重整催化剂的抗硫性能研究进展

基于固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的烃类原位重整供氢技术是重要的分布式和小型化制氢方案。传统镍基重整催化剂在烃类重整过程中,原料中微量的硫化物即可使催化剂中毒失活,严重时还可能造成巨大的安全隐患。本文梳理总结了催化剂硫中毒的机理,简述了天然气、液化石油气、液态烃重整原料中硫化物的组成和含量,重点分析了已报道的用于重整反应的抗硫催化剂并总结了有效可行的催化剂抗硫方案,并从重整制氢催化剂的硫中毒机理指导高效抗硫催化剂的开发。最后,文章指出,重整催化综合性能的提升、重整原料的预处理和重整反应器设计等综合抗硫策略也是重要的研究方向。     

Progress in the sulfur resistance of reforming catalysts

Hydrocarbon in-situ reforming hydrogen supply technology based on solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an important distributed and miniaturized hydrogen production solution. Traditional nickel-based reforming catalysts often face sulfur poisoning during the reaction with trace amount of sulfur in the feedstock. In some cases, the existing sulfur may even cause severe safety risks. In this paper, the mechanisms of sulfur poisoning are summarized; the compositions and contents of sulfur species in natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and liquid hydrocarbon are briefly described; the reported sulfur resistant catalysts for different reforming reactions are reviewed, and the effective and feasible solutions for developing sulfur-tolerant catalysts are summarized. The mechanisms of sulfur poisoning could guide the design of sulfur-resistant reforming catalyst with high performance. Finally, the paper reveals that the improvement of catalytic overall performance, the pretreatment of reforming feedstock and the design of reforming reactor and other comprehensive anti-sulfur strategies are also important research directions.     

低导电性油品及液氢流体在储罐内的静电电位计算

研究了低导电性油品及低温液氢流体带静电后存储于圆柱形储罐内时形成电位的原理和分布规律。利用贝塞尔函数求解静电场泊松方程和拉普拉斯方程,得到了储罐内液体和气体部分电位值分布的表达式,绘制了电位分布曲线。分析了储罐结构参数、流体性质以及电荷密度等作用参数对于电位大小的影响,并得到电位值随这些参数的变化规律。     

Die Bestimmung von n- und iso-Paraffinen in Kohlenwasserstoffwachsen – Vergleichende Analysenergebnisse der Methoden Gaschromatographie,Harnstoffadduktierung und Molsiebadsorption

Determination of n- and iso-Paraffines in Hydrocarbon Waxes – Comparative Results of Analysis of Gaschromatography, Urea Adduction and Molecular Sieves Adsorption The n- and iso-paraffine content of two refined petroleum paraffines (solidification point 56°C and 66°C) was determined by using a glass capillary column, the splitless cool-on-column-injection and the technic of one column compensation. The n- and iso-paraffine determination of fractions, obtained by the methods of urea adduction (DGF-method M-V7 [75]) and the adsorption on molecular sieves (DGF-method M-V8 [83]) took place in the same way. The selectivity of these two methods of analysis is entered into the particulars.     

Hydrocarbon gases produced during in vitro peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and decomposition of preformed hydroperoxides

Hydrocarbon gases have been used previously as an index of lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro. In vitro experiments are reported on the formation of hydrocarbon gases from peroxidizing ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids. Hydrocarbon gases were not related during a 20-hr peroxidation phase but were released following the decomposition of hydroperoxides by addition of excess ascorbic acid. The major hydrocarbon gas products in iron, copper, or hematin catalyzed peroxidation systems were ethane or ethylene from linolenic acid, and pentane from linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Calculations of the ratios of hydrocarbon gases formed were based on fatty acid decrease and/or change in diene conjugation and peroxide values. Depending on the fatty acid, catalyst, and calculation basis used, pentane formation was a high as 1.3 mol %, ethanol 4.3 mol %, and ethylene 10.6 mol %.     

