Component Fatty Acids of Some Indian Seed Oils

The seed oil Chrysalidocarpus (Areca) lutescens, Terminalia paniculata, Roth, Combretum ovalifolium, Roxb., Dioscorea oppositifolia, Linn, Dioscorea anguina, Roxb., Stachytarpheta indica, Vahl, Aristolochia indica, Sanseveria cylindrica, Sanseveria zeylanica and Basella alba have been examined for their component fatty acids.     

Consecutive Chromatographic Techniques in the Component Fatty Acid Analysis of Sardine Oil

Use of argentation TLC, and subsequent GLC analysis using methyl heptadecanoate as an internal standard, coupled with Ackman's method of linear log plot, separation factors and corrections for column loss, and detector response, have enabled detailed qualitative and quantitative estimation of the fatty acids of an Indian sardine (Sardinella longiceps) body oil. The major components are (in wt %) myristic 10.9, palmitic 24.8, hexadecenoic 11.1, eicosapentenoic 14.0, and docosahexenoic 9.1. Minor but significant amounts of odd-numbered saturated, and monoenes, and polyenoic acids of various even-numbered carbon chain lengths are also present. The method of analysis used in this investigation supplements the procedures ably developed by Ackman with the use of an internal standard method of Gunstone and Padley and can be recommended for the component acid analysis of fish oils.     

The Component Fatty Acids and Glycerides of Castor Oil

Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of methyl esters of two samples of castor oil gave the following (as wt %): palmitate 1.2, 0.9; stearate 0.7, 1.2; arachidate 0.3, 0.2; hexadecenoate 0.2, 0.2; oleate 3.2, 3.3; linoleate 3.4, 3.7; linolenate 0.2, 0.2; ricinolE'ate 89.4, 89.0; and dihydroxystearate 1.4, 1.3. Oxidative cleavage of purified methyl ricinoleate indicated that the double bond was exclusively in the 9舑10 position. Castor oil glycerides were fractionated in a 100-tube CCD apparatus using 90% ethanol and commercial hexane as solvents. Analysis of pooled fractions showed (as mole %) triricinolein 68.2, diricinoleins 28.0, mono-ricinoleins 2.9 and nonricinoleins 0.9. These results coupled with lipase hydrolysis of the whole oil and of the fractions agree well with the distribution pattern proposed by Vander Wal.     

Determination of Furan Fatty Acids in Food Samples

Furan fatty acids (F-acids) are valuable bioactive compounds found at low concentrations in food. A method for the quantitative determination of saturated F-acids in food is reported. The sample preparation is based on accelerated solvent extraction, transesterification into methyl esters and silver ion chromatography (20% AgNO₃ in silica, 1% deactivated) of the resulting methyl esters. There then follows determination of the enriched F-acid methyl (or ethyl) esters by GC/EI-MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The 9-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)-nonanoic acid ethyl ester (9M5-EE) was used as an internal standard for recovery checks. The limit of detection was 11 pg, and the recovery rate of the silver ion chromatography was 85% (n = 5). Further F-acid standards were used for evaluation of individual SIM-responses. Application of the method to various biological samples gave the following results: champignons (n = 2) contained 1.7 or 2.5 mg/100 g dry weight F-acids, while fish oil capsules (n = 5) contained between 18 and 234 mg/100 g oil F-acids distributed over up to seven F-acids. The concentrations and patterns were different to fresh fish. Accordingly, fish oil supplements seem to be a minor source for F-acids compared to (fresh) fish. Organic butter samples (n = 4) contained about twice the amount of F-acids when compared with conventional butter (n = 5).     

