基于非线性疲劳损伤的沥青路面轴载换算

为了建立沥青混合料的非线性疲劳损伤演化方程, 同时为完善沥青路面的轴载换算方法, 首先进行沥青混合料的配合比设计, 确定矿料级配及最佳油石比, 然后从损伤力学基本理论出发, 定义模量衰减为其疲劳损伤参量, 由此推导得到了疲劳损伤方程, 并以此方程对小梁直接拉伸疲劳试验结果进行拟合, 得到了模型参数和损伤随应力比的变化规律, 建立了沥青路面轴载换算新方法。结果表明:沥青混合料的疲劳损伤演化具有明显的非线性, 用Miner线性疲劳损伤理论来描述沥青路面疲劳损伤演化过程不合适, 由此推导得到的轴载换算方法偏不安全, 建立在非线性疲劳损伤演化基础上的轴载换算方法考虑了加载历史和损伤历史的影响。     

老化沥青混合料粘弹性疲劳损伤模型研究

为了较真实反映沥青路面服务期的疲劳损伤特性,从粘弹性材料的基本特性出发,通过本构方程和耗散能的定义构造了耗散能的泛函,定义耗散能为损伤变量,建立基于Burgers模型的老化沥青混合料粘弹性疲劳损伤模型,通过直接拉伸试验确定沥青混合料的粘弹性参数,求出损伤函数、损伤演化方程,提出一种考虑疲劳过程中老化程度对疲劳损伤影响的累积疲劳损伤计算理论与方法,为沥青混合料在不同老化程度下的疲劳寿命预估提供了依据。根据疲劳损伤模型推导出沥青混合料临界损伤度、疲劳寿命计算公式,并对其进行计算比较,精度满足要求,从而验证了粘弹性疲劳损伤模型的合理性。     

加载次序对沥青混合料疲劳损伤累积的影响

沥青混合料在变幅加载下的疲劳损伤累积过程具有明显的非线性特征,然而传统的线性损伤累积准则无法表征不同加载次序下的非线性疲劳损伤累积(NLFDA)。为研究加载次序对沥青混合料疲劳损伤累积的影响,首先开展恒幅加载疲劳试验,分析恒幅加载下的疲劳损伤累积规律;其次借助变幅加载疲劳试验,分析变幅加载下的疲劳损伤累积规律;最后建立考虑加载次序的NLFDA模型,分析加载次序对沥青混合料疲劳损伤累积的影响。结果表明：恒幅加载下沥青混合料疲劳损伤发生非线性演化,但服从线性损伤累积准则,且累积寿命分数为1;变幅加载会导致疲劳损伤发生非线性演化,且服从非线性损伤累积准则,低-高和高-低加载次序的累积寿命分数分别大于1和小于1;建立的NLFDA模型可较为准确地表征沥青混合料疲劳损伤对加载次序的依赖性。     

基于损伤理论的沥青混合料抗疲劳性能试验

为系统研究沥青混合料在疲劳破坏过程中的路用性能衰减过程,在不同温度、应变、频率下开展了四点弯曲疲劳试验,基于损伤理论从劲度模量变化情况和耗散能变化情况两方面评价了沥青混合料抗疲劳性能,并通过损伤面积法、灰关联分析法讨论了试验因素对沥青混合料抗疲劳性能的影响程度。研究结果表明：沥青混合料的抗疲劳性能可以采用基于耗散能的损伤因子随加载次数的变化的双对数曲线进行描述,疲劳寿命应由初始损伤和损伤累积速率共同决定;从劲度模量方面分析,沥青混合料疲劳寿命随温度的升高而增大、随应变的增大而减小、随频率的增大而减小;劲度模量和耗散能两方面的分析结果均表明温度对疲劳寿命的影响程度大于应变,劲度模量分析显示频率对疲劳寿命影响最次,耗散能分析结果显示频率与疲劳寿命的相关性不显著。     

