垂直U型管两相流流型和传热研究(I)——U型管弯管段两相流流型转变

对垂直U型管弯管段空气-水同向流动时气液两相流在不同速度范围内流型间转变进行了试验,试验用内径21.5mm有机玻璃管,弯管半径分别为694、500和320mm.流型采用直接观察法及电导探针法确定.所得数据与Mandbane等人及Weiman等人的水平管转变关系式作了比较.根据试验结果,给出了以折算气体和液体速度V_(SG)及V_(SL)为座标的总流型图,提出了计算流型转变的关联式.     

Influence of tube inclination on the flow regime boundaries of condensing steam

Flow regime data of condensing steam inside an inclined 13.4 mm ID tube are presented. The effect of upward and downward inclinations within ± 10° on the different transition lines is discussed. In all test runs, complete condensation has been achieved inside the condenser, with or without full tube at exit depending on the total mass flow rate and inclination angle. It is shown that the zones occupied by the wavy and slug regimes experience significant shifts, whereas the effect on the annular flow boundary appears to be insignificant at the present small inclination angles. The present data sets are compared with adiabatic gas-liquid flow regime maps developed analytically and experimentally for horizontal and inclined tubes. Deviations due to the condensation process are observed; however, consistent trends are identified among the two types of flow.     

Analysis of the stratified / nonstratified transitional boundary in horizontal and slightly inclined condensing flows

A mechanistic model has been developed for determining the stratified boundary for condensing flows in horizontal and slightly inclined tubes. Two formulations, a complete and a simplified version are considered for the equilibrium liquid level. Good agreement is found between the two formulations and generalized results were derived from the simplified version of the model. From these results, the effect of condensation is shown to be equivalent to adding a small upward inclination in adiabatic gas-liquid flow. The predicted transition line is compared with flow-regime data of different fluid properties, tube diameters, and inclinations. The predictions agreed reasonably well with the data.     

水基纳米流体在水平毛细管中的气液两相流流型特性

研究了在内径为1.6 mm的水平玻璃毛细管圆管内的氮气-氧化铜水基纳米流体的两相流流型分布图, 实验气体是氮气,实验液体是由去离子水、氧化铜纳米颗粒和十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）组成的悬浮液。首先对氮气-去离子水在水平毛细管内的两相流流型图进行了实验研究,将实验结果与前人提出的应用于常规管的半理论半经验公式进行了比较。然后在水中添加不同比容积的SDBS和氧化铜纳米颗粒制备成纳米流体,对纳米流体在水平毛细管内气液两相流的流型图进行了研究。结果表明,使用纳米流体后,毛细管内的分层波动流区域显著增加。纳米流体对两相流流型的影响主要是由添加表面扩散剂和纳米颗粒后降低了溶液表面张力产生的。纳米流体中的纳米颗粒和表面扩散剂浓度对流型图几乎无影响。     

非线性振动下水平通道气液两相流动

将振动装置与气液两相流实验回路相结合,对非线性振动工况下水平通道内气液两相流进行实验研究。重点考察了不同振动参数对流型转换界限及摩擦压降的影响。流型图表明,非线性振动工况和稳态工况下的气液两相流动形式不同,提高振动的频率和幅度会导致流型转换界限发生改变。由实验得到的气液界面分布结果表明,振动频率对相界面波动程度有显著影响,而振动幅度则主要影响截面含气率。最后对比了非线性振动工况下的摩擦压降和经验公式的计算结果,发现两者在数值和分布上均无明显差异,说明稳态下两相流摩擦压降计算公式同样适用于非线性振动工况。     

水平气液两相流流型空间图像信息复杂性测度分析

为了考察从图像灰度序列提取的复杂性测度与气液两相流流型变化之间的关系,本文首先从高速摄影系统拍摄的60种流动工况下水平管内气液两相流流型图像中提取了三种复杂性测度（Lempel-Ziv复杂度,分形盒维数,Shannon信息熵）,在此基础上研究了不同表观气速下三种复杂性测度的混沌动力学特性,以及对气液两相流流型的表征能力。实验结果表明：三种复杂性测度均能敏感地指示出流型的变化;通过对三种复杂度随两相流流动参数变化规律分析,可以得到气液两相流动力学结构反演特征, 为揭示气液两相流流型转化机理和定量识别流型提供了一种有效的辅助诊断工具。     

水平管气液两相变质量流流型从分层流向非分层流的转变

基于文献中提出的针对常规管中气液两相流分层流稳定性的分析,考虑管壁入流对流型的影响,通过公式推导和分析得出了水平管中气液两相变质量流流型从分层流向非分层流转变的准则。通过室内实验研究和预测计算,分析了3种不同的流型转变准则中多个入流流量下管壁入流对流型转变的影响。研究结果表明,实际水平井筒的单位入流流量通常较小,对本地管道单元流型预测的影响可以忽略不计,但是通过不断累积,使得下游管道中流动参数发生变化,从而影响了下游管道单元中气液流动的流型。因此水平孔缝管中气液两相变质量流的流型判别可以采用常规管流型判别准则,但要分段进行。     

On the annular-to-wavy flow pattern transition during condensation inside horizontal tubes

The annular to wavy and intermittent flow pattern transition during condensation inside horizontal tubes was investigated. Eight data sets corresponding to different tube diameters and different test fluids were used to test the predictions of several diabatic and adiabatic correlations. Deficiencies were found in these correlations which prevented consistent agreement with the data base. An improved correlation is proposed and shown to have a good deal of generality and accuracy in predicting this transition.     

