电渣重熔对高氮17Cr-17Mn-2Mo奥氏体不锈钢冶金质量和性能的影响

通过50 kg真空加压感应炉+气氛保护电渣重熔(ESR)熔炼的超低碳17Cr-17Mn-2Mo-0.8N奥氏体不锈钢,研究了该钢ESR前后的夹杂物含量和尺寸、冶金质量和力学性能。结果表明,经电渣重熔,钢中夹杂物含量明显降低,夹杂物平均尺寸由重熔前的2.36μm降低至1.81μm,钢中硫含量由重熔前0.004%降低至0.001%;电渣重熔后Φ20 mm锻材组织均匀细小,力学性能R_m、A和A_(KU)分别从重熔前924 MPa、30.5%和248 J提高到1 053MPa、50.0%和296 J;电渣重熔消除了电极中的气孔缺陷,电渣锭成材率较电渣前提高了30%以上。     

17-7PH沉淀硬化不锈钢电渣重熔过程洁净度的变化

采用35 t电弧炉-AOD脱碳-LF精炼-模铸工艺制备了17-7PH沉淀硬化不锈钢自耗电极,并通过气体保护电渣炉重熔得到了2 t重的电渣锭。利用ASPEX扫描电镜分析了电渣重熔前后17-7PH钢中夹杂物数量、尺寸、成分的变化规律,并采用SEM-EDS进一步观察夹杂物的形貌及组成。研究结果发现,电渣重熔后,O含量由6.6×10^-6降至5.7×10^-6,N含量由200×10^-6降至180×10^-6。重熔前后夹杂物的类型没有变化,重熔后总的夹杂物数量大幅减少,特别是大颗粒夹杂物的数量明显减少、尺寸减小。电渣锭中总的夹杂物以AlN夹杂物为主,其尺寸较大、数量最多。为了提高17-7PH钢电渣锭的洁净度,应尽可能减少自耗电极中的N含量,以减少电渣重熔过程AlN夹杂物的生成量。     

Ni-22Cr-12Co镍基高温合金电渣重熔TiN变化行为

 通过金相分析、扫描电镜、能谱分析,同时结合热力学及动力学计算的方法,对Ni-22Cr-12Co镍基高温合金电渣重熔TiN变化行为进行研究,结果表明：在试验条件下,真空锭和电渣锭中的夹杂物均为以Al2O3为核心的TiN夹杂物;电渣重熔过程中,计算所得TiN回溶时间为1.17s;电渣重熔对去除TiN夹杂物几乎不起作用;计算所得TiN析出尺寸约为5μm,略小于试验值。     

电渣重熔马氏体时效钢中的非金属夹杂物研究

应用电子扫描法（SEM＋EDS）和金相法,对真空感应熔炼（VIM）及随后进行电渣重熔（ESR）的改进型18NiNb马氏体时效钢中的非金属夹杂物进行了定性和评级分析。结果表明,电渣重熔对去除钢中的硫化物和尺寸较大的单颗粒夹杂效果明显,电渣重熔后钢中的夹杂物主要为细小的氧化物夹杂,数量明显减少、且呈弥散分布,进一步提高了18NiNb合金钢的钢锭质量。     

保护气氛电渣重熔对DZ2高速车轴钢成分及夹杂物的影响

对DZ2高速车轴钢铸坯进行氩气保护气氛电渣重熔并轧制成车轴坯成分分析和检测轴坯、氢氧含量及夹杂物的数量、尺寸和形貌,并与铸坯直接轧制成的车轴坯进行比较。结果表明：电渣重熔后,轴坯纵横向上的成分较均匀(0.25%～0.27%C),但平均Si和Al含量分别从锭头的0.25%和0.018%降至锭尾的0.23%和0.015%;钢中氢和氧含量分别由铸坯的0.85×10^-6和9×10^-6增至电渣锭的1.52×10^-6和10×10^-6。电渣重熔轴坯中的夹杂物主要是小球状的钙铝酸盐,其尺寸在10μm以上的很少,5～10μm的数密度为0.068个/mm²,1～5μm的为0.04个/mm²。保护气氛电渣重熔不仅可以去除钢中的大型夹杂物,还可以使小尺寸夹杂物的数量显著降低。     

全封闭Ar气保护电渣重熔GH4169合金

上海五钢采用ALD 5t全封闭Ar气保护电渣重熔炉 ESR(Ar)冶炼了GH4 16 9合金锭 ,分析结果表明 ,ESR(Ar)电渣锭氧、硫含量和锭头尾碳、铝、钛之差远低于一般ESR工艺 ;VIM(真空感应熔炼 ) +ESR(Ar)工艺冶炼合金中平均氧含量 6× 10 - 6 远低于VIM +VAR(真空电弧重熔 )工艺冶炼合金中平均氧含量 13× 10 - 6 ,所以ESR(Ar)工艺脱氧效果优于VAR工艺     

