Use of a coupled explicit—implicit solver for calculating spring-back in automotive body panels

LS-DYNA3D, an explicit code, and LS-NIKE3D, an implicit code, have been coupled to facilitate the finite element (FE) modelling of sheet metal forming. The explicit FE code is used to model the forming process, in which the deformable blank contacts rigid tools. The implicit FE code is used to model the subsequent spring-back which occurs after the tooling is removed. In this way, the explicit code with its robust handling of contact during forming is combined with the implicit code and its large time steps during spring-back. The result is an efficient method for solving even very large (>20 000 deformable elements) sheet forming models. Three examples of the application of this method are given.     

Numerical simulations of sheet-metal forming

The objective of this paper is to discuss the numerical solution of sheet-metal forming applications using the ABAQUS general purpose implicit and explicit finite-element modules. The three conference benchmark problems of NUMIFORM'93 are used as examples in the paper. The analyses were performed using combinations of the implicit and explicit versions of ABAQUS. The numerical-modeling techniques used in these analyses are discussed. The effectiveness and suitability of the implicit and explicit finite-element procedures for each of the benchmark problems are discussed.     

筒形件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形数值模拟

针对磁脉冲辅助冲压成形过程,提出了基于ANSYS平台的有限元分析程式,通过编制用户子程序,采用重启动分析法,建立了冲压预成形过程显式求解和瞬态磁脉冲成形"松散"耦合分析之间的动态连接,并用于5052-O铝合金圆筒形拉深件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形过程的有限元仿真研究。结果表明,所建立的有限元分析方案,能实现圆筒形件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形连续变形过程的模拟,板坯变形信息体现了准静态冲压变形和高速率磁脉冲成形之间的耦合。有限元模拟结果与实验吻合较好。     

环件轧制过程的显式有限元模拟分析

用于金属成形模拟的有限元方程的求解方法 ,主要有隐式和显式积分两种方法。对于复杂的三维变形分析 ,如环件轧制 ,隐式方法需要很长的运行时间。而利用显式方法 ,可以达到很好的效果。本文利用Abaqus /Ex plicit通用有限元程序对径向环轧进行了模拟。     

Occurence of strain path changes in a two-stage deep drawing process

This work is dedicated to the influence of the strain path change on the prediction of the deep-drawing of cylindrical cups. The aim of this work is to highlight the influence of the hardening model on the numerical prediction of the applied punch load, in the case of the 1999 Numisheet benchmark of the reverse re-drawing of cylindrical cups. The forming process consists in drawing a circular blank into a cylindrical cup in two stages, firstly in one direction and then in the opposite one. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the process were performed using the Hill’s 1948 yield criterion associated with three different hardening laws: a purely isotropic hardening, a mixed hardening with both isotropic and non-linear kinematic contributions and a dislocation-based hardening model, which takes into account transient behaviors recorded during strain path changes. The experimental setup is presented as well as results obtained with a mild steel. Numerical simulation results obtained with the three hardening models are compared with experimental ones. It is shown that there is a significant influence of the hardening model in the second stage, when important strain path changes occur during the process.     

基于数值模拟的钛合金颅骨修复体多点成形工艺设计

利用多点成形技术成形个性化钛合金颅骨修复体是一种新的数字化制造方法。文章采用动态显式有限元软件,依据实际成形条件建立有限元模型,对选用不同厚度的钢质垫板以及不同润滑条件下钛合金颅骨修复体的成形过程进行模拟,预测可能出现的破裂和起皱缺陷,分析采用不同工艺时成形缺陷的产生原因,并确定了能够获得良好结果的成形工艺。结果表明,采用有压边的多点成形方式,并使用钢质垫板和油润滑以后,可以抑制破裂和起皱缺陷的发生,得到合格的钛合金颅骨修复体,保证颅骨修复体个性化制造的成形质量。实验结果证明,模拟结果和实际吻合良好。     

板料拉深成形数值模拟关键算法的比较

在板料拉深成形过程的数值模拟中显式算法和隐式算法是两种主要的有限元算法.板料拉深成形是一个准静态的变形过程,静力隐式算法是比较合理又相对精确的方法,但计算费时,需要大量的计算机内存空间;动力显式算法计算效率高且占用的存储空间少.本文分别用基于静力隐式算法的软件ANSYS和基于动力显式算法的软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟了板料拉深成形过程,并通过与实验值相比较,验证了模拟结果的正确性.     