综论沥青的疲劳损伤自愈合行为:理论研究,评价方法,影响因素,数值模拟

沥青混凝土是常见的筑路材料之一,沥青路面以其行车舒适、低噪声、耐磨耗等优势被广泛应用于我国高等级公路。在车辆荷载及环境温度的反复作用下,沥青路面易产生疲劳损伤,若未及时察觉,疲劳损伤会不断累积汇集产生裂缝,降低路面的使用寿命,危及行车安全。与此同时,研究者通过试验发现,在一定条件下,沥青混凝土具有强度恢复及裂缝自修复能力,这种自愈合能力与胶结料沥青有较大关系。因此,为延长沥青路面使用寿命,降低运营过程中的养护成本,沥青的自愈合特性成为近年来国内外研究的热点问题。研究者结合室内试验与现代物相技术,提出基于力学、能量角度的沥青疲劳损伤自愈合评价指标,研究了沥青化学组成、改性剂、外界环境及加载方式等因素的影响,并试图借助宏观、微观理论解释沥青疲劳损伤愈合的过程。目前,关于沥青疲劳损伤愈合的评价方法、评价指标的有效性及理论模型的适用性尚未有定论,仍需进一步探索。基于上述问题,研究者对沥青疲劳损伤自愈合行为及相关理论开展进一步研究。研究结果表明,宏微观力学、分子扩散等理论可从一定程度上解释沥青疲劳损伤强度恢复行为和微观界面愈合行为。将沥青剪切、断裂试验和现代物相技术等作为研究方法,采用力学、能量等指标可从不同角度对沥青的自愈特性进行评价。同时采用疲劳损伤愈合行为方程及分子动力学模拟作为愈合过程数值模拟,将基本理论方程与分子尺度模拟结合,对沥青宏观及微观愈合行为进行数值表征,研究结果为其演化机制及特性描述提供参考。本文参考国内外研究成果,综述了沥青疲劳损伤自愈合特性的研究现状,其中包括沥青自愈合行为理论、沥青疲劳损伤自愈合能力评价方法及指标、沥青疲劳损伤自愈合特性影响因素、沥青疲劳损伤自愈合行为数值表征,最后展望了其未来的研究方向。     

粘层材料剪切疲劳特性及层间设计方法研究

沥青路面的性能及使用年限很大程度上取决于其结构层间粘结状态的好坏。在进行沥青路面设计时,路表弯沉及沥青面层层底拉应力通常被视为重要的设计指标,而沥青路面层间剪切疲劳破坏却被忽视,为沥青路面病害的产生埋下隐患。通过系统的沥青路面层间剪切疲劳试验建立了沥青路面层间剪切疲劳方程及疲劳寿命预估模型,并根据沥青路面的实际工作状态,对该模型进行了修正。提出了基于剪切疲劳破坏的沥青路面层间设计方法,结合工程实例,对沥青路面剪切疲劳破坏进行了验算及寿命预估。结果表明:在以传统的路表弯沉及沥青面层层底拉应力为设计指标时,其层间接触不能满足路面剪切疲劳的要求,因此,建议在沥青路面设计中增加沥青层间剪切疲劳设计指标。     

钢筋混凝土梁受弯破坏及尺寸效应的细观模拟分析

钢筋混凝土构件破坏的尺寸效应取决于混凝土材料的非均质性以及钢筋/混凝土相互作用。该文借助混凝土细观结构特征,基于非线性弹簧单元来描述钢筋与混凝土之间的相互作用,建立了钢筋混凝土梁破坏行为模拟的三维细观数值模型。在模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好的基础上,拓展模拟了更大尺寸梁的弯曲大变形破坏行为,并分析了单调及循环加载模式对不同尺寸悬臂梁受弯破坏及名义抗弯强度影响规律。模拟结果分析表明:1)该文工况下钢筋混凝土悬臂梁的弯曲破坏存在尺寸效应,弯曲强度随梁深增大而减小; 2)循环加载下,混凝土、钢筋以及两者间的粘结性能由于低周疲劳而使得梁的弯曲破坏呈现出脆性特征; 3)相比于单调加载,循环加载条件下,悬臂梁的破坏具有更强的脆性,名义抗弯强度尺寸效应更明显。     

