略论欧式门窗与美式门窗的关系

中国门窗业在过去20多年的发展中,受欧洲影响较大,连中国门窗标准的制订也体现了这一点。欧式门窗对中国门窗制造业水平的提高,无疑是起     

谈美式风格在现代家居设计中的运用

分析了美式生活必备的先决条件,从美式乡村风格的色彩与现代美式风格的色调特点两方面阐述了美式家居色差上的区别,并探讨了美式家居的造型特点,为现代家居的设计提供了思路。     

Turkish and Moroccan couples and their first steps on the Dutch housing market: Co-residence or independence?

The start of the housing career of Turkish andMoroccan married couples in the Netherlandsoften differs from the common experience ofnative Dutch couples. Many Turkish and Moroccancouples live with family, friends, orco-ethnics during the first years of theirjoint housing careers. It seems obvious torelate this to the cultural values brought fromthe mother country. It is however noteworthythat, in the Netherlands, Turks co-residemarkedly more often with family or friends thanMoroccans, while there is no substantialcultural difference between these two countriesof origin in this respect. It should,therefore, be stressed that co-residence isinfluenced not only by cultural preferences butalso by other factors, such as opportunitiesfor co-residence and housing marketconstraints.     

关于热舒适模型研究发展的综述

在大量热舒适模型研究的基础上,综述了模型建立的形式、研究的内容、处理问题的方法手段等,总结了目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来热舒适模型的建立和发展提出了展望。     

扶壁椅式挡土墙有限元分析

综合扶壁式挡土墙和双排抗滑桩的特性,提出了由扶壁式挡土墙和抗滑桩组成的扶壁椅式挡土墙支挡结构。通过有限元软件ABAQUS建立扶壁椅式挡土墙计算模型,研究了扶壁椅式挡土墙在填土和自身重力作用下结构的位移、变形和受力情况。结果表明:主桩的水平位移由下往上逐渐增大,但在承台上部主桩水平位移不再增加,且在同一水平位置主桩的竖向位移比副桩高出约0. 88 mm;挡土板应力从下向上逐渐降低,在距离承台2 m处,应力降低趋势减缓。     

Constituting a Turkish identity: the architecture of Behruz Cinici

The work of the Turkish architect Behruz Cinici exemplifies a contemporary articulation of the architecture of his country. Over a period of more than four decades he has designed a body of buildings and projects of high quality which has yet to be assessed in the context of international developments. It is the unique interrelationship between local tradition and technological modifications that gives his buildings a significant place in contemporary world architecture.'     

Constituting a Turkish identity: the architecture of Behruz Cinici

The work of the Turkish architect Behruz Cinici exemplifies a contemporary articulation of the architecture of his country. Over a period of more than four decades he has designed a body of buildings and projects of high quality which has yet to be assessed in the context of international developments. It is the unique interrelationship between local tradition and technological modifications that gives his buildings a significant place in contemporary world architecture.'     

Pedestrian wind comfort: Feasibility study of criteria homogenisation

One of the aims of COST C14 action is the assessment and evaluation of pedestrian wind comfort. At present there is no general rule available that is applied across Europe. There are several criteria that have been developed and applied in different countries. These criteria are based on the definition of two independent parameters, a threshold effective wind speed and a probability of exceedence of this threshold speed. The difficulty of the criteria comparison arises from the two-dimensional character of the criteria definition. An effort is being made to compare these criteria, trying both to find commonalities and to clearly identify differences, in order to build up the basis for the next step: to try to define common criteria (perhaps with regional and seasonal variations). The first point is to define clearly the threshold effective wind speed (mean velocity definition parameters: averaging interval and reference height) and equivalence between different ways of defining the threshold effective wind speed (mean wind speed, gust equivalent mean, etc.) in comparable terms (as far as possible). It can be shown that if the wind speed at a given location is defined in terms of a probability distribution, e.g. Weibull function, a given criterion is satisfied by an infinite set of wind conditions, that is, of probability distributions. The criterion parameters and the Weibull function parameters are linked to each other, establishing a set called iso-criteria lines (the locus of the Weibull function parameters that fulfil a given criterion). The relative position of iso-criteria lines when displayed in a suitable two-dimensional plane facilitates the comparison of comfort criteria. The comparison of several wind comfort criteria, coming from several institutes is performed, showing the feasibility and limitations of the method.     

A monument for Turkish hospitality: the staging of Ahrida Synagogue

The year 1992 was celebrated as the 500^th anniversary of the Sephardi Jewish migration to Ottoman lands. The celebration campaign was led by Turkish Jews, and included a wide range of publications, events and activities in Turkey and abroad. Most discourses and practices included in the campaign aimed at showcasing the history of Turkish-Jewish affinity and solidarity, and thereby renewing the image of Turkish Jews. Among a large number of celebratory activities, the restoration of Ahrida Synagogue in the Balat quarter of Istanbul was particularly important. This building, although presumed to have been in existence before the Sephardic migration, was intended to be a lasting ‘symbol’ of the 500^th anniversary of this event. This paper traces the history of how an historic synagogue became a stage where a minority group’s identity and memory were re-moulded and displayed. It critically analyses several discourses and practices that surrounded Ahrida Synagogue around 1992, and discusses how they contributed to the construction of a new Turkish-Jewish history. The restoration, accompanied by political performances, made Ahrida Synagogue a star of Istanbul's Jewish heritage, and a tourist attraction. Yet, by associating it with an official history, it also placed a division between the synagogue and its veteran community.     

