Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the growth performance of chickens and ducks for fattening and fatty acid composition of breast meat

The effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on feed intake, growth performance, carcass composition and fatty acid composition of meat tissue were investigated in broiler chickens and Pekin ducks. A total of 108 male chickens for fattening and a total of 96 male and 96 female Pekin ducks were allocated to 3 dietary treatments (0.0, 0.1 and 0.2 % CLA) and fed for 35 or 49 days. The results showed that 0.2 % CLA supplementation in the first 3 weeks improved the daily feed intake of the broilers and the feed to gain ratio, but did not significantly influence body weight, weight and the percentage of abdominal and visceral fat as well as the intramuscular fat in breast muscles. In the duck trial, the daily feed intake was significantly higher through the first 3 weeks of male control group and male 2 g CLA group compared with the female control group. The daily weight gain of all male ducks was significantly higher compared to female ducks of all groups and was not influenced by the CLA supplementation. The feed to gain ratio of the 1 g CLA-male ducks was lowest compared to male and female control ducks and 1 and 2 g CLA female ducks. Supplementing diets with CLA modified the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. The proportion of CLA was increased in broiler meat. In duck meat, the proportions of CLA, saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased and monounsaturated fatty acids were decreased.     

Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the growth performance of chickens and ducks for fattening and fatty acid composition of breast meat

The effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on feed intake, growth performance, carcass composition and fatty acid composition of meat tissue were investigated in broiler chickens and Pekin ducks. A total of 108 male chickens for fattening and a total of 96 male and 96 female Pekin ducks were allocated to 3 dietary treatments (0.0, 0.1 and 0.2?% CLA) and fed for 35 or 49?days. The results showed that 0.2?% CLA supplementation in the first 3?weeks improved the daily feed intake of the broilers and the feed to gain ratio, but did not significantly influence body weight, weight and the percentage of abdominal and visceral fat as well as the intramuscular fat in breast muscles. In the duck trial, the daily feed intake was significantly higher through the first 3?weeks of male control group and male 2?g CLA group compared with the female control group. The daily weight gain of all male ducks was significantly higher compared to female ducks of all groups and was not influenced by the CLA supplementation. The feed to gain ratio of the 1?g CLA-male ducks was lowest compared to male and female control ducks and 1 and 2?g CLA female ducks. Supplementing diets with CLA modified the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. The proportion of CLA was increased in broiler meat. In duck meat, the proportions of CLA, saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased and monounsaturated fatty acids were decreased.     

不同来源的蛋白质饲料对鲜鸭蛋感官品质与食用品质的影响

目的 探究不同来源的蛋白质饲料配比对鲜鸭蛋品质的影响。方法 以玉米-豆粕日粮中添加不同配比的菜粕、棉粕、皮革粉为不同蛋白来源饲料, 按不同配比分成10组, 分别为全豆粕组(对照组), 12%菜粕和8%棉粕组, 16%菜粕和8%棉粕组, 20%菜粕和8%棉粕组, 12%棉粕和8%菜粕组, 16%棉粕和8%菜粕组, 20%棉粕和8%菜粕组, 8%菜粕和8%棉粕组, 3.5%皮革粉组, 7%皮革粉组, 测定各组鲜鸭蛋的蛋重、蛋黄比例、蛋黄颜色、蛋形指数、哈夫单位, 以及水分含量、蛋白质含量及质构特性。结果 不同添加比例的棉粕、菜粕、皮革粉对鲜蛋蛋黄比例和蛋黄颜色均有显著性影响(P<0.05), 对鲜蛋蛋清弹性也有显著性影响(P<0.05); 随着菜粕添加比例的增加, 蛋重呈下降趋势, 蛋黄比例呈上升趋势, 以12%的比例添加菜粕蛋黄色度最高。棉粕组蛋重、蛋黄色度明显下降, 蛋黄比例略微升高; 皮革粉组蛋黄色泽最差; 棉粕添加会使鲜蛋弹性明显增加。 结论 棉粕、菜粕、皮革粉喂养蛋鸭会显著影响鸭蛋品质。菜粕的添加量以不高于12%为宜, 棉粕的添加量以不高于8%为宜, 皮革粉不适用于蛋鸭的喂养。     

