我国空调用制冷剂回收再生的机遇与挑战

中国是全世界最大的制冷设备与制冷剂生产国和消费国,全球制冷剂超过1/3的需求量来自中国。预计至2030年,我国制冷空调行业制冷剂消费总量将达15.4~17.8万吨。本文介绍了国内外制冷剂回收再生技术及设备现状;调研了国内外对于制冷剂回收、净化再利用的相关标准,以及制冷剂中不同污染物含量的检测方法;分析了常用的传统制冷剂碳排放评价指标及优缺点,探讨了一种适合制冷剂回收再生过程的制冷剂气候性能评估指标;提出制冷剂回收、净化再利用的机遇与挑战。     

制冷剂回收再生的碳排放评估及经济性分析

我国已进入HCFCs制冷剂淘汰末期,并即将于2024年启动HFCs的产量和消费量削减.本文以制冷剂的回收再生过程为主要研究对象,基于LCCP气候性能模型,构建了制冷剂回收再生过程的碳排放量评估模型;分析了制冷剂回收再生的经济性;并对所构建模型,以汽车空调制冷剂R134a的回收再生为案例,计算其碳排放量及回收再生经济性....     

汽车空调制冷剂回收与再生方法

本文阐述了汽车空调CFCs-12制冷剂回收与再生的工艺流程、设备装置和操作方法,提出了减少制冷剂排放和保护臭氧层的建议.     

制冷剂回收过程动态数学模型及仿真

通过对回收装置和被回收制冷剂系统建立数学模型及数值计算,模拟了制冷剂回收过程中的流量变化;得出了两种环境温度、两种不同状态下制冷剂回收时的流量变化特性,并对结果进行了分析,为制冷剂回收装置的设计和性能优化提供了参考.     

制冷剂的回收、循环和再生技术在生产中的应用

通过对制冷剂的回收、循环、再生技术的工艺原理、技术特点以及设备配置、设备工作原理等方面的分析，阐述了制冷剂的回收、循环和再生技术在生产中实际应用的可行性。     

日本制冷剂回收培训教材《制冷剂回收处理技术》变化介绍

我于2003年初被聘到中国制冷空调工业协会工作,当时正值CFCs替代的后期,我便参加了这项工作,开始收集和阅读这方面资料。在这些资料中偶然发现了一本由日本冷冻空调工业协会氟里昂制冷剂再生中心（简称RRC）编写的名为《氟里昂制冷剂回收再利用技术教程》（1996年版）的书。由于本人刚刚接触制冷剂替代和回收工作,而制冷剂回收工作在国内也刚刚起步,相关资料相对匮乏我决定把该书翻成中文。在得到日本协会授权后,于2006年作为协会技术丛书在内部出版,其后,我又通过朋友,获得了2005年、2007年及2011年3个版本的《制冷剂回收处理技术》培训教材。为了介绍国内外制冷剂回收与再利用情况和我国在逐步淘汰消耗臭氧层物质的国家方案,我与西安交通大学俞炳丰教授于2007年5月编写出版了《CFCs制冷剂的回收与再利用》（机械工业出版社,2007年5月）一书。此书的内容除国内情况外,主要包括美、日两国的回收再利用情况,其中日本部分大都引用这本培训教材的内容。     

全封闭制冷设备的制冷剂回收研究

可用物理方法方便、干净地回收全封密制冷设备的制冷剂。本文介绍了该技术原理、装置和回收效果，分析了回收过程，找到了保证安全和回收的制冷剂质量等的条件和途径，回收的制冷剂可再使用。分析表明本文方法同样适用于回收新型无氟制冷剂、适用于非封闭式制冷设备。这种技术为长期沿用的极不合理、造成严重污染的“人工排放”制冷剂的维修工艺提供了一个良好的替代手段。     

中国制冷空调行业制冷剂替代策略的思考

中国制冷空调行业淘汰HCFCs面临国际上的巨大压力和挑战。为此,从直接排放和间接排放2个方面对制冷剂应用对环境影响以及从制冷剂管理方面进行分析与阐述,提出制冷空调行业应负责任地使用制冷剂:提高制冷空调设备效率,降低制冷剂间接排放,减少制冷剂充注量,加强控制制冷剂泄漏,提高制冷剂回收、再生利用率来减少制冷剂的直接排放;应进行可燃制冷剂应用的基础研究和制定产品及应用安全标准,寻找对环境影响最小、经济可行、替代成本市场可接受、安全的替代制冷剂。同时建议行业协会配合国家有关部门制定适合中国国情的HFCs制冷剂的减排基准线和减排时间表。     