Plastic anisotropy in FEM analysis using degenerated solid element

Hill's quadratic, anisotropic yield criterion is implemented to the sheet metal forming simulation FEM code ITAS-3D. Several problems arouse when a constitutive equation with anisotropic yield criterion and related numerical procedures have to be formulated for shell like structures. Strategy to deal with large rotations, anisotropy updating topics and stress updating procedure for degenerated solid element used in ITAS-3D code are presented in our paper. Finally, results of numerical simulation for an anisotropic steel sheet deformed in cylindrical deep drawing process are verified by experiment.     

Deformation characteristics and cavitation during multiaxial blow forming in superplastic 8090 alloy

This work examined the effect of multiaxial stress on deformation characteristics of a superplastic aluminum alloy 8090 by deforming the sheet into a die with a cylindrical cavity. Several interrupted tests were performed to bulge the sheets to various depths for different strain rates, the formed parts were utilized to evaluate the deformation status, thickness distribution, local strain states, and cavitation. It was found that evolution of cavity volume fraction with forming time could be related to the thinning behavior of the deformed sheet during forming. Decrease in cavity volume fraction at the central region was observed in the later stage of forming as the thickness of the deformed sheet remained constant for all test forming rates.     

铝合金筒形件磁脉冲辅助冲压成形试验研究

针对铝合金筒形件传统拉深成形中由于成形性差容易出现拉裂问题,采用拉深预成形和磁脉冲辅助成形相结合的方法对5052-O铝合金板材进行筒形件成形性试验研究,探索磁脉冲辅助冲压成形工艺提高材料成形性的可能性。并研究应用磁脉冲成形减小预成形筒形件圆角半径的工艺可行性。结果表明:与普通冲压相比,磁脉冲辅助冲压成形能够提高材料的成形性,且提高放电电压和增加放电次数能增强圆角的再变形能力,圆角变形更加均匀。普通拉深筒形件减薄最严重部位出现在筒壁和圆角相接处,而磁脉冲辅助冲压成形筒形件有两个减薄严重部位:侧壁与圆角相接处和筒底与圆角相接处。     

Comparative investigation into implicit, explicit, and iterative implicit/explicit schemes for the simulation of sheet-metal forming processes

The objective of the paper is to make comparison of the effectiveness of implicit, explicit and iterative implicit/explicit finite-element analysis methods for the analysis of static and dynamic sheet-forming problems. In the finite-element simulation of sheet-metal forming processes, the robustness and stability of computation are important requirements, since the computation time and convergency became major points of consideration due to the complexity of the geometry and the boundary conditions. The implicit scheme employs a more reliable and rigorous scheme in considering the equilibrium at each step of deformation, while in the explicit scheme the problem of convergency is eliminated at the cost of solution accuracy.

In the present work the rigid-plastic finite-element method using both the usual membrane elements and bending-energy-augmented membrane elements (BEAM) is employed for computation. Computations are carried out for some typical sheet-forming examples by implicit, explicit, iterative implicit/explicit schemes, including deep-drawing involving two-dimensional hemispherical stretching, a square box and an oil pan. From comparison of the methods, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.     

Elastic-plastic finite element analysis of automotive body panel stamping processes using dynamic explicit time integration scheme

In this article, the elastic-plastic finite element formulations using dynamic explicit time-integration schemes are proposed for numerical analysis of automotive body panel stamping processes. A general formulation of finite element simulation for complex sheet forming processes with arbitrarily shaped tools is briefly introduced. In finite element simulation of automotive body panel stamping processes, the robustness and stability of computation are important requirements since the computation time and convergency become major points of consideration besides the solution accuracy due to the complexity of geometry and boundary conditions. For analyses of more complex cases with larger and more refined meshes, the explicit method is more time effective than the implicit method, and it has no convergency problem and has the robust nature of contact and friction algorithms, although the implicit method is widely used because of excellent accuracy and reliability. The elastic-plastic scheme is more reliable and rigorous, while the rigid-plastic scheme requires short computation time. The performance of the dynamic explicit algorithms is investigated by comparing the simulation results of forming of complex-shaped automotive body parts, such as a fuel tank and a rear hinge, with the experimental results. It has been shown that dynamic explicit schemes provide quite similar results to the experimental results. It is thus shown that the proposed dynamic explicit elastic-plastic finite element method enables an effective computation for complicated automotive body panel stamping processes.     