菜籽磷脂预混饲料的生产

菜籽水化磷脂经真空浓缩,用质量分数1.5%双氧水脱色,然后添加适量混合脂肪酸或混合脂肪酸乙酯作流质剂,与50%豆粕加50%硅藻土组成的混合载体制成磷脂预混饲料,用于饲喂罗氏沼虾和蛋鸭,生产性能明显提高。     

Fatty acid composition, cooking loss and texture of beef patties from meat of bulls fed different fats

The effect of fatty acid composition on the properties of patties standardised to contain 15% fat was studied. Patties were made of beef from 36 Brown Swiss bulls fed on six different diets with five of them containing additional fats to achieve a high variability in body lipid composition. When the feed contained fullfat oilseeds (rapeseed, sunflower seed, linseed), the proportions of some nutritionally favourable fatty acids were increased in the patties. Patties made from the meat of bulls fed linseed and coconut oil could be distinguished in a sensory triangle test from most other groups. Cooking loss and instrumental texture properties showed no relation to fatty acid composition of patties. Cooking only slightly decreased the proportion of saturated fatty acids in favour of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, widely differing dietary fats can be fed to bulls without risking major effects on texture of beef patties.     

Rapeseed meal in complete feeds for dairy cows.

Three complete feeds containing low glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed meal (Cultivar "1788"), high glucosinolate, low erucic acid rapeseed meal (Cultivar "Span"), or soybean meal as protein supplement were evaluated with lactating Holstein cows in a double 3 X 3 Latin square design. Lactation performance, hematology, blood chemistry, serum-free amino acids, rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations, and milk fatty acid composition were measured. The 1788 ration tended to increase yield of milk and of total solids. Hematology, blood chemistry, and serum-free amino acid data showed no differencein utilization of nitrogen. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids were not different. Feeding of the high glucosinolate Span ration did not reduce feed intake. However, there were indications that Span-fed cows may have experienced hypothyroidism. No differences were in erucic acid content of milk fat, and concentrations were low. Rapeseed meals 1788 and Span and soybean meal were equal as protein supplements.     

江西地方品牌酱鸭游离脂肪酸和风味特性分析

采用气相色谱—质谱联用技术和氨基酸分析技术对江西老字号酱鸭、煌上煌酱鸭、向塘酱鸭游离脂肪酸和风味特性进行研究。结果表明:3个品牌酱鸭中共检出23种游离脂肪酸,其中顺-9-油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸为江西酱鸭的主要游离脂肪酸;向塘酱鸭中的谷氨酸含量显著高于其他两种酱鸭,为9.27g/100g;3种酱鸭中共鉴定出92种挥发性风味物质,包括烃类、醛类、酯类、醇类、酚类、酮类等,其中烃类为江西地方酱鸭的主要挥发性风味物质;气味活性值分析共得18种主体风味物质,其中(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、芳樟醇、壬醛分别为江西老字号酱鸭、煌上煌酱鸭、向塘酱鸭中贡献最大的主体风味成分。     

The use of rapeseed screenings in diets for lactating cows and subsequent effects on milk yield and composition

This trial was to determine the effect of dietary rapeseed screenings on milk production, milk composition, and feed intake of lactating dairy cows. Pelleted rapeseed screenings were fed at 0, 7, and 14% of diet DM. Assignment of 36 multiparous Holstein cows was based upon parity and previous lactation performance. The experimental period was from parturition through wk 16 of lactation. The control ration had 3.1% ether extract, whereas the ration with 14% rapeseed screenings had 5.4% ether extract. The rapeseed screenings contained 52.2% of C18:1 and 24.2% of C18:2 as percentage of total fatty acids. There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on milk yield or feed intake. There were significant increases in milk fatty acids C18:1 and C18:2 for cows consuming the diets with rapeseed screenings. Treatment did not significantly affect milk protein percentage as measured by Kjeldahl N or by the infrared method. Increased unsaturated fatty acids in the milk of cows fed rapeseed screenings had no apparent effect on infrared fat analysis. There was no interaction of treatment and milk fat analysis method (infrared versus Babcock). Dietary treatment did not affect blood serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations over the 16-wk period. In conclusion, rapeseed screenings, fed at levels up to 14% of the diet, did not affect milk yield, milk protein, or milk fat percentage but did change milk fatty acid composition.     