Microtitration of Free Fatty Acids in Oil and Biodiesel Samples Using Absorbance and/or Fluorescence of Pyranine

Free fatty acids (FFA) are measured before alkaline transesterification of oil and when testing quality of the produced biodiesel. Titration of FFA is usually monitored on a potentiometer (EN 14104 and ASTM D 664 methods) or employing the indicator phenolphthalein (AOCS Cd 3d-63). Both procedures have some disadvantages including relatively large sample masses (2–20?g), elaborate maintenance of the electrode, subjective observation of the color transition, etc. Here we describe a microtitration method based on absorbance/fluorescence of pyranine (aqueous pK 7.3). All reactants were dissolved in a medium with universal solubility, which allowed accurate optical measurements. FFA standards and test samples (5–150?mg) were titrated on standard equipment, and the sigmoid titration curves were produced. The upper bend of each sigmoid corresponded to neutralization of FFA. Fluorescence of pyranine had better “signal to noise” characteristics than absorbance when working with heavily pigmented oil samples. Blind examination of different experimental mixtures (FFA?=?0.15–40?%) revealed a close correspondence between the pyranine method and two other established procedures (EN 14104 and a variant of AOCS Cd 3d-63).     

Japanese Sardine Oil as a Source of 16:3(n-4) and 16:4(n-l) Fatty Acids

Open tubular gas liquid Chromatographic (GLC) analysis of fatty acids in Japanese sardine oil showed the contents of 1.57% hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3) and 2.55% hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4). Concentrations of 16:3 and 16:4 were carried out through the urea adduct method, argentation thin layer chromatography (TLC) and reversed phase TLC, with the purities of 16:3 and 16:4 samples obtained being both higher than 92%. They were recognized as 16:3(n-4) and 16:4(n-1) by nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the methyl esters and GLC analyses of the partially hydrazine hydrogenated products and their oxidative ozonolysis products. The structures were supported by the results of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses of the pyrrolidides. Other isomers of 16:3 and 16:4 have not been detected in the GLC analysis of the methyl esters. These results indicate that sardine oil is useful as a source of these fatty acids.     

Simultaneous Determination of Free Fatty Acids and Esterified Fatty Acids in Rice Oil by Gas Chromatography

Free fatty acids (FFA) in crude rice oil were selectively and stoichiometrically derivatized to fatty acid N,N-dimethylamides (FADMA) by catalytic condensation at 45 °C, and then esterified fatty acids (eFA) were directly converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) at 37 °C. The mixture of FADMA and FAME formed in a single test tube was injected into the capillary column of a gas chromatograph (GC). No mutual contamination occurred between FFA and eFA, and reliability of the method was confirmed by comparison between GC data obtained by this method and by a conventional isolation method. The advantages of the present method are that no FFA isolation procedures are required, the reactions proceed under mild temperature conditions, and FFA and eFA can be analyzed simultaneously by GC.     

乌桕梓油脂肪酸组成分析

乌柏是我国四大木本油料之一,种子含油量高,乌桕梓油是由种仁榨取所得的液体油脂,是轻工业、食品和国防等行业的重要油源。乌桕梓油甲酯化后,利用100 m×0.25 mm的GC毛细管柱,气相色谱法测定乌桕梓油的脂肪酸组成。测定结果表明：乌桕梓油中饱和脂肪酸占10.68%,以棕榈酸含量最高,占7.52%。不饱和脂肪酸占89.13%,单不饱和脂肪酸占18.63%,以油酸含量最高,占14.55%;多不饱和脂肪酸占70.50%;其中含量最高的为人体所必需的脂肪酸亚油酸和α-亚麻酸,分别占30.77%和39.30%。还含有相当数量天然植物中少有的奇数碳原子脂肪酸十一烷酸,占0.29%。其中月桂烯酸（占3.19%）和十一烷酸未见报道。     

Wax and Fatty Acids from Rice Bran Oil Sludges

Sludges obtained as tank settlings from solvent-extracted rice bran oil have been shown to be rich sources of wax and fatty acids. The wax content is variable, being about 18% in one sample and about 39% in a second sample of sludge. The wax was bleached to light colour. The crude wax shows good compatibility with other types of waxes. The oil fraction of sludges is high in free fatty acids (over 70%), about three fourth of which could be vacuum-distilled directly to yield light-coloured fatty acids.     

