非闪蒸型气液二相流压降计算的计算机程序化

确定气液二相流的流动形式对于两相流的压力降计算非常重要,而在流型判断中,使用Baker图和GriffithWallis图进行手算尚可,却不利于计算机编程。基于此,应用Origin软件对Baker图和Griffith-Wallis图进行数据回归,得到划分区域线条的函数,再使用C++语言进行编程,实现整个计算过程的计算机程序化,可快捷、准确地判断垂直管道和水平管道的二相流流型,并使用均相法和杜克勒法计算出二相流管道压力降。计算机编程能大幅度提高计算效率,在处理杜克勒法压力降计算中的迭代运算时尤为实用。经过规范中例题的验证和工程实例运行结果,证明该方法是可行和准确的。     

Single and two-phase pressure drop in serpentine mini-channels

The pressure differential of single and two-phase flow in mini-channel serpentine geometries was investigated to determine the effects of flow patterns and radius of curvature of the serpentine on pressure drop. The friction factor for single phase flow through a straight channel was comparable to existing literature, while that in the serpentine geometry fell between conventional theory for straight channels and fully developed flow in helical coils. Extension of the single phase results to two-phase flow using a separated flow model led to the development of empirical correlations for two-phase pressure drop in the straight and serpentine configurations. Five operating regions were identified within the serpentine, each with distinct pressure drop characteristics dependent on the flow pattern and extent of bubble deformation. Two of the operating regions corresponded to bubbly and slug/unstable-annular flow, while the boundaries between the three remaining regions occurred at We_LGL_C = 2.7 and 15.5; corresponding to the onset of mild cap deformation and continuous bubble breakup, respectively.     

直管式直流蒸汽发生器不同运行参数下两相流压降预测

将B&W公司的直流蒸汽发生器进行简化,采用常热流边界条件进行不同运行参数下直流蒸汽发生器二次侧流动与换热过程数值模拟,并与经典摩擦压降经验关联式进行对比。结果表明：Martinelli-Nelson关联式更适用于预测蒸干发生时两相流的摩擦压降;摩擦压降随质量含汽率增加整体呈现上升趋势,蒸干发生时摩擦压降的变化率明显增大;管内气液两相流摩擦压降随质量流量和热通量增加而增大,随运行压力增大而减小。其中质量流量、运行压力对摩擦压降的影响较明显,热通量对其影响较小。     

上升管内环状流含液体积分数与压降预测模型

对垂直上升管中气液二相环状流的含液体积分数及压降预测进行了研究,在充分考虑了环状流的流型特征以及合理假设的前提下,以二相流动力学理论和Wallis有关经验式为基础,推导出了环状流的数学模型。通过求解力学方程,获得了含液体积分数及压降预测的新模型,将新模型及已有模型与实验数据进行对比,结果表明,新模型不仅与实验结果符合良好,还具有计算速度快的特点,从而为垂直上升管内气液二相环状流含液体积分数与压降的预测提供了一种新的有效方法。     

Measurement and prediction of pressure drop in two-phase flow

Experimental data for air–water two-phase co-current flow in two different pipe diameters were used to test the prediction of pressure drop by a number of existing theories and correlations. Several models are shown to be useful for prediction, particularly with the stratified regimes which have proved difficult to handle in the past. The model suggested by Olujic proved to be of particular value.     

The pressure ratio of critical two-phase flows

Depressurization of a pressure vessel, containing a liquid or a gas is limited by the maximum possible mass flux. This flux occurs at a certain drop in pressure. The ratio of ambient pressure to that inside the vessel must be less than a certain critical value. The critical pressure ratio depends on the thermodynamic state of the fluid inside the vessel and on the geometry of the outlet cross-section. The outlet can be a pipeline, a safety valve or a rupture disk. The results of known theoretical and experimental work are presented. In previous experiments, saturated liquids, two-phase flows or pure vapours were examined. In order to predict the critical pressure ratio, certain assumptions are necessary. These are derived for three well-defined cross-sections of the vessel outlet.     