Effects of diet and storage on fatty acid profile,micronutrients and quality of muscle from German Simmental bulls

This study evaluated the effect of diet on fatty acid profile, vitamins, trace elements, lipid peroxidation, and quality of longissimus muscle of German Simmental bulls. The effect of storage on fatty acid profile and vitamins was also included. A control group was fed concentrate including soybean, and maize silage/grass silage. Treatment group I (unrestricted) was fed concentrate including rapeseed, and grass silage. Treatment group II (restricted) was fed like treatment group I with a feed restriction period. The treatment diet was not effective to give similar daily live weight gain to the control diet, but it was successful in improving beef fatty acid composition without affecting tenderness and colour (under unrestricted conditions). There were no differences in vitamins and cooking loss, but selenium decreased in treatment groups. Stimulated lipid peroxidation, in samples taken immediately post-mortem, was higher in treatment groups. Polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased, saturated fatty acids and intramuscular fat increased after 14 days of storage while vitamins had no significant reduction.     

谷氨酸提取母液固体发酵生产活性蛋白饲料研究

本研究以除盐谷氨到提取母液、棉籽粕和菜籽粕等为原料,固体发酵生产活性蛋白饲料。发酵产品真蛋白平均大于或等于４５％,若加入２０％的水解蛋白则可得到所基酸较平衡的真蛋白大于或等于５５％的含动物、植物、微生物为一体的优质蛋白饲料。采用该方法既消除环境污染、又开发了蛋白质饲料资源。     

菜籽粕替代鱼粉对银鲫生长性能及饲料利用率的影响

为评估硬颗粒饲料和膨化饲料中菜籽粕替代鱼粉对银鲫生长及饲料利用率的影响,试验设计了4种等氮、等能的饲料,分别用菜籽粕替代饲料中0％(对照组)、25％、50％、75％的鱼粉,利用挤压膨化技术和环模制粒技术加工成4种膨化饲料和4种硬颗粒饲料,对银鲫进行为期50 d的饲养试验.结果显示:菜籽粕替代鱼粉饲喂银鲫后的生长性能及饲料利用率都呈现下降的趋势;相同饲料配方,饲喂膨化饲料的银鲫生长性能及饲料利用率优于饲喂硬颗粒饲料的银鲫.研究结果表明,菜籽粕替代银鲫饲料中适量的鱼粉是可行的,膨化饲料饲喂银鲫的效果优于硬颗粒饲料,利用膨化加工工艺可以显著提高银鲫饲料中菜籽粕对鱼粉替代量.     

Unrestricted feed intake during the dry period impairs the postpartum oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids in the liver of dairy cows

The purpose of this study was to determine the activities of key hepatic enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in cows that had excessive body fat at parturition. Dairy cows were allocated to either an experimental group or a control group. All cows were offered a total mixed ration with an energy content of 6.6 MJ of net energy for lactation per kilogram of dry matter and consisting of corn silage, beet pulp, rapeseed meal, and soybean meal. Control cows were restricted to 6.8 kg/dry matter of the mixed ration in the dry period. Experimental cows had unrestricted access to the mixed ration during the dry period to increase body fat and induce fatty liver postpartum. Blood and liver samples were collected 1 wk before and 1, 2, and 4 wk after parturition. Before parturition, neither the serum nonesterifled fatty acids nor the hepatic triacylglycerol concentrations differed between experimental and control cows. After parturition, the values for these variables were greater in experimental cows than in control cows. Plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate increased sharply after parturition in the experimental group. In liver, the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase was already significantly lower in the experimental group before parturition. After parturition, the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase dropped in the experimental group. The activity of 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in liver was less in experimental cows following parturition. Hepatic citrate synthase activity increased only in the control group after parturition. Unrestricted feed intake before parturition reduces de novo fatty acid synthesis as well as fatty acid oxidation after parturition. The reduction in fatty acid oxidation following parturition may contribute to postpartum accumulation of triacylglycerol in the livers of cows with unrestricted access to feed during the dry period.     