谈规则式与自然式园林之争的决定因素

论述了规则式园林与自然式园林的特征,从景观的地域性、生产力与经济的发展、景观设计中的功能、文学艺术的发展等方面分析了影响园林景观风格的主要因素,阐明了规则式园林与自然式园林相互争论的原因。     

Thermal comfort: use of controls in naturally ventilated buildings

A field study of the thermal comfort of workers in natural ventilated office buildings in Oxford and Aberdeen, UK, was carried out which included information about use of building controls. The data were analysed to explore that what effect the outdoor temperature has on the indoor temperature and how this is affected by occupants’ use of environmental controls during the peak summer (June–August). The proportion of subjects using a control was related to indoor and outdoor temperatures to demonstrate the size of the effect. The results suggest that the use of controls is also related to thermal sensation and their appropriate use is a significant part of adaptive behaviour to modify the indoor thermal conditions. The results make it possible to predict the effect of temperature on the ventilation rate in naturally ventilated buildings.     

Quantifying occupant comfort: are combined indices of the indoor environment practicable?

What are the various ways in which evaluation of the several aspects of the indoor environment might combine to form an occupant's overall assessment of that environment? Data from an environmental survey of 26 offices in Europe (the Smart Controls and Thermal Comfort, or SCATs, project) are used. These show that dissatisfaction with one or more aspects of the indoor environment does not necessarily produce dissatisfaction with the environment overall. Conversely, satisfaction with one or more environmental aspect does not necessarily produce satisfaction with the total environment. Building occupants balance the good features against the bad to reach their overall assessment. Not all aspects are equally important in this subjective averaging process. Satisfaction with warmth and air quality is more important than satisfaction with the level of lighting or humidity. The relative importance of the various aspects differed from country to country, making it impossible to develop an internationally valid index to rate office environments by means of a single number. The best linear index constructed from the data failed to rank the indoor environments of the buildings in the correct order, as defined by the occupants' overall assessments. It is therefore wise to assess each of the several aspects separately rather than rely only on a combined index.     

Debating the future of comfort: environmental sustainability,energy consumption and the indoor environment

Vast quantities of energy are consumed in heating and cooling to provide what are now regarded as acceptable standards of thermal comfort. In the UK as in a number of other countries, there is a real danger that responses in anticipation of global warming and climate change – including growing reliance on air-conditioning – will increase energy demand and CO₂ emissions even further. This is an appropriate moment to reflect on the history and future of comfort, both as an idea and as a material reality. Based on interviews and discussions with UK policy makers and building practitioners involved in specifying and constructing what will become the indoor environments of the future, four possible scenarios are identified each with different implications for energy and resource consumption. By actively promoting debate about the indoor environment and associated ways of life, it may yet be possible to avoid becoming locked into social and technical trajectories that are ultimately unsustainable. The aim of this paper is to inspire and initiate just such a discussion through demonstrating that comfort is a highly negotiable socio-cultural construct.     

Debating the future of comfort: environmental sustainability, energy consumption and the indoor environment

Vast quantities of energy are consumed in heating and cooling to provide what are now regarded as acceptable standards of thermal comfort. In the UK as in a number of other countries, there is a real danger that responses in anticipation of global warming and climate change - including growing reliance on air-conditioning - will increase energy demand and CO₂ emissions even further. This is an appropriate moment to reflect on the history and future of comfort, both as an idea and as a material reality. Based on interviews and discussions with UK policy makers and building practitioners involved in specifying and constructing what will become the indoor environments of the future, four possible scenarios are identified each with different implications for energy and resource consumption. By actively promoting debate about the indoor environment and associated ways of life, it may yet be possible to avoid becoming locked into social and technical trajectories that are ultimately unsustainable. The aim of this paper is to inspire and initiate just such a discussion through demonstrating that comfort is a highly negotiable socio-cultural construct.     

The active pursuit of comfort: Its consequences for energy use in the home

This paper argues that an implicit theory of user behaviour influences some policy choices concerning energy use in the home. This ‘theory’ is not the product of a study of the meanings of actions in real life, but is derived from a mixture of ‘common sense’ and experimental evidence. ‘Real life’ studies of the meaning of actions differ considerably from this implicit theory. These differences are examined in relation to the pursuit of comfort and economy and the users' understanding and use of controls. The policy implications of this alternative view of user behaviour are discussed.     

异国情调下的暖意人生

我们刚进入这套房子的入户花园，便感受到了浓郁的异域情调，是东南亚的风情吧？华丽的饮品，精致的细节，温暖的色彩……让人恍惚置身于一场惬意的民国旅程中。[编者按]     

现场研究中热舒适指标的选取问题

对热舒适现场研究结果进行了总结,并对热舒适指标的选取、有效温度的计算、热感觉的表述方式等问题进行了讨论分析。认为当相对湿度在热舒适范围内时,采用有效温度作为热舒适指标并采用平均热感觉值,能更好地预测人体热感觉。