论我国受控制冷剂销毁的紧迫性及潜在新技术开发的重要性

含氢氯氟烃HCFCs和具有高全球升温潜能值的氢氟烃HFCs,作为《蒙特利尔议定书》规定替代和削减的主要对象,未来几十年间处理需求量巨大,因此受控制冷剂的销毁处理是制冷剂替代工作推进的重要一环。常用的受控制冷剂销毁处理方式主要有液体喷射焚烧法、转炉焚烧法、等离子分解法及催化降解法等。本文首先综述了受控制冷剂销毁处理技术的研究进展及应用现状,同时介绍了一种低能耗、环境友好的连续高效降解废弃制冷剂的潜在新工艺路线——太阳能光热催化降解技术,并希望通过提出制冷剂回收销毁环节的发展建议来给制冷剂产业注入新的活力。     

制冷剂回收、净化和充注系统的研究

制冷设备维护和维修过程中通常涉及制冷剂的回收和定量充注,传统的制冷剂回收和充注方式主要依靠维修人员的技术和经验,常出现制冷剂泄漏或故意排放、制冷剂的过充或不足等问题,危害环境、浪费资源、影响设备性能。基于这些问题,本文提出一种制冷剂回收、净化和充注系统,以实现制冷剂自动回收、不凝气体排放、制冷剂净化、系统抽真空、液态自然充注、液态加压充注、气态自然充注、气态加压充注等功能。     

Contribution to the gas chromatographic analysis for both refrigerants composition and cell gas in insulating foams – Part I: Method

In this paper, an easy low cost chromatographic analysis for both refrigerants blend composition and cell gas in insulating foams is presented. This work firstly deals with the measurement protocols for these substances. The presented protocols are simple, likely to be used by non-specialists of chemical analysis (i.e. by refrigeration engineers). Among other methods, gas chromatography was used for separation and detection of halocarbons. For refrigerants extracted from refrigeration plants, the analysis requires a prior oil separation. As for insulating foams, analysis of cell gas composition is processed with the same protocol. Sampling remains of main importance; two possible sampling methods were validated and compared. Finally, the interest in the analysis method is illustrated with the example of a real application: study of the distillation phenomenon of a zeotropic refrigerant in an industrial refrigeration plant with flooded evaporators. The results are discussed for their consequences on the working performances of the refrigerating system. In part II, we propose original results obtained with that method to study the aging of insulating foams.     

当前制冷剂替代品发展态势及我国制冷剂生产现状

我国是制冷剂生产和消费大国,目前制冷剂的替代已进入关键时期,如何有效地实现制冷剂的替代是我国制冷空调行业未来一段时期面临的严峻考验.本文介绍国际主要行业组织对制冷剂替代品评价和推荐情况,并概述我国制冷剂的生产及新一代制冷剂替代品的研发情况.     

A cost-based method for comparing alternative refrigerants applied to R-22 systems: Remplacement du R22: méthode de comparaison des frigorigènes candidats

This paper describes the development and application of a general purpose method for comparing alternative refrigerants. The method utilizes a single performance index based upon minimum cost for a simplified system operating with a given cooling capacity and efficiency. The cost-based method is an improvement over other methods for evaluating refrigerants in that it more appropriately considers the influence of both thermodynamic and transport properties on refrigerant choice and it allows consideration of additional costs associated with some replacements (e.g. safety features for flammable refrigerants). A computer model based upon this method was used to evaluate the performance of several leading R-22 replacement candidates for window air conditioners. Primarily, the cost differences between alternative refrigerants are associated with the heat exchangers and the refrigerant/oil requirements. The cost differences associated with different compressor displacement requirements were found to have a minor influence on overall cost differences. For the optimized systems, all of the alternatives had system costs that were within about 4% of those for R-22. Further, the differences between most of the alternative refrigerants were smaller than the uncertainties in the analysis.     