ODS替代技术--碳氢真空清洗技术

对碳氢清洗剂和真空清洗技术进行了详细论述,列举了它们在中国的应用现状,指出碳氢技术与真空清洗技术结合的良好前景,碳氢真空清洗技术将是中国替代ODS技术的最主要的清洗技术,并对其经济效益进行了分析。     

碳四现状及深加工利用新技术

传统的石油炼制和石油化工生产过程中一般都副产的大量碳四,其主要来自炼油厂催化裂化和烯烃厂蒸汽裂解的副产碳四,最近几年新建的百万吨级的蒸汽热裂解制乙烯装置以及新开发的由甲醇经过催化反应生成乙烯、丙烯为主的轻烯烃产品的新工艺、新技术的兴起,也使得副产碳四烃产量进一步增加,因此,合理利用碳四资源已成为亟待解决的问题,也是提高炼化、煤化工等企业经济效益的一个重要手段。本文主要介绍了目前碳四烃的来源、利用状况以及近年来新开发的工艺技术的进展。     

Untersuchungen vollsynthetischer Kohlenwasserstoff-Wachse

Investigation of Fully Synthetic Hydrocarbon Waxes Methods for the structural investigation of synthetic hydrocarbon waxes of a new series of Ruhrwaxes are reported. Besides the molecular weight distribution, which is determined by fractional extraction of the hydrocarbon waxes with an organic solvent and characterization of the fractions by means of molecular weights, solidification points and refractive indices, properties like ability to form adducts with urea, dilatometric and calorimetric measurements as well as assay of IR spectra serve for elucidating the structure and composition.     

Mass transfer characterization for hydrocarbon liquid–particle collision based on sensitive tracing of fluorescent probe

The heat and mass transfer characteristics during the collision process of hydrocarbon droplets and polyethylene particles in a liquid-containing gas–solid polyethylene fluidized bed reactor significantly affect the product quality. In this work, the mass transfer process of single-component hydrocarbon and bi-component hydrocarbon liquid films on the polyethylene particle surface were quantitatively characterized by a newly developed experimental approach, based on a novel synthesized hydrocarbon liquid soluble fluorescent probe for sensitive tracing of hydrocarbon liquid diffusion. It was found that the boiling point and surface tension of the liquid as well as the surface temperature of the particle are the key factors affecting the mass transfer properties of the liquid film. Marangoni convection was observed and characterized on the particle surface. The critical time for the onset of Marangoni flow is between 4 and 8 s.     

川东北地区上二叠统龙潭组烃源岩特征研究

本文以沉积学、石油地质学和油气地球化学等为基础,对川东北地区的上二叠龙潭组烃源岩进行了研究。通过分析,认为川东北龙潭组主要发育泥质烃源岩,这套优质烃源岩具有厚度大、有机质丰度高和演化程度高的特点。烃源岩干酪根的碳同位素显示烃源岩有机质为Ⅱ2、Ⅲ型,生烃史分析烃源岩主要生烃高峰期为晚侏罗世,时间较晚,对现今气藏贡献十分有利。     

Alkanes in aqueous systems. II. The accommodation of C12−C36 n-alkanes in distilled water

The accommodation of n-alkanes in the C₁₂ to C₃₆ range in distilled water was measured as a function of hydrocarbon supply, settling time, filtration pore-size, and mode of introduction. Accommodation levels for individual hydrocarbons generally fell in the range of 0.01 to 100 mg/liter; liquids were accommodated to a greater extent than solids. Settling times of many days sharply reduced the measured accommodation, as did millipore filtration. The accommodation of a given n-alkane showed a strong dependence on the supply of the n-alkane in the equilibrating aqueous system. Binary mixtures showed a limited effect of one alkane on another except in the case of mixtures of a liquid alkane and a solid alkane, in which the presence of the liquid greatly enhanced the accommodation of the solid. Similarly supply ratios were reproduced for accommodated liquid alkanes except in those systems where the supply alkanes separated into co-existing liquid and solid phases with compositions as determined by the phase rule for the particular hydrocarbon system. The accommodated alkane composition was the same as that of the liquid hydrocarbon phase. The same pattern was observed for fused mixtures of n-alkanes in the C₁₂ to C₃₆ range, and on long-term settling there was an over-all, clearcut tendency for preferential accommodation of n-alkanes in the C₁₆ to C₂₀ range at the expense of alkanes with both higher and lower carbon numbers. Contribution No. 349, Research Council of Alberta, Edmonton.     

鄂尔多斯盆地柴窑区长6油层组油气分布规律

从沉积微相、储层特征、盖层特征以及储盖组合等方面分析了长6油层组油气分布的主要控制因素,得到了研究区油气分布的几点规律。油气的分布主要受沉积微相和储层物性的控制,油气主要分布在水下分流河道沉积环境,孔隙度大于9%,渗透率大于1×10-3μm2的地区。同时盖层的遮挡能力以及储盖组合的配置条件也对油气的分布具有重要的控制作用。油气主要分布在长61油层亚组泥岩盖层发育良好,并且储盖组合良好的地区。     

