钢中塑性变形机制研究的新进展

本文介绍了近年来对工程上实用钢铁材料塑性变形研究中发现的一些新的,具有典型意义的位错形态,讨论了位错与碳化物相互作用的缠结模型,疲劳裂纹萌生的粗大疲劳变形带的扩展模型,以及显微区域循环硬化与软化竞争模型,闸明了钢中塑性变形的机制。     

机械疲劳对40Cr钢显微组织的影响

以汽车曲轴常用材料40Cr钢为研究对象,用透射电镜对经过不同疲劳周次的试样进行显微组织观察,研究其显微组织与机械疲劳的对应关系。研究表明：在同一应力水平下,随着疲劳循环次数的增加,位错从晶界出发向晶内扩展,位错的形态由无规律的分布到形成位错条带,最后形成亚晶粒组织。机械疲劳循环次数与位错密度的函数关系为p=2．88X10^8N＋5．2712X10^8。     

316L不锈钢焊接接头高温低周期疲劳显微结构变化和断裂特征

本研究对316L奥氏体不锈钢母材和焊缝分别进行高温低周疲劳试验,对试样的微观结构和裂纹扩展形貌进行观察,分析母材和焊缝在高温低周疲劳循环应力响应下的位错结构和损伤机制。结果表明,316L奥氏体不锈钢母材在试验过程中由于位错增殖和位错湮灭导致发生循环硬化和循环稳定,在焊缝中由于位错湮灭导致发生循环软化。母材和焊缝在连续低周疲劳试验中裂纹主要以穿晶方式扩展,焊接接头处孔洞的连接是最终导致焊接接头疲劳断裂的主要机制。     

疲劳损伤过程中45~＃钢剩余力学性能的变化特征

通过对疲劳不同阶段４５~＃钢试样的宏观力学性能测试、表面显微硬度测量及位错结构与显微断口分析，研究了疲劳损伤过程中材料的宏观与细观力学性能随疲劳损伤的变化规律，以及剩余力学性能变化与材料内部位错结构演变及断裂特征变化的关系     

CHANGING CHARACTERISTIC OF RESIDUAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 45~# STEEL DURING FATIGUE DAMAGE

通过对疲劳不同阶段45~#钢试样的宏观力学性能测试、表面显微硬度测量及位错结构与显微断口分析,研究了疲劳损伤过程中材料的宏观与细观力学性能随疲劳损伤的变化规律,以及剩余力学性能变化与材料内部位错结构演变及断裂特征变化的关系     

AF1410与300M钢的腐蚀冲击疲劳行为

根据舰载飞机起落的服务条件提出了腐蚀冲击概念和试验方法，考察了两种起落架材料在盐水中的腐蚀冲击疲劳行为，包括冲击疲劳寿命，裂纹萌生与扩展速率。尽管两种材料在空气中的冲击疲劳寿命几乎相等。但300M钢在盐水中的冲击疲劳寿命下降幅度较大。在盐水介质中，氢脆加速300M钢冲击疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展。局部塑性变形区优先腐蚀促使AF1410钢的裂纹萌生，盐水对AF1410钢的裂纹扩展速率没有影响。     

不同温度环境下CrMoW转子钢超高周疲劳行为研究

利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机,研究CrMoW转子钢在常温与600℃条件下的超高周疲劳特性。对试验数据采用三参数模型拟合,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对疲劳断口进行分析。研究结果发现,600℃下的S-N曲线呈现直线下降的趋势,不存在传统意义上的疲劳极限。高温会加速试样的氧化,促进裂纹的萌生与扩展,降低材料的疲劳寿命。断口分析表明:疲劳裂纹主要萌生于试样表面,很少发现裂纹萌生于内部的情形。在600℃下,裂纹萌生区普遍发现有夹杂物。对试验前后转子钢硬度值进行测量,没有发生明显变化。     

第一代单晶高温合金中温高应力幅下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为

通过应力控制的疲劳实验探究第一代镍基单晶高温合金DD413在中温(760℃)高应力幅下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为,并使用扫描电子显微镜观察和表征了疲劳样品的断口形貌和纵截面的显微组织.结果 表明:在高应力幅条件下,疲劳裂纹主要萌生于表面开裂的块状碳化物和次表面开裂的骨架状碳化物.在疲劳过程中,氧化和循环加载的共同作用使样品表面...     

3Cr2W8V钢热疲劳特性的研究

本文研究了3Cr2W8V 钢的热疲劳特性。试验结果表明,热疲劳裂纹优先萌生于热应力最大和弱化最严重的局部地区。在一定尺寸范围内,裂纹的亚稳扩展速率近似是常数。裂纹扩展方式除条带模型外,还有不连续突进。长期冷热循环引起钢软化,软化机理是累积回火,热应力对循环软化有加速作用。热疲劳抗力随热处理温度改变呈非单调变化,分别有一个最佳淬火温度和最佳回火温度。随着循环上限温度的升高,热疲劳抗力显著下降,最佳回火温度向高温方向移动,最佳淬火温度基本不变。热疲劳抗力主要取决于材料的高温屈服强度,在强度、塑性及循环热稳定性取得适当配合时最大。     

CrMoW转子钢的高温超高周疲劳性能

使用自主搭建的高温超声疲劳实验系统在常温和600℃进行Cr Mo W转子钢1×1010周次超高周疲劳实验,研究了Cr Mo W转子钢在工作温度下的超高周疲劳性能。结果表明:在600℃和常温下转子钢的S-N曲线均呈连续下降型,试件在109周次后仍发生疲劳断裂。在常温实验条件下疲劳寿命小于1×107周次试件的裂纹多萌生在表面,而高于1×107周次的多以内部萌生为主。在高温实验环境下裂纹也在内部夹杂处萌生,且裂纹萌生方式对疲劳寿命没有决定性作用。鱼眼定量分析结果表明,Cr Mo W转子钢在600℃和常温下裂纹扩展的应力强度因子门槛值分别为3.4 MPa·m1/2和1.0 MPa·m1/2。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to