UNS N10276合金电渣重熔凝固组织及成分偏析研究

研究了UNS N10276合金大规格电渣重熔锭铸态组织、合金元素偏析行为以及合金中析出相的析出规律,并结合热力学计算系统分析了电渣重熔凝固组织及偏析的形成原因。研究结果表明,UNS N10276合金电渣锭具有典型枝晶组织,电渣锭头部的二次枝晶间距明显大于尾部。合金在凝固过程中,Mo、Mn、Si、C等元素富集于枝晶间,属于正偏析元素;Fe、W、Cr等元素富集于枝晶干,属于负偏析元素。Mo是偏析最严重的元素且在电渣锭头部偏析量最大。UNS N10276合金电渣锭中的主要析出相为枝晶间和沿晶界分布的大尺寸μ相和M6C碳化物相。Mo元素是析出相主要形成元素,且在电渣锭头部析出数量多,析出相尺寸大。因此,为改善UNS N10276合金冶金质量及其热加工性能,在成分设计和实际生产中应尽量减少Mo元素偏析,并尽可能地减少其析出相的形成。     

8Cr13MoV钢电渣重熔过程中夹杂物行为

 研究了电渣过程在不同电流强度和冷却强度条件下,刀剪用8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢中夹杂物的行为和组织变化。研究表明,经过电渣重熔,8Cr13MoV钢中的主要夹杂物是以MnS、TiN、Al2O3以及以Al2O3为核心,（V,Ti）N为外围的复合夹杂物;电渣过程电流强度和冷却强度的变化对夹杂物类型没有影响;随电渣重熔电流强度增加,电渣锭中夹杂物的个数比和面积比减小,夹杂物粒径分布中较小尺寸的夹杂物数量增加;随电渣重熔冷却强度增加,夹杂物个数比基本不变,面积比减小,夹杂物粒径分布中较小尺寸的夹杂物数量增加,夹杂物得到细化。     

70CaF_2-30Al_2O_3渣系电渣重熔Cr13Mn4Mo不锈钢中夹杂物的演变

采用70CaF_2-30Al_2O_3渣系对Cr13Mn4Mo钢进行电渣重熔试验。利用SEM/EDS、氧氮分析仪和碳硫分析仪分析和检测了Ф55mm电极及Ф120mm(36 kg)电渣锭中全氧含量、硫含量及夹杂物的数量、尺寸和形貌,钢中MnS夹杂的析出过程进行了热力学分析。结果表明,电渣重熔后钢中全氧含量由0.0121%降低至0.0044%,硫含量由0.010%降低至0.002%,和电极相比,电渣锭中夹杂物数密度由855个/mm~2降低至257个/mm~2,钢中夹杂物的尺寸明显减小,为1μm左右Al_2O_3夹杂,以及以Al_2O_3为核心,外层附着MnS的复合夹杂。热力学计算表明,在实验条件下没有单个的MnS生成,这与SEM/EDS分析结果吻合。     

冶炼工艺对FGH96合金洁净度的影响

研究了不同冶炼工艺对粉末高温合金洁净度影响，通过扫描电镜及能谱仪对比研究了真空感应熔炼(VIM)、真空水平连铸(VHCC)和真空感应熔炼(VIM)+电渣重熔(ESR)3种冶炼工艺对FGH96母合金棒料杂质元素含量及夹杂物成分、形貌、尺寸、数量的影响。研究结果表明，采用VHCC或VIM+ESR双联工艺比采用VIM单联工艺制备的粉末母合金具有更高的洁净度。3种冶炼工艺生产的母合金棒料中夹杂物均由氧化物夹杂、碳氮化物夹杂和以氧化物为核心的碳氮化物复合夹杂组成。VIM单联制备的母合金棒料夹杂物数量和尺寸明显高于VHCC和ESR生产的棒料；VHCC棒料中夹杂物数量最少，且分布均匀；ESR棒料夹杂物尺寸最小，但边缘处夹杂物数量最多。3种工艺生产的棒料通过等离子旋转电极制粉后，筛出的夹杂物数量变化趋势与母合金基本一致，VIM+ESR冶炼工艺可以有效提高FGH96合金棒料及其粉末洁净度。     

Characteristics of AlN inclusions in low carbon Fe–Mn–Si–Al TWIP steel produced by AOD-ESR method