医疗固体废弃物热解及其产物特性分析

目前关于医疗固体废弃物热解的研究主要集中在热解条件对产物分布的影响，在产物成分及应用方向少有报道。本试验将预处理后的医疗固体废弃物在450～550℃下进行热解处理，对热解后产生的气体、液体、固体三相产物，系统地分析了其成分及产物特性，并提出其进一步资源化利用方向。结果表明，所得气体产物中可燃组分占83.17%，热值为10995kcal/m³（1kcal=4.18kJ）；液体产物热值为8973kcal/kg，进一步分离提纯后所得产物中烃类组分占67.81%，热值可达10214kcal/kg；固体产物经过改质后，碳含量高达63.13%，热值为5455kcal/kg。研究表明，医疗固体废弃物热解得到的气、液、固三相产物在资源化利用方面都具有一定的价值，除了可以直接用作替代燃料外，三相产物中均含有多种应用广泛的化工原料。     

Particle size control in emulsions of hydrocarbon soluble polymers

Hydrocarbon solutions of polybutadiene, polyisoprene, and polystyrene may be converted into emulsions. The hydrocarbon solvent may then be removed by distillation. The molecular weight of the polymer controls the particle size of its emulsion. An increase in polymer molecular weight causes an increase in the particle size of its emulsion.     

橇装化小型轻烃回收装置技术研究

根据辽河油田某滩海油气田边缘油井生产情况,新建了一套小型撬装化轻烃回收装置,文章着重对伴生气中轻烃进行回收的工艺方案及橇装布置情况进行研究。在工艺方案方面,通过增设再生气换热器等设备回收余热,通过设置双冷箱实现冷量热力梯级利用。大大提高了能量利用率。在撬装化技术方面,文章给出了撬装化平面布置的的合理布局方法。     

Dünnschicht-Chromatographie von Kohlenwasserstoff-Wachsen an harnstoffbeschichteten Platten

Thin-Layer Chromatography of Hydrocarbon Waxes on Plates Coated with Urea Chromatographic mobility patterns of hydrocarbon waxes on normal silica gel G and urea-impregnated silica gel G plates are compared. Influence of polarity and temperature of the developing solvent, and effect of chain length and degree of branching of the wax on separation were investigated. The varying tendency of the wax components to form inclusion compounds with urea result in considerable difference in mobility patterns. Thus the various hydrocarbon waxes can be better differentiated.     

基于串联式干气密封的液态烃离心泵改造

介绍了干气密封的基本原理,采用泵用串联式干气密封对液态烃泵密封结构进行了改造.详细介绍了泵的干气密封改造方案,并进行了改造效果评价.通过干气密封改造,解决了泵机械密封易泄漏的难题,提高了泵的性能及可靠性.此外,装置的长期稳定生产得到了保障,并为液体烃泵的干气密封改造提供了值得借鉴的经验.     

Application of nanocatalytic systems for deep processing of coal and heavy petroleum feedstock

The specific features of the catalysis of deep processing (hydrogenation and gasification) of coal and hydroconversion of heavy petroleum feedstock are considered. It has been shown that it is reasonable to use new catalyst forms and catalyst introduction methods for the processing of these raw materials in view of their specific composition and properties (large size of molecules, thermal instability, and the presence of inorganic compounds in the feedstock). In particular, a dispersion of nanosized spherical particles of MoS₂ in a liquid hydrocarbon medium is an effective catalyst for the coal hydrogenation and heavy-oil hydrocon-version processes. Gaseous alkali metal hydroxides have been proposed for the gasification of solid fuels. The mechanisms of the formation of catalyst systems and some of their properties are discussed.     

Computational fluid dynamics modelling of hydrocarbon fires in open environments: Literature review

Hydrocarbon fuels are involved in most major fire accidents occurring in industrial facilities. Due to the need for an in-depth understanding of the phenomena associated with hydrocarbon fires, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling has been widely employed in the field of fire risk analysis over the last decades. The aim of the present review is to provide the reader with a comprehensive compilation and discussion of the most important aspects involving CFD modelling to simulate hydrocarbon fires in open environments. The fire sizes simulated, the fuels used, the codes employed, the variables of interest measured, the simulation purposes and the results accuracy have been examined through a wide literature survey, which includes peer-reviewed journals and congress papers dating from the 90s until now.     

Influence of liquid hydrocarbons on the ignition of metal powders in shock waves

Ignition of mixtures of metal powders with liquid hydrocarbon fuels in an atmosphere of pure oxygen and air behind reflected shock waves is studied experimentally. It is shown that the ignition delays for the mixtures are determined by the liquid phase, and the times of combustion are primarily determined by the particle size of the solid phase. Translated fromFizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 108–113, March–April, 1998.