Fatty and Resinic Acids Extraction from Crude Tall Oil

Abstract

The separation of fatty and resinic acidic fractions from crude tall-oil soap solutions with n-heptane by the technique of dissociation extraction is discussed. The theory of the overall process is supported by a systematic study developed to cover the high selectivity demonstrated in the differential solubility and the aptness between fatty and diterpenic acids to both liquids phases. To study the main factors affecting those liquid-liquid extraction systems and the amphiphilic behavior of such molecules involved, sodium salts aqueous solutions of crude tall oil and synthetic mixtures as molecular acidic models were used.     

尿素包合法分离橡胶籽油中的多价不饱和脂肪酸

用尿素包合法从橡胶籽油混合脂肪酸中分离多价不饱和脂肪酸 ,用正交设计实验法对分离工艺进行研究 ,其最佳分离条件是 :原料配比为m(混合脂肪酸 )∶m(尿素 )∶m(乙醇 ) =1 0 0∶1 5∶1 8,回流时间 12 0min。经一次尿素包合法分离即可得到多价不饱和脂肪酸质量分数大于90 %的产品 ,实验收率大于 35 %     

Vernolic and Cyclopropenoic Fatty Acids in Piper nigrum Seed Oil

The seed oil of Piper nigrum has the following fatty acid composition: capric (4.1%), lauric (2.5%), myristic (3.1%), palmitic (27.2%), stearic (7.3%), oleic (29.9%), linoleie (7.7%), vernolie (7.7%), malvalie (6.3%), and sterculic (4.2%) acids.     

海南油棕果肉中脂肪酸的成分分析

用乙醚萃取海南油棕果肉中的油脂,油脂中的脂肪酸采用氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液进行甲酯化后,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC—MS）对其中的脂肪酸成分进行分析。结果分离鉴定出4种脂肪酸成分,它们分别是棕榈酸（45．62％）、油酸（37．70％）、亚油酸（8．39％）、硬脂酸（8．29％）。其中不饱和脂肪酸高达46％以上,有进一步开发利用的潜力。     

Enrichment of Omega-3 Fatty Acids of Refined Hoki Oil

Enrichment of the omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids of refined hoki oil (RHO) intact triglycerides (TG) and via free fatty acids (FFA), was carried out in the present study using established methods of dry fractionation (DF), low temperature solvent crystallization (LTSC) and urea complexation (UC) and positional distribution of fatty acids in the intact TG was determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis. Results showed that n-3 fatty acids were enriched in liquid fractions of all methods except DF, where the highest concentration was obtained via the UC method (83.00 %). The FFA form of the oil produced a higher concentration (40.81 %) of n-3 fatty acids via the LTSC method compared to the TG form (31.50 %). The percentages of the total saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the liquid fractions in all methods were lower, ranging from 1.60 % (UC) to 21.44 % (DF) compared to the RHO parent oil (24.05 %). The percentages of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the liquid fractions were similar to the solid fractions except for the UC method where total MUFA was six times higher in the solid fraction. In LTSC-FFA and UC methods, the enrichment factor for EPA was lower, ranging from 1.61 (LTSC-FFA) to 2.83 (UC), than DHA which ranged from 1.64 (LTSC-FFA) to 3.88 (UC). EPA was preferentially located at the sn-1,3 position and DHA was significantly located at the sn-2 position which is the favoured location for intestinal digestion.     

Component Acids of Azima tetracantha,lam, Seed Oil

The seed oil of Azima tetracantha, lam, contains the following acids (wt.%): myristic 0.2% palmitic 5.0%, stearic 14.8% arachidic 6.7%, behenic 2.4%, oleic 31.8%, linoleic 18.0% and eicosenoic acid 21.1%.     

Lipid Classes,Fatty Acids and Triglycerides in Papaya Seed Oil

Seed oil from papaya, cultivated in Vietnam, which accounted for 28% of the whole dried seeds and 54% of the endosperm was characterized by composition of lipid classes, fatty acids and triglycerides. Eleven triglyceride groups differing in unsaturation are determined by argentation thin-layer chromatography and densitometry. The fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of papaya seed oil are close to those of olive oil and characterize it as a good natural raw material.     