Appraising the flammability hazards of hydrocarbon refrigerants using quantitative risk assessment model. Part II. Model evaluation and analysis

Hydrocarbon refrigerants present are fire and explosion hazards due to their flammability. This paper describes a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) model to evaluate the potential for ignition when hydrocarbons are employed in stationary refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. QRA enables examination of the effects that design, installation of equipment and external conditions on the frequency of ignition of the refrigerant and its consequences. Part I of this study presents the modelling approach for ignition frequencies, sub-models for refrigerant leakage and development of flammable concentration, and the associated consequences, being overpressures and thermal radiation. Part II provides recommended empirical input data and example results generated from the model.     

替代制冷剂/油与材料相容性研究进展

归纳自上世纪90年代以来国内外针对替代制冷剂/油与制冷设备内常用材料（塑料、橡胶、金属、电机材料以及干燥过滤器中的干燥剂）相容性的测试方法、测试条件和测试结果。通过综合分析各类研究成果发现,很多种替代制冷剂与原有的制冷设备中绝大多数材料都是相容的,但也出现了部分材料与替代制冷剂/油不相容的情况。本文详尽的综述可以为制冷与空调设备企业使用新型制冷剂提供设备材料选择方面的参考。同时,工作人员将替代制冷剂充注入原有的制冷设备时,也可以参考本文考虑更换原有设备中的一些材料。     

The use of non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures in heat pumps for energy saving

In the past non-azeotropic binary refrigerants were frequently proposed for use in refrigeration plants on account of their favourable qualities regarding energy economy, capacity control and bridging of wide temperature ranges. Up to now, however, they did not succeed in industrial use, because these aspects were not prevalent for the exclusive methods of refrigeration by the conventional compression refrigeration cycles. It is demonstrated that non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures provide considerable advantages for heat pump application in this direction.The possibilities of different refrigerant mixtures and their composition for use in heat pump cycles are especially regarded.First results of measurements concerning the application of those mixtures are given and discussed.     

Pressurised chamber design for conducting rolling contact experiments with liquid refrigerant lubrication

A novel pressurised chamber was designed to construct a special purpose test rig to achieve saturated liquid state of refrigerants for lubricated rolling contact fatigue experiments. Traditional bench testing using refrigerants as the lubricant is difficult due to the gaseous phase at standard atmospheric conditions. Pressurising the concentrated contact test chamber is therefore necessary to evaluate at a liquid state and therefore simulate practical applications. The gas/liquid phase transitions have a significant influence on the lubricant properties and hence wear mechanisms. It is necessary to modify the wear test conditions for the Hydrocarbon (HC) and Hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants to obtain realistic simulation of refrigerator compressor tests. The chamber design and test rig are described in this paper. A preliminary experimental study of the influence of the HC (R600a) on rolling wear of the silicon nitride (Si₃N₄)/steel elements using the pressurised chamber is presented. Rolling fatigue test methods are adopted to measure the wear performance of silicon nitride/steel bearing materials. In this case the rolling wear mechanisms of Si₃N₄ were measured using R600a refrigerant lubrication.     

A novel hybrid absorption–compression refrigeration cycle

When used in traditional pool-boiling type refrigeration cycles, non-azeotropic mixed refrigerants tend to result in a reduced efficiency compared to pure refrigerants. This results from the composition shift effect, which distributes the mixture components: concentrating the more volatile component in the high pressure part of the cycle, and the less volatile component in the low pressure part. The obvious effect of this is to increase the compression ratio relative to a single component. This article investigates a way of manipulating the composition change of a refrigerant mixture, using two components of similar volatility, in order to reduce the compression ratio. Counter-current vapour–liquid contact is used in a “refrigeration column”, which is combined with a distillation column. The cycle is able to exploit heat sources below 100°C as input to the distillation column and the designer is able to optimise the consumption of compressor power and distillation heat input.     

风冷螺杆热泵机组制冷剂替换试验研究

对R22、R407c、R134a三种制冷剂的基本物性及热力性能进行了分析比较，并在风冷螺杆热泵机组基础上进行了替换试验研究。结果表明：R407c为最佳替换R22的制冷剂；R134a替换后能效比较高，但制冷（热）量衰减过多，同时R134a的运行压力过低不太适合热泵工况。