Vanadium-cyclohexanone–initiated graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto jute fibers

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out on jute fibers using a V⁵⁺ -cyclohexanone redox initiator system. The effect of the concentration of acid, monomer, and V⁵⁺ on graft yield have been studied. In order to obtain optimum conditions of grafting, the effects of temperature, acid, reaction medium, solvent, and some inorganic salts on graft yield have been investigated. The most remarkable features of the investigation include the proposition of a mechanism and derivation of rate expression for the grafting process. More than 100% grafting could be achieved with the present system.     

Hexavalent-chromium-initiated graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto cellulose

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto cotton–cellulose has been carried out using hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) as initiator. Aqueous-methanolic solution of perchloric acid has been chosen as the reaction medium. The effect of monomer, initiator, acid, reaction medium, and temperature on the graft percentage has been found out. The reactions have also been carried out in the presence of polymerization, inhibitors, and retarders, such as hydroquinone and transition metal salts like CuSO₄, FeCl₃, etc. The grafted samples, after exhaustive separation of homopolymers and purification, were subjected to various chemical, mechanical, and thermal testings. The results of various analyses have been compared with the reference, and the improvement in the graft has been evaluated. A suitable mechanism for the grafting processes has been suggested, in accordance with the experimental results.     

Graft copolymerization reaction of water-emulsified methyl methacrylate with preirradiated jute fiber

The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with water-emulsified solution onto preirradiated jute fiber was studied. The jute samples were irradiated in the presence of air using a ⁶⁰Co source of gamma-radiation. A nonionic surfactant, commercially known as “Scintron (Triton X-114),” was used as an emulsifier. Homopolymerization was reduced by using 2-methyl-2-propene-1-sulfonic acid, sodium salt. The graft copolymerization was found to be dependent on the emulsifier concentration, radiation dose, temperature, monomer concentration, and reaction time. Maximum grafting level was achieved at temperatures in the range of 70–80°C, and the optimal reaction time for maximum grafting level was found to be between 3 and 5 h, depending on the radiation doses. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:459–468, 1997     

A study on grafting of methyl methacrylate onto jute fiber (S2O-thiourea redox system)

A study of the graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto jute fiber, using K₂S₂O₈-thiourea (TU) redox-initiating system has been made. The effects of concentration of monomer, S₂O, TU on graft yield have been studied. Besides the effects of time, temperature, acid, and amount of jute fiber, some inorganic salts and organic solvents on graft yield have been investigated. The most remarkable features of the investigation include proposition of a mechanism for the grafting process and characterization of grafted fiber by infrared (IR) and thermogravimetric studies. Grafting has improved the light fastness of jute fibers dyed with basic dyes. More than 200% graft yield could be achieved in the present investigation.     

高氯氯化聚乙烯对CR与MMA接枝共聚合的影响

以甲苯为溶剂,在９０℃条件下,研究了１０份氯含量为５７％的高氯氯化聚乙烯（ＨＣＰＥ）对１００份粘接型氯丁橡胶与７５份甲基丙烯酸甲酯（ＭＭＡ）接枝共聚合的影响。结果表明,该体系与无ＨＣＰＥ体系相比,ＭＭＡ转化率约提高４０％,产物接枝效率约高５０％,接枝度约高９０％。产物含有较高相对分子质量的级分,相对分子质量分布较宽,并且有较好的物理机械性能和较高粘接强度。     

Influence of N-acetylglycine on the kinetics of the ceric ion-initiated graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate onto jute fibers

The influence of N-acetylglycine on the kinetics of graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto chemically modified jute fibers was studied in the temperature range 40–60°C. The optimum conditions for grafting have been determined by studying the effects of concentrations of monomers, Ce(IV), and N-acetylglycine on the rate of grafting. Besides the effect of time, temperature, and concentration of the acid, the amount of jute fibers and some organic solvents and inorganic salts on the rate of grafting has been investigated. On the basis of experimental findings, a kinetic scheme has been proposed. Infrared spectra of chemically modified jute and grafted jute have been investigated. More than 185% graft yield could be achieved with the present system. Grafting has improved the thermal stability of jute fibers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Trivalent manganese chelate-initiated graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto silk fibers

The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto silk fibers was investigated in aqueous solution using Mn³⁺ acetyl acetonate [Mn(acac)₃] as initiator. The rate of grafting was determined by varying monomer, acidity of medium, temperature, and reaction medium. The graft yield increases significantly with increase of [Mn(acac)₃] concentration up to 0.01M, and with further increase of [Mn(acac)₃] the graft yield decreases. The effect of the increase of monomer concentration brings about a significant enhancement in the graft yield, and with further increase the graft yield decreases. The rate of reaction is temperature dependent; with increasing temperature, the graft yield increases. Among the solvent composition studied, a water/solvent mixture containing 10% of the solvent seems to constitute the most favorable medium for grafting, and, with further increase of solvent composition, the graft yield decreases. The effect of some inorganic salts, organic solvents, and complexing agents has been investigated.     

