Upgrading of tall oil to fuels and chemicals over HZSM-5 catalyst using various diluents

The upgrading of crude tall oil (CTO) to fuels and chemicals was studied at atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range 370 to 440°C in a fixed bed microreactor containing HZSM-5. The oil was co-fed with diluents such as tetralin, methanol and steam. High oil conversions of the order of 80–90 wt. % were obtained using tetralin and methanol as diluents but with steam the conversion only ranged between 36 to 70 wt. %. The maximum concentration of gasoline range aromatic hydrocarbons in the liquid product was 52 and 57 wt. % with tetralin and steam but only 39 wt. % with methanol. The amount of gas product in most of the runs was 1–4 wt.%. A reaction scheme is postulated based on the results.     

Kinetic modelling of methylcyclohexane ring-opening over a HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst

A kinetic model is proposed in order to quantify product distribution in the ring-opening (using high hydrogen concentration in the reaction medium) of methylcyclohexane (MCH) over a catalyst based on HZSM-5 zeolite. The model is based on a reaction scheme proposed by Cerqueira et al. for methylcyclohexane cracking at atmospheric pressure, which has been modified in order to include the effect of hydrogen over the individual reaction steps. The experimental results used for estimating the kinetic constant were obtained in a fixed bed isothermal reactor in a wide range of conditions, i.e. 250–450 °C; WHSV = 0.5–10.5 h⁻¹ (τ = 0.095–2 g_cat h g_MCH⁻¹); pressure = 5–80 bar; H₂/MCH molar flow ratio = 4–79; conversion = 0–100%. The kinetic model proposed can be regarded as a basis for the proposal of models for ring-opening reactions of more complex naphthenic feedstock from a prior hydrogenation step involving aromatic refinery streams of secondary interest.     

Liquefaction of aspen poplar wood

Dried and green aspen poplar wood suspended in water containing alkaline catalysts has been converted completely to an oil, water-soluble chemicals and gases if heated for one hour in the presence of carbon monoxide in a rocking batch reactor. Within the ranges of parameters studied: temperature (593—633 K), nominal reaction times (0—1 h), water-to-wood ratio (0.5:1—5:1), catalyst (Na₂CO₃, K₂CO₃, NaOH), amount of catalyst (7.0—12.5 wt %) and initial hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratios (2:1—0:1), the water-to-wood ratio was most important. Oil yields of ?50% with a carbon plus hydrogen content of ?80% and representing a carbon recovery of ?66% were obtained. The higher heats of combustion ranged from 32.2 to 36.0 MJ/kg.     

HZSM-5型分子筛催化合成2-乙酰噻吩

用固体酸催化剂HZSM-5型分子筛代替液体磷酸催化合成2-乙酰噻吩,探讨了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂质量对该反应的影响。采用正交实验法优化的工艺条件是:反应温度为95℃,反应时间为2.5 h,催化剂质量为2.5 g(约占原料质量的3.5%)。最优工艺条件下2-乙酰噻吩的收率为90.60%。产物通过色谱-质谱联用仪分析可知:产品2-乙酰噻吩的质量分数约为98.28%,副产物主要是少量的3-乙酰噻吩。该实验中,固体催化剂可以回收、再生和重复使用,给出的收率几乎与新鲜的催化剂相同。     

HZSM-5催化条件下反应温度对热解油品质影响规律

在酸性分子筛HZSM-5催化条件下,以玉米秸秆粉为原料,考察了反应温度对热解油品质的影响。在自制流化床热裂解装置上,选取了5种反应温度（450℃、500℃、550℃、600℃及650℃）,进行催化热裂解实验,探究热解油含水率、pH和化学组分的变化规律。结果表明：在HZSM-5催化剂作用下,热解油含水率与pH随反应温度线性增加,酸性随着含水率的升高而减弱（pH增大）;热解油中酸类、酚类、酯类及醇类相对含量比酮类、醛类及糖类受反应温度影响更加明显;在HZSM-5催化剂与物料质量比1：10,反应温度为500℃时,热解油品质较好,腐蚀性低、稳定性高,酚类物质种类丰富、相对含量高。研究结果为HZSM-5催化条件下反应温度调控、改善热解油品质提供了一定的科学依据,有利于热解油后续高值化、环保化利用。     

