基于轴测图的化工工艺管道三维重建的研究

化工工艺管道的轴测图广泛存在于化工企业的设计和生产中,其表达接近于人们的视觉习惯,形象、逼真,从固定角度观察,有较好的立体感。分析了化工管道轴测图的表达方法和特点,研究了其从二维世界坐标到三维世界坐标的转换算法,阐述了重建过程中图形预处理,图形识别,信息提取,坐标变换和数据存储方法。在Auto CAD环境下,利用二次开发功能,实现了化工管道轴测图的三维重建,验证了算法的可行性。论文的研究结果可以推广至水利、煤气和供暖等领域的工程图纸三维重建。     

Computer aided flowsheet drawing—II: Stream layout and drawing

A methodology for machine layout of process streams involving multiple directional changes given the equipment layout and stream connection information is formulated. Also considered are the drawing of these streams and of various process equipment symbols as well as the layout and drawing of peripheral flowsheet symbols and messages. The key concepts involved are the use of a coded grid representation of the drawing space, a structural classification of stream configurations, efficient constructions for generating stream paths, and the formulation of a ranking of stream paths. A program package implementing the methodology which includes a simple yet flexible data structure for generating and storing equipment symbols is discussed and example flowsheet are given.     

管道正等轴测图的阀门与管件的参数化设计

管道轴测图是管道布置设计的基本图样之一,轴测图采用工程图样中的特定表达方法,有别于三视图表达。工程中常用正等轴测图表达管道布局,其中大量存在的阀门和管件在三个不同坐标轴方位上形状不同,绘制阀门和管件耗时费力。采用参数化设计技术,将阀门和管件进行分类,引入核心参数的概念,对每一个选定的阀门和管件实现成组一次性绘制,有效提高管道轴测图的绘图设计效率。     

Rechnergestützte Konfigurierung von RI-Fließbildern am Beispiel von Pumpen

Knowledge-based Design of PI Diagrams Exemplified for Pumps in Chemical Plant. To date, computer-aided design for flow-sheets has focussed on drawing procedures and reports extracted from these drawings. Today's software technology offers important potential which has still not been fully exploited, e.g. for the design of PI diagrams as front-end application of CAD systems. PI diagrams for process units can be designed by means of knowledge-based systems. The input information which has to be supplied by the process engineer comprises e.g. physico-chemical properties, process conditions and start-up and shut-down procedures. The results are PI diagrams as well as the documentation of the design criteria and operating instructions if manual operations on site are necessary. The potential of knowledge-based computer-aided design of PI diagrams is demonstrated in the case of pumps in chemical plant.     

单线图在工艺管道施工中的应用

国外石化工程工艺管道施工中都使用单线图，图纸简单明了，施工人员读图容易，还便于编制施工进度计划、进行材料和质量的管理与控制。笔者在国内施工时也采用单线图，效果良好。     

浅谈化工制图教学及在课程设计中的应用

《化工制图与AutoCAD》是高等院校化工类专业必修的一门专业基础课,是专门研究化工制图的阅读和绘制的一门课程,具有较强的理论性和实践性,其课程的教学质量将影响到后续的化工原理及化工设备的课程设计。为了全面提升教学质量,从解决学生的认识问题入手,通过优化教学内容,采用启发式教学,可以培养学生的空间想象、读图与绘图的能力以及工程观念。     

基于CAD系统的选矿设计图库开发

利用AUTOCAD的二次开发工具VBA部件开发选矿厂设备图库,生成的图形和CAD系统高度融合,可以用于提高选矿厂设计绘图的速度和质量.同时该图库具有设备性能查询、新设备添加的功能,使用方便.     