Single and two-phase flows in a horizontal pipe with a Kenics static mixer: Effect of pressure drop on mixing

Single and two-phase flows pressure drops through a Kenics static mixer were investigated, for liquid and gas Reynolds numbers ranging from 8110 < Re_L < 18 940 to 1730 < Re_G < 8680, respectively. New friction factor correlations were established for single and two-phase flows, showing better agreement than those available in the literature. Dissipated energy and characteristic time constants were estimated from experimental data. For instance, a dissipated energy with a maximum value of 510 W/kg was calculated in two-phase flow with the drift-flux model. The dispersed phase reduced the characteristic mixing times and its influence was more important than the continuous phase for all the characteristic mixing time investigated. Furthermore, the macroscopic characteristic mixing time was shown to be the governing mixing process for almost all gas and liquid flow rates explored.     

Study on pressure drop characteristics of gas-liquid swirl annular flow

Considering the influence of swirl attenuation, the pressure drop characteristics of gas-liquid spiral annular flow are studied, and the pressure drop prediction model of spiral annular flow is deduced. The swirl-straight ratio of pressure drop is defined as the ratio of pressure drop of swirl flow to straight flow, used to characterize the effect of swirl decay on pressure drop. The expression of swirl-straight ratio of pressure drop is derived by the method of dimensional analysis, and it has a strongly dependence on Lockhart-Martinelli coefficient and gas phase Froude number. Finally, the prediction model of pressure drop for gas-liquid swirl annular flow is obtained. The pressure drop characteristics of the swirl annular flow are experimentally studied in a horizontal tube with an inner diameter of 50 mm. The range of the gas superficial velocity is 10—16 m/s and the range of the liquid volume fraction (LVF) is 0.6%—4.8%. Through comparison with experimental data, the relative error of the pressure drop prediction model is within ±15%, which provides a method reference for engineering applications.     

气液螺旋环状流压降特性研究

考虑旋流衰减的影响,对气液螺旋环状流的压降特性进行研究并推导出了螺旋环状流压降预测模型。定义压降旋-直比系数为气液两相螺旋环状流和气液两相直流的压降之比,以此来表征旋流衰减对压降的影响。基于量纲分析的方法对压降旋-直比系数进行分析,推导出其表达式,压降旋-直比系数依赖于Lockhart-Martinelli 参数和气相Froude数变化。最终,得出了气液两相螺旋环状流的压降预测模型。在50 mm内径的水平管内对螺旋环状流的压降特性进行了实验研究,其中气相表观流速变化范围为10~16 m/s,体积含液率（LVF）变化范围为0.6%~4.8%。通过与实验数据进行对比,压降预测模型的相对误差在±15%以内,为工程应用提供了参考。     

小通道内两相流摩擦压降的实验研究

以氮气作为气相流体,分别采用纯水和乙醇为液相流体,对水平矩形小通道(dh=1.2 mm)内的两相流压力降开展实验研究,同时采集了两相流压降数据,采用高速摄影仪对两相流流型进行了拍摄.根据流型解释了表面张力对摩擦压降的影响,并将均相流模型和分相流模型的预测结果与实验值进行了对比.得出如下结论:在较低折算流速下,均相流模型...     

A simple friction pressure drop correlation for two-phase flow in pipes

A new correlation for the prediction of frictional pressure drop for two-phase flow in pipes is suggested which is simple and more convenient to use than other methods. To determine their reliabilities, this correlation and fourteen correlations from the literature were checked against a data bank containing 9300 measurements of frictional pressure drop for a variety of fluids and flow conditions. It was found that the best agreement between predicted and measured values was obtained using the correlation suggested by Bandel. Somewhat less but still reasonable accuracy of pressure drop prediction is provided by a group of identified correlations, which includes the correlation described in this paper.     