改性HZSM-5分子筛催化剂芳构化性能研究

制备Ni改性及水热改性HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,并在固定床连续微型反应装置上考察对正辛烷芳构化反应的催化性能。采用低温氮吸附、NH₃-TPD和FT-IR等方法对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,随着Ni含量的增加,催化剂B酸逐渐减少,L酸逐渐增多,总酸呈现出先减少后增多的趋势,适宜的Ni含量能够促进芳构化反应。随着水热温度的提高,B酸减少,总酸增多,催化剂的芳构化活性逐渐降低。催化剂活性与表面酸性有关,尤其是与强酸量有关,强酸量下降,芳构化能力下降。     

Selective cracking of natural gasoline over HZSM-5 zeolite

This work presents a study on the catalytic cracking of natural gasoline (extracted from natural gas) over HZSM-5 zeolite. A factorial planning was carried out to evaluate the effect of temperature and W/F ratio on the cracking of natural gasoline, analyzing their effects on conversion and product distribution using an analysis based on surface response methodology. The process was optimized focusing on the maximization of the mass fractions and the production of specific products such as ethene, propene and butanes. The results have shown that the maximum selectivity and hourly mass production of ethene is obtained at high temperature (450 °C) and low catalyst weight to flow rate ratio (W/F) (7.2 to 8.2 g_cat h/mol). Maximum selectivity of propene is obtained at 350 °C and 7.0 g_cat h/mol, while the best condition for maximum mass production is found at 421 °C and 5.7 g_cat h/mol. The highest mass production of butanes is favored by high temperature (450 °C) and mid range W/F ratios (12.1 g_cat h/mol), while the highest selectivity is found at low temperature (350 °C).     

Conversion of canola oil to various hydrocarbons over Pt/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst

Canola oil conversion was studied at atmospheric pressure over Pt/HZSM-5 catalyst (0.5 mass% Pt) in a fixed bed micro-reactor. The operating conditions were: temperature range of 400?500°C, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 1.8 and 3.6 h^?1 and steam/oil ratio of 4. The objective was to optimize the amount of gasoline range hydrocarbons in the organic liquid product (OLP) and the selectivity towards olefins and isohydrocarbons in the gas product. The gas yields varied between 22–65 mass% and were higher in the presence of steam compared to the operation without steam. The olefin/paraffin mass ratio of C₂-C₄ hydrocarbon gases varied between 0.31–0.79. The isohydrocarbons/n-hydrocarbons ratio was higher with Pt/HZSM-5 (1.6–4.8) compared with pure HZSM-5 catalyst (0.2–1.0). The OLP yields with Pt/HZSM-5 (20–55 mass% of canola oil) were slightly lower compared to HZSM-5 (40–63 mass% of canola oil) under similar conditions. The major components of OLP were aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. A scheme postulating the reaction pathways for the conversion of canola oil over Pt/HZSM-5 catalyst is also presented.     

Transformation of olefin over Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst

Olefins in the cracked naphtha can be transformed into aromatics and isoparaffin to reduce the olefin content as well as to improve the octane number. In this work, Ni/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst was prepared and was characterized by nitrogen adsorption, FT-IR analysis with adsorbed pyridine as well as by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The activity of the catalyst was investigated with the transformation of 1-hexene. The experimental results show that the main reactions occurring over Ni/HZSM-5 at relatively low temperature are cracking and isomerization of 1-hexene, which results in the high concentration of olefin in the hydrotreated product. The double-bond isomerization of 1-hexene is dominant at low temperature (<220 °C) while the skeletal isomerization is elevated at high temperature, and the aromatization activity of the Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst is promoted by high temperature. The sulfided Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst shows higher aromatization activity than the reduced one and the zeolite supported Ni catalysts show comparatively better stability than that without metal components.     

催化裂化轻汽油在改性HZSM-5上的芳构化研究

采用同步浸渍法制备了w（ZnO）=2%、w(P₂O₅)=4%的ZnP/HZSM-5催化剂,以沸点75～120 ℃的催化裂化汽油馏分为原料,在小型固定床反应器上考察了工艺条件对该汽油馏分芳构化反应的影响。探讨了催化剂的失活机理。对汽油调合前后产品组成进行了对比。结果表明,在反应温度450 ℃、反应压力0.1 MPa和液空速1.0 h^-1的最佳反应条件下,原料中烯烃和烷烃转化率分别达到96.77%和88.94%,液相产品中烯烃质量分数及芳烃质量分数分别为6.79%和74.57%。再生后催化剂活性与新鲜催化剂相差无几,说明主要是由于积炭而导致失活。调合产品中烯烃质量分数较以前下降9个百分点,而芳烃质量分数上升12个百分点。     