Radiation-Induced graft copolymerization,I. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto nylon-6

The radiation-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto nylon fibers was investigated at room temperature. The homopolymer was separated by soxhlet extraction. The graft yield increases with increase of dose rate from 0.1768 to 0.7072 Mrad. The percentage of grafting increase with increasing monomer concentration. Addition of copper sulphate and a non-ionic surfactant, sodium lauryl sulphate, supresses the formation of homopolymer. The value of G_b, the number of branches per 100 eV of energy absorbed in the substrate polymer, and the value of α, the fraction of substrate polymer grafted, have been computed. A kinetic scheme has been suggested.     

Effects of redox initiator on graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto natural rubber

Effects of cumene hydroperoxide (CHPO)/tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA), tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHPO)/TEPA, and potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈)/sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃) redox initiator on methyl methacrylate (MMA) grafted natural rubber by emulsion polymerization were investigated. The optimum reaction condition for each redox initiator on the grafting of natural rubber was studied. The grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) stays on the surface of rubber particles. CHPO dissolves very well in the oil phase and TBHPO dissolves moderately in the oil phase, and K₂S₂O₈ /Na₂S₂O₃ initiation is water‐soluble. Each can interact with TEPA in the aqueous phase. CHPO was found to give a higher grafting efficiency. To promote a greater grafting efficiency and yield a lower homopolymer content of PMMA, vinyl neo‐decanoate (VneoD) was added. Percentages of grafting of MMA on natural rubber latex initiated by CHPO/TEPA, TBHPO/TEPA, and K₂S₂O₈/K₂S₂O₃ of 84.4, 74.5, and 61.1, respectively, were in good agreement with percentages of PMMA in the aqueous phase as 7.2, 12.0, and 17.9 by CHPO, TBHPO, and K₂S₂O₈. VneoD produces allylic radicals on polyisoprene chains, favoring the grafting reaction with other vinyl monomers. CHPO/TEPA is thus a better redox system for grafting of MMA monomer on natural rubber latex. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2587–2601, 2006     

Studies on graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto poly(vinyl chloride)

The grafting of methyl methacrylate on suspension-grade poly(vinyl chloride) in the presence of lauroyl peroxide has been studied. The reaction was carried out in a water suspension of the starting PVC polymer swollen with the monomer. The influence of reaction temperature, T, starting monomer/polymer ratio, M/P, and initiator concentration, I, in the monomer on the grafting efficiency of both polymers present in the system was found to be well described by the following linear regression equations: and      

Factors affecting the photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto fibrous polymer

The effects of sample swelling, photosensitizer, and solvent on the photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto fibrous polymers such as Vinylon, nylon 6, and polyester were examined. Each separate factor, sample swelling, or solvent, or their combination, increased activity of polymerization. Only some sensitizer were effective. Studying the ESR spectra of photo-irradiated polymers also showed that either the sample swelling, the photosensitizer, or the organic solvent is very effective for the formation of polymer radicals under irradiation.     

Photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto cellulose containing benzoyl xanthate chromophore

Summary Cellulose is conveniently functionalized to the corresponding S-benzoyl cellulose xanthate. Photolysis of S-benzoyl cellulose xanthate in presence of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated graft copolymerization which was confirmed by different analytical techniques.Document No. RRLT-PRU-25     

羧甲基甲壳素接枝甲基丙烯酸甲酯的制备及成膜性

通过高速搅拌,未使用乳化剂,制备了羧甲基甲壳素和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的接枝共聚物,避免了产物中引入乳化剂杂质。利用红外光谱对接枝共聚物进行了表征。考察了不同接枝率的产物在12种常见溶剂中的溶解性,结果表明,不同接枝率的接枝共聚物都有良好的水溶性,可以形成无色透明的膜,扩大了其实际应用价值。     

Effect of solvents on gamma radiation induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto polypropylene