螺旋管内油-水液液两相流流型

在两种不同放置位置螺旋管内进行了油 -水液液两相流流型的实验研究 ,定义了各种不同流动条件下油-水两相流的流型 ,给出了螺旋管内液液两相流的流型图 .进而讨论了各流型之间转变的机理 ,并考察了螺旋管结构尺寸及放置方式对油水两相流流型及相转变特性的影响 .     

管束间气液两相流动特性的研究进展

综述了气液两相流体横掠水平管束流动特性的最新进展。对先前研究气液两相流体向上、向下流过顺列和错列管束时的含气率、流型和压降特性进行了归纳和分析,详细介绍了绝热条件下基于实验结果建立的流型图、预测含气率和摩擦压降的半经验公式以及各种预测方法的差异。最后,表明发展数据和建立模型仍是绕流研究的重点。     

水平管气液两相分层流界面剪切预测研究进展

水平管气液两相分层流虽流型简单,但由于界面存在复杂的动量和能量传递,分层流的界面剪切预测至今没有一致的结论。本文从理论模型、实验模型、数值计算3个角度出发,详细阐述水平管气液两相分层流界面剪切预测的研究现状,得出不同研究方法的优势和缺陷。针对3种研究方法,指出理论模型通过模型简化和经验关联式来建立封闭模型,实验模型则在封闭关系上修正经验关联式,但由于简化假设和实验条件的限制,使得这两种研究方法对界面剪切应力的预测具有一定的局限性;数值计算能够弥补机理模型在流场细节等方面的不足,但能够提供界面剪切预测或封闭关系的工作很少。此外,对比了5种不同形式的已有模型对气液两相分层流持液率和压降预测的结果。最后展望了水平管气液两相分层流界面剪切预测的研究趋势,提出理论和实验研究需要提出更详细的局部模型,并考虑工程实际工况进行研究,发展针对气液界面计算的新方法,并为分层流提供封闭关系则是数值计算研究面临的挑战。     

FLOW PATTERN AND PRESSURE DROP IN TEES

Visual observations of single and two-phase dividing flow and measurements of the gas-liquid separation behaviour, void fraction and pressure drop were performed in T-junctions having a horizontal run and vertical branch. Both tees used were geometrically similar, in scale 1:4. Plug, slug and stratified flow were observed in horizontal tubes causing mainly a total separation of the gas flow in the branch. For plug and slug flow the diverging flow pattern was stable, while for the stratified flow strong oscillations were measured. Furthermore a calculation method was developed for the prediction of the form-resistance pressure drop, based on the Gardel correlation for single-phase flow taking account of the two-phase flow pattern and the flow restriction in the tee-branch, which gives satisfactory results for all our measured data from both tees.     

COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件数值模拟气液两相流的可行性研究

在多相流实验管路系统中,设计向上30°倾斜管道中气液两相流的实验方案和流程,进行气液两相流流型实验研究,并绘制气液两相流流型图。再利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,对向上30°倾斜管中气液两相流中不同时刻的体积分数进行数值模拟研究,验证COMSOL Multiphysics应用于气液两相流的可行性。结果表明采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件数值模拟向上倾斜管道中气液两相流流型的分析结果与室内实验法结果基本一致,可信程度较高,可作为分析气液两相流流型的主要方法之一。     

水平管内多孔板后的气液两相流型可视化实验

多孔板后是否形成均匀分散的泡状流流型是影响多孔板废气吸收装置吸收效果的关键因素。以空气和水作为两相介质,对气液两相混合物在水平管内流经多孔板后形成的流型进行实验。通过孔径分别为2、3、4、5 mm的4只多孔板在内径98.5 mm水平有机玻璃管内的可视化流动及高速摄像,研究了孔径大小、气相流量变化及液相流量变化对多孔板后流型的影响规律。实验结果表明：水平管内插入多孔板后,分层/塞状流转变边界向液相流量增大方向推移,塞状/泡状流转变边界向液相流量减小方向推移;随气相流量减小或液相流量增大,多孔板后流型趋于形成泡状流;孔径大小对多孔板后流型具有重要影响,减小孔径使塞状/泡状流转变边界移向更大气相流量和更小液相流量,即形成泡状流的两相流量范围增大;随孔径减小,孔板后流型趋于由分层流直接过渡至泡状流,塞状流趋于消失。为保证多孔板吸收装置的良好流型和吸收效果,建议多孔板孔径不大于3 mm。     