硅油-硝酸镧复合改性ZSM-5催化剂上甲苯甲醇选择性烷基化反应性能

以HZSM-5为改性基体,甲基硅油为改性剂,采用浸渍法制备硅油改性催化剂SiHZ(3.0)和复合改性催化剂SiHZ(3.0)/La₂O₃,考察硅油-硝酸镧复合改性ZSM-5催化剂上甲苯甲醇选择性烷基化的反应性能,并与单纯硅油改性的ZSM-5催化剂进行比较,结合催化剂酸性和孔结构的表征,研究硅油-硝酸镧复合改性对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,在反应初期复合改性SiHZ(3.0)/La₂O₃催化剂上,甲苯转化率略低于单纯硅油改性的SiHZ(3.0)催化剂,对二甲苯选择性相近;反应100 h后,SiHZ(3.0)/La₂O₃催化剂活性和选择性均高于SiHZ(3.0)催化剂,说明复合改性催化剂中La₂O₃在硅油修饰外表面和孔口的基础上,进一步调变孔道内酸性质,降低强酸中心量和B酸酸量,从而显著提高催化剂稳定性。     

HZSM-5分子筛气固相催化合成苯基二氯化膦

采用HZSM -5分子筛为催化剂,在固定床内由苯和三氯化磷为原料进行气固相催化反应制备苯基二氯化膦(DCPP).考察了反应时间、原料配比、反应温度等因素对反应的影响.研究结果表明:当以HZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,n(C6H6)∶ n(PCl3) =3∶1,反应温度为380℃,反应时间为5h,载气气速为40 mL/min,催化剂用量25 g时,苯基二氯化膦的收率可以达到13.2％.采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM和TG-DTG手段对反应前后催化剂进行了表征,并考察了再生后催化剂的性能,结果表明:反应后HZSM-5分子筛晶体结构并未被破坏,分子筛积炭导致分子筛微孔堵塞是催化剂失活的主要原因,积炭成分主要是芳香族化合物或带有双键的聚合态化合物,再生后催化剂仍有较高的活性和稳定性.以HZSM-5分子筛催化剂合成苯基二氯化膦,克服了传统合成方法的解络合、难分离、操作复杂、污染环境等不足,缩短了反应操作步骤,简化了工艺流程.     

碱改性介-微孔HZSM-5分子筛催化乙醇脱水制乙烯性能

对两种不同硅铝比的HZSM-5分子筛进行碱处理,制备介-微孔复合HZSM-5分子筛,研究乙醇脱水制乙烯的催化性能,并考察碱溶液浓度和处理温度对HZSM-5分子筛孔结构和表面酸性的影响。结果表明,适宜的碱处理条件有利于分子筛发生骨架脱硅和脱铝,从而形成介孔。碱处理对硅铝比低的HZSM-5分子筛酸性质影响明显,而硅铝比高的HZSM-5分子筛在碱处理过程中酸性质变化不明显,更易发生脱硅和脱铝而形成更多介孔。碱改性介-微孔HZSM-5分子筛催化剂使乙醇脱水制乙烯催化性能得到改善,尤其低温催化活性提高,这主要归功于碱处理中介孔的形成和表面酸性的调变。     

Solid-state NMR studies of methanol-to-aromatics reaction over silver exchanged HZSM-5 zeolite

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used to study the conversion of methanol to aromatics (MTA) over silver exchanged HZSM-5 zeolites. It is the silver oxide rather than silver cation that plays a crucial role for the MTA reaction. The aromatic products (mainly toluene and benzene) are formed at the expense of the small alkanes (mainly propane and isobutane). AgZSM-5 zeolite calcined in air shows much higher activity and selectivity for the MTA conversion compared with AgZSM-5 zeolite calcined in vacuum or HZSM-5 zeolite. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed for the MTA conversion on the AgZSM-5 zeolite.     