Argon oxygen decarburisation–electroslag remelting (AOD-ESR) process has been well used to produce the Fe–Mn–Si–Al twinning induced plasticity steel (TWIP) steels. The characteristics of AlN inclusions formed in TWIP steels after AOD refining, ESR and forging process were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry. An automated program called ‘INCAFeature’ was used to collect statistics of inclusion characteristics. Great differences on the amount, distribution and morphologies of AlN inclusions were observed in AOD ingots, ESR ingots and forgings. The dominating inclusions in AOD ingots are mainly single Al(O)N and MnS(Se)–Al(O)N aggregate, accounting for 66.7% of the total inclusions. After the ESR process, AlN inclusions in all size range significantly decreased, which were rarely observed in ESR ingots. Thermodynamic calculations show that AlN inclusions can precipitate in the liquid Fe–Mn–Si–Al TWIP steels, which is different from the viewpoint of literatures that the precipitation of AlN inclusions took place at solidifying front or solid phase. Furthermore, the thermodynamic calculation result has been verified by high temperature laser scanning confocal microscope experiments.     

Assessment of Oxygen Control and Its Effect on Inclusion Characteristics during Electroslag Remelting of Die Steel

Deoxidation during electroslag remelting of S136 die steel was experimentally studied. The characteristics of inclusions in the electrode and ESR ingots were determined by image analyzer and SEM‐EDS. The results show that the oxygen content can be reduced from 89 ppm in the electrode to the lowest (12 ppm) in the ingot only when protective Ar gas remelting in combination with specially designed slag deoxidation treatment were employed simultaneously. The proportion of the oxygen combined as oxide inclusions increases with decreasing the total oxygen content in ESR ingot. The original inclusions in the electrode are mainly large (Mn,Cr)S and the large inclusions in the form of Al₂O₃ core surrounded by an outer sulfide layer, besides a few pure Al₂O₃ inclusions. After ESR process, while only pure Al₂O₃ inclusions with the size of about 1 µm were observed in ESR ingots. The large inclusions in the electrode were removed during ESR process. With higher oxygen content in the ingot, the contents of inclusions and large inclusions would be relatively higher. The results from industrial experiments have confirmed the availability of the present oxygen control technique. The mechanisms of oxygen behavior and control as well as inclusion evolution during ESR process were proposed based on experimental results along with thermodynamic analysis.     

High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufactured by Nitrogen Gas Alloying and Adding Nitrided Ferroalloys

 A simple and feasible method for the production of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels involves nitrogen gas alloying and adding nitrided ferroalloys under normal atmospheric conditions. Alloying by nitrogen gas bubbling in Fe Cr Mn Mo series alloys was carried out in MoSi2 resistance furnace and air induction furnace under normal atmospheric conditions. The results showed that nitrogen alloying could be accelerated by increasing nitrogen gas flow rate, prolonging residence time of bubbles, increasing gas/molten steel interfaces, and decreasing the sulphur and oxygen contents in molten steel. Nitrogen content of 069% in 18Cr18Mn was obtained using air induction furnace by bubbling of nitrogen gas from porous plug. In addition, the nickel free, high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with sound and compact macrostructure had been produced in the laboratory using vacuum induction furnace and electroslag remelting furnace under nitrogen atmosphere by the addition of nitrided alloy with the maximum nitrogen content of 081%. Pores were observed in the ingots obtained by melting and casting in vacuum induction furnace with the addition of nitrided ferroalloys and under nitrogen atmosphere. After electroslag remelting of the cast ingots, they were all sound and were free of pores. The yield of nitrogen increased with the decrease of melting rate in the ESR process. Due to electroslag remelting under nitrogen atmosphere and the consequential addition of aluminum as deoxidizer to the slag, the loss of manganese decreased obviously. There existed mainly irregular Al2O3 inclusions and MnS inclusions in ESR ingots, and the size of most of the inclusions was less than 5 μm. After homogenization of the hot rolled plate at 1 150 ℃×1 h followed by water quenching, the microstructure consisted of homogeneous austenite.     