油气水三相段塞流与滚动波流型的转变

Compared with gas-liquid two-phase flow,oil-gas-water three-phase flow is much more complex. There is immiscible oil-water,whose interaction and dispersion greatly affects the flow characteristics. The slug flow pattern of oil-gas-water three-phase and its flow pattern transition were studied in a 95 m long,51 mm i. d. horizontal pipe. The oil-gas-water three-phase slug flow pattern could be classified into five sub-flow patterns. The slug flow was W/O or O/W one during its transition to roll wave,which was three-layer flow pattern without mixed-phase on the interface. An even larger superficial gas velocity was needed for the transition boundary of slug flow and roll wave flow when the superficial liquid velocity is large. Besides,the region of roll wave flow pattern became smaller. The above-mentioned transition only happened when the water cut of liquid was between 30% and 70%. At the same superficial liquid velocity,there appeared a minimum superficial gas velocity corresponding to the transition of flow pattern when the water cut of liquid was between 40% and 50%.     

Flow pattern in horizontal and vertical two phase flow in small diameter pipes

New data on flow pattern transition for gas liquid flow in small diameter tubes (4 to 12 mm) is presented. The experimental results are compared with previously published models for horizontal and vertical flows considered to be valid for medium and large diameter pipes. The effect of surface tension which might be expected to be important in small diameter pipe flow has been found to affect only the stratified-slug transition in horizontal flow. A modification to the model to include this effect is proposed.     

气液界面摩擦因子对分层流向段塞流过渡的影响

根据气液两相流段塞稳定性理论,结合分层流理想化模型,对直径2.54 cm水平管内空气-水两相流出现段塞流时的各相临界表观速度和临界液层高度进行了理论预测,并且分析了气液两相界面的摩擦因子对于预测流型转变的影响.由于在不同的气相流速范围内,段塞流由不同形式的界面波形成,当气相表观速度小于 4 m(s(1时,由大振幅波形成段塞流,而当气相表观速度大于 4 m(s(1,段塞流由小波长的滚动波合并而成,因而根据实测数据对界面摩擦因子的计算进行了补充修正,并且应用到对应的气相流速范围.基于所给出的计算方法解得发生分层流向段塞流转变的临界表观速度和临界液层高度,并和实验数据进行了比较. 结果表明所做的修正可以避免以往理论预测中出现的低估情况,求得的各临界特征参数值和实验结果吻合得较好.     

Flow Structures of a Liquid Film Falling on Horizontal Tubes

Patterns of a liquid film falling across a vertical array of horizontal tubes change from droplet mode at low flow rates to liquid sheet at high flow rates. Between these limits, liquid columns form as a further stable flow pattern. The transition from one flow mode to another occurs via unstable structures consisting simultaneously of droplets and columns or of merging columns. The boundaries of the flow modes can be obtained from relationships expressing the flow rate as a function of physical properties, that is, the Reynolds number as a function of the Kapitza number. Correlations for the pattern boundaries recommended in the literature are compared with each other and found to be in acceptable agreement for practical purposes.     

CFD在自吸反应器气液流动和传质特性研究中的应用

针对配置气体分布器的六叶轮自吸反应器建立了欧拉气液两相流三维瞬态模型,耦合Higbie气液传质模型,采用CFX软件对其气液混合过程的流场、气含率、吸气速率及溶氧传递过程进行数值模拟,获得了反应器的流动特性、气液分散性能、吸气特性及气液传质特性.分析了反应器内水平及竖直位置上的流型特征及溶氧传递性能,结合实验数据及经验关联式对比分析了对气含率及吸气速率的预测作用.结果表明,六叶轮转子及其配置的气体分布器可以获得较均匀的气液混合,气含率及吸气速率的预测与实验值偏差分别为5.2% 和17.6%,模拟发现在反应器底部近壁处溶氧及混合效果不佳.     

周期性扩缩微通道内气液两相流型及其演变特性

以空气和水为实验工质,利用IDT高速摄像仪和Nikon生物显微镜组成的可视化系统对水平放置的PDMS周期性扩缩微通道内的气液两相流型及其演变特性进行实验研究。观察到的主要流型为间歇流和分离流。对于间歇流,气体以离散形式分布在液相中或者是液体以分散形式分布在气相中,而且气相分散跟液相分散交替存在。对于分离流,气体主要沿气体进口壁侧流动,液体主要沿液体进口壁侧流动。两相中存在明显的分界面,沿流动方向界面产生波动。通过改变气液两相表观流速,得到气液两相流型分布,进而提出间歇流与分离流流型转换的准则关系式。结果表明,同一液相表观流速下,三角凹穴型微通道间歇流向分离流转变所需的气相表观流速略小于扇形凹穴微通道。