8 MPa. The results show that a helpful friction can be generated, the stress state can be improved, and fracture and wrinkle can be avoided by a reasonable pre-bulging in the suspending area of the blank for a complex-shaped component. The uniformity of thickness and forming limit can be enhanced.     

Investigation into the effect of pre-bulging during hydromechanical deep drawing with uniform pressure onto the blank

Many parameters influence the process of sheet hydroforming, but the key one is the pre-bulging. Pre-bulging includes two parameters: pre-bulging height and pre-bulging pressure, which influence the forming process significantly. In this paper, based on the proposed hydromechanical deep drawing with uniform pressure onto the blank, the effect of pre-bulging on the forming is investigated experimentally and the needed process windows for the pre-bulging pressure and the pre-bulging height are built by using pure aluminum and aluminum alloy. Finally, FEM is used to analyze the forming process to explain some results which were found in the experiment.     

镁合金方形件分块压边液压拉深壁厚分析

基于分块压边液压成形装置,运用Dynaform有限元软件对AZ31B镁合金方形件的液压成形过程进行了数值模拟。比较分析了镁合金板在整体式压边和分块式压边条件下的液压成形效果,重点研究了分块压边方式对镁合金方形件的壁厚影响规律,并探索了相对合理的压边力参数。研究结果表明:与整体式压边相比,采用分块式压边能有效改善AZ31B镁合金方形件的壁厚均匀性,提高其成形质量。     

深盒形件液压拉深成形工艺研究

用DYNAFORM有限元仿真软件对深盒形件液压拉深成形过程进行了模拟,分析了压边力和液体压力对盒形件成形质量的影响。研究结果表明,合适的压边力和液体压力能控制盒形件拉深缺陷的发生,采用液压拉深盒形件可获得更好的壁厚分布。     

板料成形有限元模拟的压边力控制方法研究

采用新的研究方法模拟水槽拉伸的实际压边过程。压边力采用不同的压边间隙和施加不同的分离力来实现。通过一个系统的研究方案来确定一个优化的压边力和压边间隙。研究发现 ,板料的法兰区域随着压边间隙的增加起皱变形严重 ,由于起皱引起的板料刚度上升导致压边力迅速上升。采用分离力时的模拟厚度比压边间隙小是由于法兰区域的变压边力。通过厚度和法兰边缘实验和模拟结果的比较 ,发现采用压边间隙可以更好地模拟板料成形的压边过程     

板料拉深变压边力系统

结合型号为HHP28-120双动薄板拉深液压机的现状，对原有下顶出缸的液压油路控制系统进行一系列改进，采用高精度比例溢流阀控制下顶出缸的压力和高精度传感器采集顶出缸油压。使原有下顶出缸在工控机控制下能够提供可控变化的压边力大小，进一步结合可实时测量真实压边力大小和摩擦系数的探针式传感器，以不同的变化率变化该处的压边力大小，最后通过分析研究变压边力对不同拉深成形性能评估参数的影响显著性，来判断最优变压边力的加载模式。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on micro deep drawing process of stainless steel 304 foil using flexible tools

Flexible forming technology provides significant application potential in various areas of manufacturing, particularly at a miniaturized level. Simplicity, versatility of process and feasibility of prototyping makes forming techniques by using flexible tools suitable for micro sheet metal forming. This paper reports the results of FE simulation and experimental research on micro deep drawing processes of stainless steel 304 sheets utilising a flexible die. The study presents a novel technique in which an initial gap (positive or negative) is adopted between an adjustment ring and a blank holder employed in the developed forming system. The blank holder is moveable part and supported by a particular spring that provides the required holding force. The forming parameters (anisotropy of SS 304 material, initial gap, friction conditions at various contact interfaces and initial sheet thickness) related with the forming process are in details investigated. The FE models are built using the commercial code Abaqus/Standard. The numerical predictions reveal the capability of the proposed technique on producing micro metallic cups with high quality and large aspect ratio. To verify these results, number of micro deep drawing experiments is conducted using a special set up developed for this purpose. As providing a fundamental understanding is required for the commercial development of this novel forming technique, hence the optimization of the initial gap in accordance with each sheet thickness, thickness distribution and punch force/stroke relationship are detected.     

Numerical simulation and analysis on the deep drawing of LPG bottles

Deep drawing is one of the most used sheet metal forming processes in the production of automotive components, LPG bottles and household goods, among others. The formability of a blank depends on the process parameters such as blank holder force, lubrication, punch and die radii, die-punch clearance, in addition to material properties and thickness of the sheet metal. This paper presents a numerical study made on the deep drawing of LPG bottles. In particular, the application of both variable blank holder forces and contact friction conditions at specific location during deep drawing are considered. The numerical simulations were carried out with DD3IMP FE code. A variable blank holder force strategy was applied and the numerical results were compared with results from other blank holder force schemes. It is evident that the proposed variable blank holder force scheme reduces the blank thinning when compared to other schemes; the friction coefficient also has a significant influence on the stress–strain distribution.     

Finite element simulation on the deep drawing of titanium thin-walled surface part

The deep drawing of titanium thin-walled surface part was simulated based on a self-developed three-dimensional finite element model. After an investigation on forming rules, a virtual orthogonal experimental design was adopted to determine the significance of processing parameters, such as die radius, blank holder force, and friction coefficient, on the forming process. The distributions of thickness and equivalent plastic strain of the drawn part were evaluated. The results show that die radius has a relative major influence on the deep drawing process, followed by friction coefficient and blank holder force.