Plastic deformation of oriented lamellae: 3. Drawing behaviour of β-phase isotactic polypropylene

Specimens consisting of oriented β-phase lamellae of isotactic polypropylene, obtained by crystallization in a temperature gradient, were drawn at various temperatures. The deformation behaviour was investigated by means of stress-strain measurement, X-ray scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Drawings were carried out in two directions, parallel to the lamellar axis (parallel drawing) and perpendicular to it (perpendicular drawing). The maximum apparent stress and Young's modulus on parallel drawing were always larger than those on perpendicular drawing. Wide-angle X-ray scattering patterns from the specimens drawn at various temperatures showed different deformation behaviours between parallel and perpendicular drawings, which may be explained by the difference of deformation mechanism at the initial stage. As a conclusion, the deformation mechanism is classified into two steps. In the initial stage of deformation, the β-phase material is deformed mainly by interlamellar slippage (the first step). Then, the β-phase crystals are destroyed by Petermann-type unfolding or local melting (the second step). The final c-axis-oriented texture is recrystallized through destruction of the β-phase material.     

晚清民国时期的瓷绘桃花纹饰

花,在中国传统审美文化的积淀过程中,被赋予人格化的力量,成为表现和构建文化的载体,深深的溶入文学、艺术中。通过对桃花及其相关纹饰的组合,在晚清民国瓷绘艺术中的精彩,揭示其繁荣表象下,审美主体的变迁以及文化的转向对瓷绘纹饰的影响。     

Preparation of high-modulus and high-strength poly(ethylene terephthalate) fiber by zone annealing

To prepare high-modulus and high-strength PET fiber, a new method using zone drawing and zone annealing has been studied. The apparatus used for this method is the usual tensile tester equipped with a band heater 2 mm wide and a sample holder which can apply a high tension to the fiber. The experimental procedure consists of two stages: zone drawing and zone annealing. The zone drawing was done on the original as-spun fiber in order to produce a fiber with as high an orientation and as low a crystallinity as possible. The zone-drawn fiber was subsequently zone annealed under high tension by moving the band heater from one end to the other of the fiber at a temperature above the crystallization temperature at a considerably low moving speed. In spite of the simple apparatus and procedure, Young's modulus of the fiber obtained was 19.4 × 10¹⁰ dyn/cm², which is comparable to the maximum value of the high-tenacity PET filament commercially available. In order to elucidate the change in the superstructure with zone drawing or zone annealing, optical, x-ray, IR, DSC, and dynamic mechanical measurements were performed. It is suggested that the zone-annealed fiber consists of almost perfectly oriented crystallites and fully extended amorphous chains.     

基于SolidWorks爆炸图的产品说明书制作

本文主要介绍利用SolidWorks的爆炸图及工程图制作产品说明书,主要阐述了SolidWorks的爆炸图主要功能以及其工程图的一些基本功能。事实证明爆炸图对于说明书的制作有非常重要的作用。     

ARX在换热设备管板布管CAD系统中的应用

在换热设备设计中 ,采用AutoCAD二次开发技术 ,在VisualC 6 .0和ObjectARX 2 0 0 0的环境下 ,开发了管板布管CAD系统。在给定基本参数如换热器公称直径DN ,换热管直径dh,管程数N ,拉杆数Ni 等条件下 ,自动计算换热管根数和管孔中心坐标 ,并精确绘制出CAD布管图。该系统准确、方便、省时 ,界面友好 ,实现了从数据到图纸的计算机参数化绘图。     

陶瓷工业热工设备CAD系统开发及应用(Ⅰ) 系统概述

“陶瓷工业热工设备ＣＡＤ系统”能完成传统工程设计计算，砌体材料、烟囱、燃烧条件的优化设计，数据及图纸资料的管理、检索、编辑、计算机交互或半自动绘图。     

Relation Between Melt Treatment and Glass Fiber Strength

The scatter usually seen in strength data for virgin E-glass fibers can be reduced to a very low level by controlling the thermal history of the glass melt from which the fibers are formed. Provided the glass melt is heated substantially above the drawing temperature, strengths of subsequently produced groups of 10 specimens will have a coefficient of variation of ∽1%. Unless glass is prevented from stagnating in the nozzle of the fiber-forming apparatus during a pause in the drawing operation, a secondary effect, associated with the spontaneous creation of defects in the glass in the nozzle, causes fibers produced immediately after such a pause to exhibit low strengths and high scatter.     