Vertical two-phase flow: Part II. Holdup and pressure drop

Two-phase gas-liquid flow has been investigated in a 1-inch internal diameter vertical tube coil containing two risers and a downcomer all connected by “U” bends. Pressure drop, holdup and flow pattern data were successfully obtained simultaneously in the three vertical tubes, each 17.30 ft. long, for five different air-liquid systems at about 25 psia and 50°F-80°F over flow ranges of 0–700 lb_m air/min-ft² and 140--25300 lb_m liquid/min-ft². Pressure drops and liquid holdups were plotted against gas volume flowrate with liquid flowrate as a parameter. From these plots it was found that for a combination of an increase in liquid viscosity and density, and a decrease in surface tension, the frictional pressure drop increased in down flow and decreased in upflow. Holdup, on the other hand, increased for both types of vertical flow with respect to the same combination of parameters. The Lockhart-Martinelli scheme was satisfactory in correlating frictional pressure drop and holdup in all the flow regimes except the frothy-slug regime in upflow. In downflow however, the Lockhart-Martinelli scheme met with limited success because of a strong influence of liquid flowrate, physical properties and pipe orientation. Holdup in the falling film and falling bubbly film regimes in downflow were satisfactorily treated by the drift flux approach which emphasizes the relative motion of the two phases.     

Air flows and pressure drop modelling for different pleated industrial filters

A dimensionless model was developed to determine the pressure drop across clean pleated filters, according to filter medium type, geometric characteristics of the pleating (distance between two pleats, pleat height, etc) and air flow parameters (filtration velocity, air density, etc). The model was derived from both experimental and numerical results obtained from nuclear and automotive filters — high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and low efficiency particulate (LE), respectively. The major findings were that a more homogeneous air flow distribution occured over the surface of the pleated HEPA filter, while geometric characteristics had a greater influence on the initial pressure drop across the LE filter. The numerical model highlighted the fundamental importance of the filter medium's air flow resistance on air flow distribution.     

气液两相流流过阀门局部阻力特性研究

以空气,水为工质,对进口和出口水平管内气相两相流流过闸阀的局部阻力特性进行了研究,管内直径38 mm、阀门通径4p mm.根据实验结果,总结出了空气和水两相流体流过闸阀时的局部阻力变化规律,并与前人的结果进行比较,提出了闸阀局部阻力修正系数,计算值和实验符合良好.     

微通道内伴有化学吸收气液两相流的空隙率与压力降

微通道内气液两相流空隙率与压力降对微反应器的热质传递性能有显著影响,是微反应器的重要设计参数。采用高速摄像仪和压力测量系统分别对矩形微通道内单乙醇胺水溶液化学吸收CO₂过程的空隙率和压力降进行了研究,考察了弹状流下气液两相流量与化学反应速率对空隙率及压力降的影响。结果表明:当液相流量一定时,微通道内空隙率和压力降均随着气相流量的增大而增大,空隙率随化学反应速率的增大而减小,压力降随化学反应速率的增大而增大;当气相流量一定时,随着液相流量和化学反应速率的上升,微通道内空隙率下降,而压力降上升。提出了微通道内伴有化学吸收的空隙率和压力降的半理论预测模型,模型平均误差分别为15.79%和11.12%,显示了良好的预测性能。     

Prediction of pressure drop in a modified gas-liquid downflow bubble column

A model for pressure drop in the ejector induced downflow bubble column based on mechanical energy balance within the framework of dynamic interaction of the phases has been formulated. The model includes the effect of bubble formation and form drag at interface on the pressure drop. It provides a functional form of equation for correlating pressure drop. The theoretical model proposed in the present study appears to predict the pressure drop satisfactorily for gas-liquid dispersed flow in the concurrent gas-liquid downflow bubble column.     

三种内翅片管管内流动与换热特性

在恒热流边界条件下,对以空气为工质的分别带有3种不同纵向内翅片换热管的流动与换热特性进行了实验研究,实验管带有堵塞芯管.3种不同的纵向内翅片为：平直翅片、带有突起的翅片以及波纹形翅片.得出了所测参数范围内的换热与阻力的实验关系式.采用两种不同的标准对所测3根换热管的综合换热性能进行了评价,结果表明,带有波纹形内翅片的换热管在两种评价标准下均表现出了优异的综合换热性能.