松散热态沥青混合料压实力学响应及其粘弹塑性模型参数分析

结合沥青路面压实过程,利用MTS材料试验系统对松散热态沥青混合料进行压实试验,并用PT100温度记录仪采集温度变化。获得不同混合料的压实力学响应曲线和温度变化规律,分析了混合料的压实行为;建立一种考虑沥青混合料有效应力的粘弹塑性本构方程来反映其流变特性,并确定各荷载循环和温度下沥青混合料的粘弹塑性模型参数。结果表明:压实过程的松散热态沥青混合料具有明显的粘弹塑性特性,压实试验全面地反映了混合料的变形特性,粘弹塑性模型参数很好地揭示了混合料压实过程的力学特性;在一定温度范围和压实作用下混合料才能获得有效压实,为热态沥青混合料压实流变性能和施工工艺的研究提供了理论基础和试验方法。     

循环荷载作用下钢桥面铺装疲劳损伤失效行为研究

针对钢桥面铺装工程中普遍采用的改性沥青(Stone Matrix Asphalt,SMA)、浇筑式沥青(Guss asphalt,GA)、环氧沥青(Epoxy asphalt,EP)混合料双层铺装结构,进行了循环车载作用下钢桥面与沥青混凝土铺装疲劳损伤特性理论分析与试验研究。基于疲劳损伤度,研究了钢桥面铺装疲劳损伤失效行为和疲劳开裂过程中损伤场、应力和应变场动态演变机制,推导出疲劳失效时的损伤场、应力和应变场计算表达式,并给出钢桥面铺装疲劳寿命理论公式。以三座钢箱梁桥桥面铺装(润扬长江大桥2005,南京长江三桥2005,苏通大桥2008)为例,对不同铺装结构组合方案下的复合梁进行疲劳试验分析和使用寿命理论预测。实例研究结果表明,钢桥面铺装疲劳损伤失效行为预估模型合理可行;相较于改性沥青、浇筑式沥青,环氧沥青混合料具有较强高的强度低变形能力,更适合于大跨径钢桥面铺装抗疲劳的设计要求;由环氧沥青混合料组合而成的“双层环氧沥青混凝土”和“浇注式沥青混凝土(下层)+环氧沥青混凝土(上层)”的抗疲劳性能优于其它沥青混合料铺装结构组合方案,同等厚度组合情况下疲劳使用寿命可延长1倍~2倍以上;“双层环氧沥青混凝土”已应用于润扬长江大桥、南京长江三桥和苏通长江大桥钢桥面工程,并已成功运行10年以上,其跟踪观测结果良好。     

喷射成形GH738合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为

进行了不同温度、频率和应力比条件下喷射成形GH738合金紧凑拉伸(CT)试样的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,分析了相应条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率及其对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响规律。结果表明:随着温度的升高,裂纹扩展速率略有加快;加载频率降低,疲劳裂纹扩展加速;裂纹扩展速率da/d N随应力比R的增大而增大。疲劳断口呈现多裂纹源特征,裂纹稳定扩展为疲劳条带机制。     

Viscoelastic–plastic damage model for porous asphalt mixtures: Application to uniaxial compression and freeze–thaw damage

Porous asphalt mixture increasingly used in highway pavement applications is an open graded composite material which has fewer fines and more air voids compared with conventional dense graded asphalt mixtures. The freeze thaw resistance of the mixture is crucial for the performance of porous asphalt pavement especially when clogging is unavoidable. A simple viscoelastic–plastic damage model is developed to evaluate the effects of freeze–thaw of porous asphalt mixtures. Generalized Maxwell and Drucker–Prager model are used to determine the viscoelastic and plastic responses respectively. The damage and its evolution is characterized by Weibull distribution function. Experimental data from uniaxial compressive strength tests, conducted at different strain rates and temperatures, are used to calibrate the model. The sensitivity of model parameters to loading conditions is identified. Simulation results suggest that loss of cohesion is the dominant mechanism of failure in porous asphalt mixtures under freeze–thaw cycles. Freeze–thaw effects also lead to changes of plastic potential surface and induce large volumetric strains under loading.     