菜籽饼粕蛋白的提取、功能特性及其在食品中应用的研究进展

菜籽饼粕作为油菜籽榨油后的副产物,其蛋白质含量丰富、氨基酸组成均衡,是一种优质的植物蛋白资源,但长期以来主要用于饲料行业,经济效益较低。从菜籽饼粕中提取的菜籽蛋白已被证明具有良好的乳化性、凝胶性等功能特性及降血压、抗氧化等生理活性。目前,菜籽蛋白已被欧盟及FDA批准作为新食品原料,可作为人类食用的优质植物蛋白资源。本文论述了菜籽饼粕蛋白的提取方法、功能特性及其在食品中的应用现状,旨在为菜籽饼粕蛋白的进一步开发与合理应用提供理论依据及技术支撑。     

Rheological and crystalline properties of trans-free model fat blends as affected by the length of fatty acid chains

Three structured fats were prepared by the total catalytic hydrogenation and random chemical transesterification using medium (coconut oil) and long (palmstearine, low and high erucic rapeseed oil) chain saturated fatty acids triglycerides. All three structured fats crystallized in β′ modification and had the same solid fat content profile. Hardness was dependent on the type of long chain fatty acid (palmitic, stearic and behenic) in structured fat. Molar ratio of medium:long chain fatty acids was 2:1. Model fat blends prepared on the base of these structured fats had the same solid fat content profile (at constant content of structured fat). Yield stress of the fat blends was dependent on the content and mainly on the composition of structured fat. None of the model fat blends crystallized in β modification. The substitution of the stearic–palmitic by stearic or by stearic–behenic acids in the structured fats appears possible.     

饲用油脂品质初步调查分析

目的以油脂中脂肪酸含量和极性成分为依据,用气相色谱法和快速筛查试剂盒对饲料用油脂品质进行初步分析。方法取自国内饲料企业的280份饲料用油脂样品,包括猪油、鸭油、鸡油、大豆油、大豆磷脂油、玉米油、米糠油、棕榈油等动植物油脂和未知种类的油脂,与自制或采购标准的动物油脂和植物油脂,进行脂肪酸种类、含量和极性成分的测定,对其品质作出初步判定。结果脂肪酸分析结果证明,动物油样品和植物油样品中的部分脂肪酸成分含量均发生不同程度的降低或增高;极性成分检测的83个样品中,其中标准值为0.1,极性成分吸光值在0.147～0.947的样品占55个,阳性率达66.26%。结论未知类型样品超过半数为不合格样品;未知油脂样品脂肪酸组成不符合单一油脂比值范围,推断可能为混合油脂。根据极性成分含量高低不同,判断部分样品可能为复炸油。     

Possibility of correction of erythrocyte fatty acid composition in men with anamnesis of hereditary ischemic heart disease

The results of 4-year monitoring of men with hereditary history of ischemic heart disease are presented. The examinees were divided into two groups: a group of diet correction with alimentary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) extracted from Far Eastern sardine oil and a control group which did not take part in the preventive treatment. The composition of fatty acids of erythrocytes of men from the study and control groups was analyzed in the course of preventative treatment, 3, 6 months and 4 years after it. It has been proved that the progress of disorder in composition of fatty acids in men can be stopped by using alimentary omega-3 PUFA.     

The effects of sources of supplemental fat on performance,egg quality,and fatty acid composition of egg yolk in laying hens

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sources of supplemental fat on laying performance, egg quality, and fatty acid composition of egg yolk. RESULTS: Two hundreds Isa Brown layers were assigned randomly to be fed ad libitum a standard commercial layer feed (BD), basal diet plus 2% tallow (T), basal diet plus a mixture of 1% tallow and 1% flaxseed oil (MTFO), basal diet plus 2% sunflower oil (SO), or basal diet plus 2% flaxseed oil (FO), which were offered for 8 weeks. Each diet was given to five groups, each containing 10 hens. The feed efficiency and egg production were 2.78 and 53.51% for BD; 2.30 and 63.47% for T; 2.45 and 60.14% for MTFO; 2.29 and 64.30% for SO, and 2.62 and 61.18% for FO groups, respectively. Dietary fat supplementation affected the laying performance but had no significant effects on egg quality parameters. The fatty acid composition of egg yolk lipids were significantly affected by dietary fatty acid composition. The supplemental tallow increased palmitic fatty acid. The proportions of linoleic and arachidonic fatty acids in egg yolks for layers fed the SO diet were higher than in the BD group and those on diets containing other fats. Concentrations of oleic and omega‐3 fatty acids were the highest in layers fed the FO diet during the laying period. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that dietary animal and plant fats changed the fatty acid composition of egg yolk. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