不同冶炼工艺的A286沉淀硬化不锈钢中夹杂物对比探讨

A286奥氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢(国内也称GH2132高温合金)是一种应用广泛的650 ℃以下使用的高温紧固件材料。该材料在实际生产使用中,使用了电炉+炉外精炼+电渣重熔(EAF+LF+ESR)和真空感应+真空自耗(VIM+VAR)两种冶炼生产工艺,而到目前为止国内对这两种工艺生产的A286不锈钢材料还未进行系统的对比研究。实验将以上两种冶炼工艺的A286试验钢作为研究对象,使用Aspex夹杂物分析仪、扫描电镜(SEM)等试验工具,对两种试验钢的组织,非金属夹杂物的种类、成分、粒径大小及分布、形态等差异及特点进行了对比研究。结果表明,EAF+LF+ESR冶炼的试验钢中的夹杂物数量、面积是VIM+VAR工艺试验钢的3倍以上;两种试验钢中的夹杂物均有TiC、TiN、Ti(C,N)等种类,前者的夹杂物以TiN夹杂物为主,且多为大尺寸链状,纵横比较大,形状较复杂,对材料室温力学性能和耐腐蚀性能不利;后者的夹杂物以TiC为主,尺寸较小且形状较简单。通过将A286试验钢中的N质量分数控制在0.001%以下,可以将含Ti夹杂物的数量、大小等控制在较低的水平。EAF+LF+ESR工艺由于自身工艺特点,试验钢中P含量较高,约为VIM+VAR工艺试验钢P含量的10倍,据资料可能有利于A286不锈钢的高温蠕变性能。研究结果可为在不同环境和服役要求下使用A286不锈钢提供技术参考。     

不同冶炼工艺的A286沉淀硬化不锈钢中夹杂物对比探讨

A286奥氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢(国内也称GH2132高温合金)是一种应用广泛的650 ℃以下使用的高温紧固件材料。该材料在实际生产使用中,使用了电炉+炉外精炼+电渣重熔(EAF+LF+ESR)和真空感应+真空自耗(VIM+VAR)两种冶炼生产工艺,而到目前为止国内对这两种工艺生产的A286不锈钢材料还未进行系统的对比研究。实验将以上两种冶炼工艺的A286试验钢作为研究对象,使用Aspex夹杂物分析仪、扫描电镜(SEM)等试验工具,对两种试验钢的组织,非金属夹杂物的种类、成分、粒径大小及分布、形态等差异及特点进行了对比研究。结果表明,EAF+LF+ESR冶炼的试验钢中的夹杂物数量、面积是VIM+VAR工艺试验钢的3倍以上;两种试验钢中的夹杂物均有TiC、TiN、Ti(C,N)等种类,前者的夹杂物以TiN夹杂物为主,且多为大尺寸链状,纵横比较大,形状较复杂,对材料室温力学性能和耐腐蚀性能不利;后者的夹杂物以TiC为主,尺寸较小且形状较简单。通过将A286试验钢中的N质量分数控制在0.001%以下,可以将含Ti夹杂物的数量、大小等控制在较低的水平。EAF+LF+ESR工艺由于自身工艺特点,试验钢中P含量较高,约为VIM+VAR工艺试验钢P含量的10倍,据资料可能有利于A286不锈钢的高温蠕变性能。研究结果可为在不同环境和服役要求下使用A286不锈钢提供技术参考。     

VIM-ESR-VAR三联冶炼工艺对9Cr18Mo轴承钢洁净度的影响

试验9Cr18Mo轴承钢(/%:0.98C,0.21Si,0.32Mn,0.005P,＜0.001S,16.95Cr,0.51Mo)经500 kg真空感应炉(VIM)-电渣重熔(ESR)-真空自耗重熔(VAR)三联工艺冶炼,锻造开坯并轧成Φ30 mm棒材。试验和分析了9Cr18Mo钢中的气体、有害元素的含量和非金属夹杂物。结果表明,三联工艺是提高轴承钢洁净度的有效方法,试验9Cr18Mo钢中氧含量0.0008%,氮含量0.0038%,硫含量＜0.001%,通过控制原材料的Ti和五害元素含量,成品材中Ti＜0.002%,Sn,As和Sb分别＜0.002%,Pb和Bi分别＜0.000 1%;三联工艺钢中非金属夹杂物数量少,90%以上的夹杂物尺寸小于3μm,达到了很高的洁净度水平。     