Modelling the effects of temperature and loading rate on fatigue properties of hot mixed asphalt

Fatigue cracking is one of the primary distresses of asphalt pavement. Critical strain energy density (CSED) has shown great potential to be a material parameter for fatigue cracking prediction. For the CSED to be used in future fatigue model and pavement design, a model is needed to predict the CSED as a function of the loading rate and the temperature, analogous to dynamic modulus. In this study, indirect tensile (IDT) tests were conducted to determine the properties of hot mixed asphalt at different loading rates and temperatures. It was found that time–temperature superposition principle is valid for IDT strength at both low and intermediate temperatures; and valid for failure strain and for the CSED at intermediate temperatures only. The shift factors for dynamic modulus were close to those of IDT strength and CSED, respectively. However, there was a discrepancy between shift factors of dynamic modulus and those of failure strain.     

Linking asphalt binder fatigue to asphalt mixture fatigue performance using viscoelastic continuum damage modeling

Fatigue cracking is a major form of distress in asphalt pavements. Asphalt binder is the weakest asphalt concrete constituent and, thus, plays a critical role in determining the fatigue resistance of pavements. Therefore, the ability to characterize and model the inherent fatigue performance of an asphalt binder is a necessary first step to design mixtures and pavements that are not susceptible to premature fatigue failure. The simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) model has been used successfully by researchers to predict the damage evolution in asphalt mixtures for various traffic and climatic conditions using limited uniaxial test data. In this study, the S-VECD model, developed for asphalt mixtures, is adapted for asphalt binders tested under cyclic torsion in a dynamic shear rheometer. Derivation of the model framework is presented. The model is verified by producing damage characteristic curves that are both temperature- and loading history-independent based on time sweep tests, given that the effects of plasticity and adhesion loss on the material behavior are minimal. The applicability of the S-VECD model to the accelerated loading that is inherent of the linear amplitude sweep test is demonstrated, which reveals reasonable performance predictions, but with some loss in accuracy compared to time sweep tests due to the confounding effects of nonlinearity imposed by the high strain amplitudes included in the test. The asphalt binder S-VECD model is validated through comparisons to asphalt mixture S-VECD model results derived from cyclic direct tension tests and Accelerated Loading Facility performance tests. The results demonstrate good agreement between the asphalt binder and mixture test results and pavement performance, indicating that the developed model framework is able to capture the asphalt binder’s contribution to mixture fatigue and pavement fatigue cracking performance.     

Experimental assessment of flue gas desulfurization residues and basic oxygen furnace slag on fatigue and moisture resistance of HMA

Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) residues both are industrial wastes. Research on using BOF slag as a novel aggregate and FGD residues as a filler in road construction has benefits both in environment and economics. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of FGD residues and BOF slag on the fatigue performance and moisture resistance of asphalt mixtures. The fatigue performance of asphalt mixture was conducted by means of indirect tensile fatigue test. Stress loading control mode, with four stress levels (300, 400, 500 and 600 kPa), was used in this research. Statistic t‐test was adopted, and it had approved the positive effect of BOF slag and FGD residues on the fatigue lives of asphalt mixture. Moisture resistance of asphalt mixture was investigated by retained Marshall stability test and tensile strength ratio test. Research results indicate that BOF slag and FGD residues can improve the fatigue and moisture resistance, when the BOF slag and FGD residues based asphalt mixture was designed properly.     

Mechanistic evaluation of fatigue cracking in asphalt pavements

Over the last several decades, significant research has been conducted to predict the fatigue cracking performance of asphalt pavements. Recently, the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) model was developed as an efficient method of characterising the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures under a wide range of loading conditions. Two important material properties that can be determined from the S-VECD model are the damage characteristic curve that defines how damage evolves in a specimen and the energy-based failure criterion that defines when the specimen fails. These two material functions are unique for a given mixture regardless of temperature, mode of loading, stress/strain amplitude and loading history. This study presents the application of the Layered Viscoelastic Crirtical Distresses (LVECD) programme to predict the fatigue performance of 18 pavement sections from different locations in the United States and Canada. The capability of the LVECD programme to capture crack initiation, crack propagation and damage in the pavement sections is investigated by comparing the simulation results with field observations. This study found reasonable agreement in trends between the damage growth throughout the pavement cross sections as predicted by the LVECD programme and the surface crack growth as evidenced by field observations.     