丁硫醚在Ce-HZSM-5分子筛上的转化反应研究

开发可降硫的催化剂和助剂,既可以降低汽油中硫化物含量,又不损失汽油收率、不降低汽油辛烷值已成为新的研究思路。作者以Ce改性的HZSM-5沸石为催化剂,在固定床微型反应器中研究了丁硫醚的催化转化反应。结果表明:Ce改性后的HZSM-5对丁硫醚的脱除具有较高的活性及稳定性;硫化氢的量得到上升,并趋于稳定;丁硫醚转化率明显提高,在350℃下,Ce3 交换量为1.51%时,丁硫醚基本完全转化;而丁硫醚的裂解副产物四氢噻吩(THT)的量有增大趋势。同时探讨了丁硫醚的反应历程,认为烷基硫醚类化合物裂解过程中,碳硫键的断裂生成类硫醇物种的一步是其裂解关键步骤。     

The joint reaction of methanol and i-butane over the HZSM-5 zeolite

The effects of i-butane addition to methanol in MTP reaction were investigated over an in-house prepared HZSM-5 catalyst. It was observed that, propylene yield would be enhanced when i-butane fed to the reactor along with methanol. The rising growth of the propylene yield continued to peak on till the balance in thermal condition established. Similar trends have been observed when water was added to the mixture. The effect of WHSV with fixed water composition on product distribution was also studied. The optimum point where the highest amount of propylene yielded was shown to be high depended upon the temperature and residence time.     

偏三甲苯在改性HZSM-5分子筛上合成均四甲苯

采用离子交换制备了HZSM-5分子筛催化剂，用氟化铵溶液对其进行改性，并于不同温度下焙烧。研究了偏三甲苯-甲醇烷基化反应合成均四甲苯，考察了原料配比、反应温度和载气流量对烷基化反应的影响。     

Methane activation without using oxidants over Mo/HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts

The effect of Mo loading, calcination temperature, reaction temperature and space velocity on the catalytic performance of methane dehydrogenation and aromatization without using oxidants over Mo/HZSM-5 has been studied. The XRD and BET measurements show that Mo species are highly dispersed in the channels of the HZSM-5 zeolite, resulting from the interaction between the Mo species and the zeolite, which also leads to a decrease in its crystallinity. The Brønsted acidity, the channel structure and the state and location of Mo species in the zeolite seem to be crucial factors for its catalytic performance. It was found that 2% Mo/HZSM-5 calcined at 773 K showed the best aromatization activity among the tested catalysts, the methane conversion being 9% at 1013 K with the selectivity to aromatics higher than 90%. The experimental results obtained from the variation of space velocity gave evidence that ethylene is an initial product. On the basis of these results a possible mechanism for methane dehydrogenation and aromatization has been proposed in which both the heterolytic splitting of methane in a solid acid environment and a molybdenum carbene-like complex as an intermediate are of significance.     

High effective dehydration of bio-ethanol into ethylene over nanoscale HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts

Nanoscale and microscale HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts were prepared and characterized by using SEM, XRD, IR, TPD and modified Hammett indicator method. Their performances in the dehydration of bio-ethanol into ethylene were compared in a fixed-bed reactor at 240 °C under atmospheric pressure. The results show that nanoscale HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst exhibits better stability than microscale HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. When the 95(v) % bio-ethanol is used as the reactant, over nanoscale HZSM-5 catalyst, the conversion of bio-ethanol and the selectivity for ethylene almost keep constant during 630 h reaction, while over microscale HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, the conversion of bio-ethanol decreases after 60 h reaction; in the case of the 45(v) % bio-ethanol employed as the feedstock, over nanoscale HZSM-5 catalyst, the conversion of bio-ethanol and the selectivity for ethylene almost keep constant during 320 h reaction, while over microscale HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, both the conversion of bio-ethanol and the selectivity for ethylene decrease almost at the beginning of the reaction.     

纳米HZSM-5分子筛催化剂制备及其在乙酸丁醇酯化反应中的应用

以四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,碱性有机生物分子L-Lysine为添加剂,水热合成系列不同硅铝物质的量比的纳米HZSM-5分子筛,结合XRD、SEM、Py-FTIR和N2吸附-脱附技术,探讨分子筛结构形态、酸性与其在乙酸和丁醇酯化反应中的催化性能关系。结果表明,纳米HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的酸性位与比表面积、孔径和孔容等结构形态间存在协同作用,共同决定最终的催化效果;在反应温度125℃、乙酸用量0.125 mol、醇酸物质的量比2∶1、带水剂苯用量为10 m L、催化剂用量0.4 g和反应时间4.5 h条件下,乙酸转化率93.65%,乙酸丁酯选择性大于97%。催化剂重复使用6次,乙酸转化率仍大于90%,重复使用性能较好。