不锈轴承钢真空制备过程洁净度及碳化物变化

 为了提高G102Cr18Mo高碳不锈轴承钢的洁净度、细化碳化物组织,采用真空感应熔炼、两次真空自耗重熔、大锻压比锻造的工艺路线,研究了真空处理及大锻压比锻造对化学成分、气体含量、夹杂物分布、二次枝晶间距及碳化物颗粒度的影响。研究结果表明,真空感应熔炼过程(VIM)中,随着铝含量的增加,碳的脱氧能力大幅降低,即使铝质量分数为0.003%也对碳的脱氧能力有明显的阻碍作用;真空自耗重熔过程(VAR)由于高的真空度、高的重熔温度等热力学条件以及反应动力学条件的改善,氧含量显著降低,第一次自耗重熔后氧质量分数从0.001 49%降低至0.000 57%,降低了61.7%,第二次自耗重熔后氧质量分数降低至0.000 50%。真空感应熔炼、真空自耗重熔过程,夹杂物的成分变化不大,主要以Al-Si夹杂为主,其次为Al₂O₃夹杂,再次为MnS夹杂、Mg-Al-Ca、Mg/Ca-Al夹杂。双真空冶炼后,钢中夹杂物主要为0～5 μm的细小夹杂物,未发现大于20 μm的夹杂,含有少量10～20 μm的夹杂,钢的洁净度大幅度提高。在真空自耗锭横断面上,从边部向芯部二次枝晶的形貌变化不大,二次枝晶间距逐渐增大,但是变化趋势缓慢,二次枝晶间距为85～95 μm,这主要得益于低的自耗重熔速度。对真空自耗锭进行大变形处理,最终锻造成40 mm的圆棒,碳化物颗粒的最大尺寸不大于20 μm,平均尺寸为15 μm,且没有碳化物聚集的现象。低的自耗重熔速度和大锻压比锻造是碳化物细化的关键。     

Metallurgical Source of Cryogenic Intergr anular Fracture of Fe-38Mn Austenitic Alloy

SEM and Field emitting TEM-EDAX were used to investigate the fracture surface of series impact specimens and the grain boundary chemistries of VIM (vacuum-induction-melted) Fe-38Mn austenitic alloy before and after ESR (electroslag remelting,). The quantity and the size of inclusions were also examined. The results show that the VIM Fe-38Mn aust enitinic alloy water-quenched from 1 100 ℃ undergoes an obvious ductile-to-brittle transition, and the impact work at ambient temperature is 242 J, the corresponding fracture surface exhibits adimple character. However, the impact work at 77 K of VIM alloy is only 25 J and the fracture mode is IGF (intergranular f racture). After ESR, the impact work at ambient temperature is 320 J and the fra cture surface exhibits a character of "volcano lava" (meaning excellent toughn ess); The impact work at 77 K is up to 300 J and the fracture mode is microvoid coalescence mixed with quasi-cleavage. The segregation of Mn is not found in all specimens, but the segregation of S is observed, and the S segregation is decreased after ESR. The examined results of inclusions show that ESR reduces the quantity and improves the morphology of inclusions. From the above results it can be seen that the cryogenic IGF of VIM Fe-38Mn austenitic alloy is related to the S segregation at grain boundary. After ESR the decrease in the quantity and size of inclusion results in the increase of the impact work at ambient temperature, while the restriction of IGF is related to the decrease in the total level, and hence in the grain boundary segregation of S.     

Relative anisotropy of structures and ultrasound attenuation response between laboratory casting in permanent mould (vacuum induction melted) and casting processed through electroslag refining

Abstract

In the present study, ingots of 'modified 15CDV6' (0·3C–CrMoV) steel were laboratory melted and cast by the vacuum induction melting–electroslag refining (VIM–ESR) and VIM (water cooled steel mould) routes. The ingots have been evaluated for their relative anisotropy differences by ultrasound attenuation (UA) studies along respective radial and axial directions. The expected sources of UA are crystallographic texture and the presence of defects. These defects include inclusions, grain boundaries, segregation and microporosity. Apart from microporosity, the presence of defects has been characterised along the respective casting directions. Although both castings/ingots had gone through successive phase transformations after solidification (liquid→δferrite→austenite→ferrite), the electroslag refined (ESR) material had significantly more anisotropy in crystallographic texture, but insignificant anisotropy in inclusion distribution, as compared with the vacuum induction melted (VIM) material. The grain boundary character distributions and long range compositional fluctuations were similar and nearly isotropic between the two ingots. The ESR material, in general, was denser, which may indicate a lower presence of microporosity. Taking grain size differences into account, the UA estimated anisotropy was more for ESR material, a response clearly dominated by the anisotropy of the crystallographic texture. At a higher frequency, and correspondingly finer resolution for defects, the anisotropy owing to defects played a more dominant role, but even then the highest frequency of 2 MHz was not adequate to highlight a dominance of defect anisotropy.     

真空感应冶炼—电渣重熔GH871合金的力学性能

研究了采用真空感应（VIM）＋电渣重熔（ESR）工艺冶炼的新型含铌铁基高温合金GH871的650℃蠕变性能、持久性能、疲劳性能及20－800℃冲击功、瞬时拉伸性能并与非真空感应（AIM）＋ESR GH871合金对比。结果表明：真空冶炼的GH871合金提高了650℃持久塑性，并达到5％以上。