复杂面内应力状态下平面编织高铝纤维增强氧化铝基复合材料强度及疲劳寿命预测方法

针对平面编织氧化铝基复合材料提出了一种复杂面内应力状态下的强度准则和疲劳寿命预测方法。通过拉伸、压缩及纯剪切试验,分别获得了材料的静强度指标。考虑材料拉、压性能的差异和面内拉-剪联合作用对材料强度的影响机制,提出了修正的Hoffman强度理论。采用该强度理论预测得到的偏轴拉伸强度与试验结果基本一致,偏差不超过10%。开展了偏轴角θ=0°、15°、30°、45°,应力比R=0.1,频率f=10 Hz的拉伸疲劳试验,试验结果表明随着偏轴角的增加,相同轴向拉伸载荷下的疲劳寿命逐渐降低。由于面内剪切应力分量的作用,疲劳失效由纤维主导逐渐过渡到纤维和基体共同主导的模式。基于单轴疲劳寿命曲线,采用Broutman-Sahu剩余强度模型表征剩余强度随疲劳循环次数的变化规律,结合剩余强度演化模型和修正的Hoffman强度理论,提出了一种面内复杂载荷条件下的疲劳寿命预测模型,并引入疲劳剪切损伤影响因子表征拉-剪应力联合作用对材料疲劳行为的影响。采用本文提出的疲劳寿命预测模型,预测不同偏轴角拉伸疲劳寿命,预测结果与试验结果基本一致,偏差在1倍寿命范围内。比较结果表明在给定应力比、温度和疲劳载荷频率条件下,该疲劳寿命预测模型可以用来预测平面编织氧化铝基复合材料拉-剪复杂面内载荷条件下疲劳寿命。      

不同循环上限荷载下泥质石英粉砂岩力学特性试验研究

通过开展循环加卸载转单调加载试验和疲劳破坏试验,揭示循环荷载下泥质石英粉砂岩的变形和力学响应特征。试验与研究结果表明,当循环上限荷载位于疲劳强度前后,试件的轴向和横向累计残余应变由单调递增凸曲线向凹曲线延伸,滞回环间距由“疏-密”向“疏-密-疏”发展,残余应变率和滞回环相对面积由L形向U形转化;弹性模量由初始快速上升、下降、缓慢稳定发展3个阶段向单调递减凹曲线转凸曲线衰减;而横向-轴向应变比则由单调递减凹曲线,转变为单调递增凸曲线,然后向凹曲线延伸;随上限荷载的增加,循环加卸载3000次后泥质石英粉砂岩抗压强度先增大后减小,最大增幅较单轴抗压强度高13.62%,而当上限荷载小于单轴压缩弹性上限时,循环荷载作用后的岩石抗压强度略小于单轴抗压强度;当试件发生疲劳破坏时,疲劳寿命与上限荷载呈幂函数分布,疲劳强度约为单轴抗压强度的80%~89%。试件弹性模量整体随着循环上限荷载先增大后减小,而横向-轴向应变比则随上限荷载的增加而增大;提出了循环荷载的“薄弱结构断裂效应”和“压密嵌固效应”,探讨了循环加卸载过程中多孔弱胶结岩石的强度变化特征和力学参数演化机制。     

On the representative volume element of asphalt concrete at low temperature

The feasibility of characterizing asphalt mixtures’ rheological and failure properties at low temperatures by means of the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) is investigated in this paper. The main issue is the use of thin beams of asphalt mixture in experimental procedures that may not capture the true behavior of the material used to construct an asphalt pavement.For the rheological characterization, three-point bending creep tests are performed on beams of different sizes. The beams are also analyzed using digital image analysis to obtain volumetric fraction, average size distribution, and spatial correlation functions. Based on the experimental results and analyses, it is concluded that representative creep stiffness values of asphalt mixtures can be obtained from testing at least three replicates of the thin (BBR) mixture beams.Failure properties are investigated by performing strength tests using a modified Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR), capable of applying loads at different loading rates. Histogram testing of BBR mixture beams and of larger beams is performed and the failure distribution is analyzed based on the size effect theory for quasibrittle materials. Different Weibull moduli are obtained from the two specimens sizes, which indicates that BBR beams do not capture the representative volume element (RVE) of the material.