Biodegradable Photo-Crosslinked Thin Polymer Networks Based on Vegetable Oil Hydroxy Fatty Acids

Novel crosslinked thin polymer networks based on vegetable oil hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) were prepared by UV photopolymerization and their mechanical properties were evaluated. Two raw materials, castor oil and 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) were used as sources of mono- and di-HFAs, respectively. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diacrylate and poly(ε-caprolactone) diacrylate were synthesized and used as crosslinking agents to form crosslinked polymer networks by UV-initiated free-radical polymerization with acrylated castor oil or acrylated DOD. The synthesis of acrylate derivatives was confirmed using FT-IR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The composition of the reaction mixture and the type/length of crosslinking agent were changed to obtain crosslinked polymer networks with various mechanical properties. For polymers prepared from high molecular weight (20,000) PEG, a 58–60% of the initial weights decreased in 35 days in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.2) containing lipase enzyme. These potentially biodegradable polymers based on vegetable oil HFAs can be used as eco-friendly materials for various applications to replace the existing petroleum-based polymers currently used.     

Olefins from Drying Oil Fatty Acids by Catalytic Oxidative Decarboxylation

Lead tetraacetate in the presence of catalytic amounts of Cu(II) has been shown to be very effective for the conversion of carboxylic acids to terminal olefins with one less carbon atom. The advantage of this method is that a reaction temperature of only 80°C is needed and it yields very few side products. This low reaction temperature makes it ideal for the decarboxylation of drying oil derived fatty acids which contain very reactive internal unsaturation. This paper describes the use of lead tetraacetate to produce 17 carbon terminal polyolefins from unsaturated fatty acids with pyridine and lithium acetate as catalyst. The products of these reactions were analyzed by IR for disappearance of the carbonyl peak and appearance of peaks due to terminal unsaturation. IR spectra gave very little evidence of isomerization of the cis internal double bonds to the trans isomers.     

The new database Seed Oil Fatty Acids (SOFA)

After more than three years the internet‐based database “Seed Oil Fatty Acids” (SOFA) is available again (http://sofa.mri.bund.de) free of charge after registration. This database is a unique collection of information about the fatty acid composition of wild plant seeds. The data were collected from the appropriate pharmaceutical, botanical and chemical literature over a period of more than 40 years. With financial assistance from the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection via the lead partner Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR) the new database system based on mySQL and PHP as source language was created. Currently more than 18.000 different tables with about 130.000 individual data sets are searchable from the database. Additionally the database contains about 600 different fatty acids with more than 2.500 synonyms. The search for a defined (e. g. unusual or technically interesting) fatty acid or plant (family, genus, species) which contains this fatty acid is possible online. This search can be done by use of synonyms for the fatty acid (trivial name, systematic name) but also by using substructures of the fatty acid defined by an alpha‐numeric delta‐notation. It is possible to combine the search for different fatty acids by Boolean operators such as “AND” and “OR”. This paper gives an overview about the application of the different search forms and provides search examples.     

Distribution of Isomeric Octadecenoic Fatty Acids in Commercially Hydrogenated Olive Oil

Samples of cooking fats and margarines prepared from hardened olive oil were analyzed for positional isomers of the cis and trans monoene fraction. The fats were transesterified and the methyl esters were separated by silver nitrate thin layer chromatography. The monoene fraction was recovered from the plates and the positional isomers were determined by epoxidation, cleavage of methyl epoxy-octadecanoates and gas chromatographic analysis of the aldehyde esters. Hydrogenated olive oil products contain 70–75% monoenes. 25–27% of the fatty acids are in the form of trans 18:1 isomers. The position of the double bond appears to be distributed from Δ7 to Δ13. This distribution over the carbon chain is 2–4 times higher in the trans fraction of the monoenes.