柱塞泵滑靴冷挤压成形工艺分析及数值模拟

采用机加工生产的柱塞泵滑靴零件,材料浪费严重、废品率高、抗拉强度及耐磨性较低,而改用冷挤压成形工艺可显著解决上述问题。但由于滑靴零件具有薄壁内凹球面结构,挤压过程中产生的残余应力、内球面及柱面的回弹,将使其产生裂纹及变形。通过QFORM-3D软件的模拟结果,改进实验工艺方案,有效降低实际成形的平均应力、成形力及回弹量,保证了内凹球面的尺寸精度和模具结构设计的合理性。     

Modeling and FE Simulation of Quenchable High Strength Steels Sheet Metal Hot Forming Process

High strength steel (HSS) sheet metal hot forming process is investigated by means of numerical simulations. With regard to a reliable numerical process design, the knowledge of the thermal and thermo-mechanical properties is essential. In this article, tensile tests are performed to examine the flow stress of the material HSS 22MnB5 at different strains, strain rates, and temperatures. Constitutive model based on phenomenological approach is developed to describe the thermo-mechanical properties of the material 22MnB5 by fitting the experimental data. A 2D coupled thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) model is developed to simulate the HSS sheet metal hot forming process for U-channel part. The ABAQUS/explicit model is used conduct the hot forming stage simulations, and ABAQUS/implicit model is used for accurately predicting the springback which happens at the end of hot forming stage. Material modeling and FE numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of the processing parameters on the hot forming process. The processing parameters have significant influence on the microstructure of U-channel part. The springback after hot forming stage is the main factor impairing the shape precision of hot-formed part. The mechanism of springback is advanced and verified through numerical simulations and tensile loading-unloading tests. Creep strain is found in the tensile loading-unloading test under isothermal condition and has a distinct effect on springback. According to the numerical and experimental results, it can be concluded that springback is mainly caused by different cooling rats and the nonhomogengeous shrink of material during hot forming process, the creep strain is the main factor influencing the amount of the springback.     

Investigations Into the Influence of Weld Zone on Formability of Fiber Laser-Welded Advanced High Strength Steel

In this study, two different dual phase steel grades DP980 and DP600, and IFHS steel sheets were laser welded by a 2-kW fiber laser. The weld quality of these three different LWBs was assessed with the help of microstructure, micro-hardness and transverse tensile tests. Tensile testing of longitudinal and miniature samples was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the weld zone. Formability of parent materials and LWBs were assessed in bi-axial stretch forming condition by Erichsen cupping test. To validate the weld zone properties, 3-D finite element models of Erichsen cupping test of LWBs was developed, and the failures in the deformed cups were predicted using two theoretical forming limit diagrams. It was observed that hardness of the fusion zone and HAZ in laser welded DP600 and IFHS steels was more compared to the respective parent metal. However, 29% reduction in hardness was observed at the outer HAZ of DP980 steel weldments due to tempering of martensite. Reduction of formability was observed for all the LWBs with two distinct failure patterns, and the maximum reduction in formability was observed in the case of DP980 LWBs. The presence of the soft zone is detrimental in forming of welded DP steels.     

3D FE modeling of cold rotary forging of a ring workpiece

Cold rotary forging is an advanced but much complex incremental metal forming process with multi-factors coupling interactive effects. Previous researches concentrated mainly on studying the cold rotary forging process of the cylindrical workpiece based on the analytical and experimental methods. In the current work, in order to better investigate and understand the cold rotary forging process of the ring workpiece, a 3D elastic–plastic dynamic explicit FE model of the process is developed under the ABAQUS software environment. Some key technologies of modeling methods are dealt with reasonably and some key forming conditions are also determined properly. The reliability of the proposed 3D FE model is verified experimentally. Through simulation, the distributions and histories of different field-variables such as stress, strain and force and power parameters are investigated in detail. The research results provide valuable guidelines for better understanding the deformation characteristics of cold rotary forging of the ring workpiece. Furthermore, the modeling methods presented in this paper have the general significance to study other rotary forging processes, such as the hot rotary forging process, the rotary forging process of workpiece with complex profile and so on.     