混合溶剂体系浸提菜籽冷榨饼的初步研究

以中油杂10号菜籽为原料,研究了其冷榨油和混合溶剂浸提其冷榨饼后所得毛油的脂肪酸组成,并将经混合溶剂浸提后的菜粕与菜籽冷榨饼中的蛋白、硫甙含量进行了比较。结果表明,经不同混合溶剂浸提后得到的毛油脂肪酸组成有一定差异,浸提后的粕较冷榨饼中的蛋白提高了6%,硫甙脱除率最高达42.39%,筛选出石油醚-丙酮(v∶v=1∶1)混合溶剂是比较理想的浸提溶剂。     

Effect of feeding oilseed supplements to dairy cows on ruminal and milk fatty acid composition

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of oilseed‐based supplements, rapeseed and linseed, against a barley‐based control, on the fatty acid composition, and subsequent solid fat ratio, of the milk fat from dairy cows. In addition, as a means of understanding the digestive processes which influence the milk fat composition, ruminal extracts were collected from the cows and analysed for fatty acid composition. Four lactating dairy cows each fitted with a rumen fistula were provided with silage and one of four concentrate diets. The main constituent of the concentrate supplements was either rapeseed (ground or unground), linseed (unground) or a barley control. The diets were offered in accordance with a 4 × 4 Latin square arrangement. The oilseed‐supplemented concentrates provided the cows with 620–640 g fatty acids day^?1. Experimental treatments were provided to the cows for 2 weeks, after which ruminal extracts were collected over a 24 h period and a milk sample was taken. All extracts were analysed for fatty acid composition. The diets fed influenced the long‐chain fatty acid composition of the ruminal extracts and milk fat. The proportion of C18:1n‐9 in the ruminal extracts increased from 202–224 to 282–321 g kg^?1 of the total fatty acids when the cows were provided with the rapeseed‐based diets. The linseed‐based diet increased the C18:1n‐9 proportion of the ruminal extracts from 164 to 218 g kg^?1 of the total fatty acids. Both rapeseed‐based diets also resulted in a higher proportion of C18:0 in the ruminal extract, possibly owing to biohydrogenation of the dietary fatty acids. This proportion of C18:0 in the ruminal extract was lowest immediately after feeding, increasing to a maximum 4–6 h later. Both rapeseed‐based concentrates increased the proportion of C18:1n‐9 in the milk fat to approximately 300 g kg^?1 of the total fatty acids as compared with 214 g kg^?1 for the control. The proportion of C18:1n‐9 in the milk fat from the cows offered the linseed‐based concentrate was 246 g kg^?1 of the total fatty acids. There were also significant decreases in the proportions of C16:0 in the milk fat from the cows offered all oilseed‐based concentrates. There was no difference between the fatty acid compositions of the milk fats from the cows fed the ground or unground rapeseed‐based supplements. The oilseed‐based supplements also resulted in significant decreases in the solid fat content of the milk fat at temperatures ranging from 0 to 35 °C, which would be indicative of a softer, more spreadable butter. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quality and Shelf Life of Duck Liver Pâté as Influenced by Dietary Supplementation with α-Tocopheryl Acetate and Various Fat Sources

ABSTRACT Duck liver pâté is highly susceptible to quality deterioration, particularly from lipid oxidation, because of its composition and the processes used in its manufacture. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of supranutritional amounts of α-tocopheryl acetate and dietary oils fed to ducks on the oxidative and color stability of duck liver pâté. Pâté was made from livers of ducks fed α-tocopheryl acetate with tallow, or olive, sunflower, or linseed oil. Feeding tallow produced pâté with higher saturated fats. α-Tocopheryl acetate supplementation delayed lipid oxidation and improved color stability of duck liver pâté. Dietary linseed oil induced the most lipid oxidation and the darkest color in pâté.