工程图纸文本智能输入的研究与应用

在为某电力设计院开发"钢筋计算软件"时,针对使用者在做工程预算时人工录入信息较慢的问题,提出了一种将CAD图纸中的构件信息提取并自动录入数据的方法,通过为工程图纸上的字符串归类并建立相应的规则,形成自动输入的方案,实现了工程图纸文本向信息录入界面的智能输入。实践表明:这种智能输入的方法大大提高了工程预算时录入数据的速度和可靠性。     

On selection and composition in small area and mapping problems

Maps in which small areas, such as districts, are represented by colours, shades or symbols with sizes determined by the values of estimates are regarded as an indispensable graphical output of analyses concerned with the geographical detail of economic, social, ecological and epidemiological phenomena. The distortion of the distribution of the district specific quantities in such maps, due to misrepresentation of the uncertainty about the estimated values, is discussed, and an alternative based on drawing so-called plausible maps is described. We highlight the pervasive and nonignorable nature of the selection process that identifies the quantity (target) to be estimated. A problem specific to disease mapping is what action, often one of a discrete set, to take in response to the results of an analysis. We argue that the costs (values) associated with correct and incorrect decisions should be integrated in the analysis and, when an analytical treatment is not feasible, plausible scenarios played out by simulations.     

Phenomenological and mathematical analysis of the orientation in biaxially drawn polymeric films

Equations are derived that relate the orientation of “pseudo-affine” reoriented structural units after a biaxial deformation to the degrees and the directions of the effective drawings. The connection between these drawing parameters and those externally applied is analyzed in detail. It is shown how a comparison of these two sets of drawing parameters allows conclusions regarding the distribution throughout the material of the stresses that cause the deformation, the inhomogeneity of the deformation, and the role of non-orienting flow during deformation. In particular, the orientation of biaxially drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) films is investigated, and it is shown what general information can be obtained on the deformation behavior of this material on the basis of these considerations.     

METAL POROSIMETER FOR DETERMINING THE PORE VOLUME OF HIGHLY VITRIFIED WARE1

A metal porosimeter of the McLeod-Gage type has been developed for use in determining the porosity of highly vitrified ware. The glass capillary is welded directly on to the 20% chrome-steel metal cap. The metal construction gives a rugged apparatus that can be safely handled for routine work. It is as sensitive as the similar glass apparatus of Washburn and Bunting, but is not structurally delicate. A photograph and drawing with details are included. The suggestion is made that the results obtained by these types of apparatus be expressed as “per cent pore volume,” and that the results obtained by water soaking be specifically named “per cent water absorption” to distinguish between them. Results are given to show that for fairly vitrified ware, the water boiling method gives much lower porosity than the method using air as the fluid.     

PDS与AutoCAD在管道设计中的应用

介绍在管道设计中,PDS与AutoCAD两种制图软件的不同应用和特点,三维模型到二维图纸的转化,在中间文件和成品文件方面的不同实现。     

简单化学表面处理增强超高相对分子质量聚乙烯-环氧树脂粘接性能

高相对分子质量聚乙烯具有良好的化学稳定性、力学性能以及相对低廉的价格,因此在工业上得到了广泛应用。但是由于聚乙烯的强表面化学惰性,通用胶黏剂对聚乙烯的粘接能力均比较差。等离子处理、接枝聚合等表面处理技术可增加聚乙烯的可粘接性,但大多需要真空环境以及特殊设备（如等离子源）而成本较高,而且应用于大尺寸或形状复杂的部件也较困难。报道了一种简单的表面化学处理,能增加高密度聚乙烯对环氧树脂的粘接能力。结果显示,经浓硫酸-高锰酸钾溶液处理2min后,超高相对分子质量聚乙烯表面的亲水性明显增加,与环氧树脂的粘接强度增加2.5倍。红外光谱分析表明,该表面处理在表面形成了可检测的羰基。这些极性基团通过与胶黏剂的作用增加粘接强度。该表面处理方法简单、迅速、成本低廉且适用于任何尺寸及形状的待粘接部件,在制备超高相对分子质量聚乙烯纤维-环氧树脂复合材料等应用中具有良好的应用前景。