Theoretical study on hydro-mechanical deep drawing process of bimetallic sheets and experimental observations

The application of hydroforming process on aluminum-steel laminated sheets includes advantages of both process and material to improve formability of lightweight low formable aluminum sheets. In this research, analytical models were developed to investigate stress analysis and instability condition in hydro-mechanical deep drawing (HMDD) of cylindrical AL/St cups. Based on these models, several parametric study were performed regarding to the effect of thickness of layers, setting condition of layers, drawing ratio and frictional condition on key parameter of critical fluid pressure of process. The experimental works were performed on Aluminum (1050-H0)/Carbon steel (St13) two-layer sheets for verification of analytical results and the prediction of actual working pressure window. It was demonstrated that the fluid pressure window for a successful part forming could be rapidly predicted with a reasonable accuracy by the analytic model compared to lengthy and costly FEA or experimental trial and error.     

THE SHAPE DISTORTION IN DRAWING PROCESS WITH TC1Mδ0.8 TITANIUM ALLOY SHEETS

采用有限元数值模拟与成形工艺实验相结合的方法,对0.84 mm厚的TC1M钛合金板材杯形件室温拉深成形及回弹过程进行了研究.结果显示,拉深制件不仅出现凸耳和杯口厚度不均等熟知的现象,还揭示出因钛合金各向异性所引发的杯口内壁非圆化,这类形状畸变对制件的几何精度将产生不利影响.600 ℃温热拉深能有效地抑制卸载回弹,杯口内壁非圆化得以消除,但却无法改变钛板的各向异性性质,凸耳和杯口厚度不均等畸变现象依然存在.     

基于新晶体塑性模型预测织构演化的环件冷轧变形机制

提出一种新的多晶体塑性模型以从织构演化角度研究环件冷轧过程的变形机制。该模型是在晶体塑性理论框架内通过推导一套线性增量控制方程建立的。该模型可以用线性求解方法直接求解,并采用一个两步法的求解过程,确保模型计算的效率和稳定性。基于ABAQUS/Explicit平台开发了用户材料子程序VUMAT,以实现该模型与环件冷轧三维有限元模型的结合。结果表明,该模型在预测动态复杂成形过程中的应力应变响应和织构演化方面都是可靠的;从轧制环件中很强的Goss织构{110}？100？看出,环件轧向的剪切变形是环件冷轧过程中的主要变形;环坯的织构和晶体结构对轧制环件中的织构类型的影响不大;在冷轧的后期环件织构演化迅速,这导致了这一时期环件的快速长大。     

Forming limit of magnesium alloy at elevated temperatures for precision forging

Workability of magnesium alloy (ZK60) is investigated by the upsettability test and the results are applied to precision backward extrusion at elevated temperatures. In the upsettability test, cylindrical billets are compressed with concentrically grooved tools at a temperature range of 100–400 °C to obtain the critical reductions in height due to cracking and the flow curves. In backward extrusion, the container is heated to the same temperature as the billet, and the cups are formed with a mechanical press without using lubricant at temperatures from 100 to 300 °C. The finite element simulation is conducted to determine the limit of forging with two fracture criteria.It is found that the billet is brittle at temperatures lower than 200 °C. A transient phenomenon is observed at 200 °C: the specimen is fractured at a small strain in the upsettability test, while the cups are extruded without cracks at extrusion ratios greater than 3.7. The Mg alloy shows an excellent workability at temperatures from 250 to 400 °C. Temperatures higher than 400 °C are not suitable for forming of the Mg alloy because of heavy oxidation. The fracture criterion expressed by the maximum tensile stress is effectively used for predicting the forming limit of the Mg alloy at temperatures between 100 and 200 °C.