Methyl methacrylate was grafted onto polypropylene films using gamma radiation. Effects of different parameters, such as radiation dose, inhibitor concentration, monomer concentration, and type of solvents on the graft yield were investigated. It was established that the graft yield depends on the proper choice of solvent mixtures, and its maximum value can be obtained by using decalin/methanol mixture in the ratio 2 : 3 wt %. Thermal characteristics using differential scanning calorimetry shows that grafting has practically no effect on the crystallinity of PP. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto jute fiber initiated by cerium(IV)–DMSO redox initiator system

The kinetics of graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto chemically modified jute fibers initiated by the Ce(IV)–DMSO redox system was studied in the temperature range of 40–60°C. By studying the effects of the concentration of the monomer, Ce(IV), and DMSO on the rate of grafting, the optimum conditions for grafting were determined. Also, the effect of temperature, time, concentration of the acid, the amount of jute fiber, and some inorganic salts and organic solvents on the rate was investigated. A kinetic scheme was proposed on the basis of the experimental findings. Infrared spectra of chemically modified jute and grafted jute was investigated. More than 120% of grafting could be achieved with the present system. The characterization of MMA-grafted chemically modified jute by TGA and DTA studies was made. The thermal stability of the jute fibers was improved by grafting. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2569–2576, 1998     

Chemical modification of jute fibers. II: A study on the Fe2+/H2O2-initiated graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate,acrylonitrile, and acrylamide onto jute fibers

The study of graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, and acrylamide onto both defatted and bleached jute fibers using the ferrous ammonium sulfate / H₂O₂ redox initiator system has been made. To determine the optimum conditions of grafting, the effects of concentrations of ferrous ammonium sulfate, monomer, H₂O₂; time and temperature on percentage of graft yield have been studied. Acrylamide was found to graft onto the fiber only at a fixed ferrous ammonium ion concentration (5 × 10^?4M). Kinetic studies showed that the rates of grafting follow the second-order mechanism. The activation energies of the reactions were found to be 3.351 and 2.53 kcal/mol in the methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile systems, respectively. The grafted fibers have been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, IR spectroscopy, and XRD studies.     

Radiation induced graft copolymerization V. Graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate onto nylon-6 fiber

The radiation induced graft copolymerization of methylacrylate onto nylon-6 fiber at room temperature and in nitrogen medium was investigated. The effects of monomer, dose rate, inhibitor etc. on the graft yield have been investigated. The effect of solvents on the rate of grafting was studied from which the chain-transfer constant (C_s) of the solvent has been evaluated. Addition of certain inorganic salts was found to act as scavengers. The value of G_b, the number of branches per 100 eV of energy absorbed in the substrate polymer, was calculated. The density, moisture regain, alkali solubility, dyeability and thermal properties of the grafted nylon-6 fiber have been evaluated.     

Graft copolymerization and characterization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate onto jute fiber by photoirradiation

UV radiation induced graft copolymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate onto natural lignocellulose (jute) fiber was carried out by two methods: simultaneous irradiation and grafting and preirradiation grafting. 1‐Hydroxycyclohexyl‐phenylketone was used as the photoinitiator in both methods. In the former method, the variation of the graft weight was measured for different values of radiation exposure time and the concentrations of both the monomer and photoinitiator. The latter method produced up to 76% graft weight compared to 45% obtained with the former method. The preirradiation method offers better control of the homopolymerization reaction compared to that afforded by the other method. The optimum value of the reaction parameters on the graft weight was evaluated. The mechanical properties of grafted samples were found to be drastically different from those of the as‐received ones and the effect was proportional to the percentage of graft weight. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed that the percentage of graft add‐on of hydroxyethyl methacrylate with jute had a significant effect on the thermal properties. IR studies indicated the degree of grafting could be estimated by correlating the band intensities with the graft weight. The jute samples grafted with poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) at a level of 12% graft weight exhibited a maximum 20% increase in hydrophilicity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2898–2910, 2006     

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto jute fibers. Studies on vanadium (V)-cyclohexanol redox system

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto natural jute (chemically modified) was studied using V⁵⁺ -cyclohexanol redox initiator system. The effects of time, concentration of metal ion (V⁵⁺), monomer (MMA), substrate, amount of jute fibers, temperature, and acid concentration on graft yield have been studied. The effects of some organic solvents and inorganic salts on graft yield have also been studied. A grafting mechanism is proposed and an expression has been derived for the reaction rate. Grafting has improved the thermal stability and the light fastness of jute fibers dyed with basic dyes. IR spectra of the natural jute (chemically modified) and grafted jute have been taken. More than 170% graft yield could be achieved with the present system.