Radar automatic target recognition using complex high-resolution range profiles

Radar high-resolution range profile (HRRP) has received intensive attention from the radar automatic target recognition (RATR) community. Usually, since the initial phase of a complex HRRP is strongly sensitive to target position variation, only the amplitude information in complex HRRPs is used for RATR, whereas the phase information is discarded. However, the remaining phase information except for initial phases in complex HRRPs may also contain valuable target discriminant information. RATR using complex HRRPs is discussed. The complex HRRPs' feature subspace within each target-aspect sector is extracted via principal component analysis as the corresponding template during the training phase; while in the test phase we decide that a test sample belongs to the feature subspace which has the test sample's minimum reconstruction error approximation. It is shown that the whole process is independent of the initial phases, but exploits the remaining phase information in complex HRRPs. Furthermore, to make the proposed recognition method more practical, a fast time-shift compensation algorithm is proposed. In the recognition experiments based on measured data, the proposed recognition method using complex HRRPs achieves better recognition results than that using only the amplitude vectors of the complex HRRPs     

基于似无关模型的改进多元损失函数方法

对复杂产品或过程中存在相关性的多响应优化问题进行了研究,通过引入似无关回归模型对质量损失函数方法进行改进,将响应间的相关性综合考虑到模型拟合和参数优化两个阶段。算例表明,与传统质量损失函数方法相比,改进方法得到的最优解处期望质量损失更小。该方法克服了传统方法忽视响应间的相关性或只在优化阶段考虑相关性的不足,是对多元损失函数的重要改进。     

基于复包络提取的波束形成方法

结合带通信号的特性,提出了一种基于复包络提取的波束形成方法。首先,提取各阵元接收的信号的同相分量和正交分量;其次,分别对上述同相分量和正交分量进行相移;最后再对移相之后的同相分量和正交分量进行延时相加,从而形成入射方向的波束。该方法有效降低了波束形成器的输入和输出采样率以及数字处理的复杂度。     

干涉合成孔径雷达复图像配准精度分析和方法

基于干涉合成孔径雷达（Interfermetric Synthetic Aperture Radar-InSAR）的系统模型、干涉相位误差的统计特性，分析InSAR配准精度与干涉相位误差之间的确定关系，讨论复图像配准过程中存在的问题，给出实用的InSAR复图像配准方法。通过对SIR-C/X-SAR意大利Enta火山干涉数据的处理，得到了精确的配准结果。     

Full-field phase modulation characterization of liquid-crystal spatial light modulator using digital holography

A direct quantitative phase measurement method to characterize intrinsic phase modulation from an entire active area of transmissive twisted-nematic liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (TN-LCSLM) is presented using digital holography (DH). The change in birefringence of liquid crystal material with respect to addressed gray scale produces phase modulation of wavefront transmitted through TN-LCSLM. Existing methods for phase modulation characterization of LCSLM mainly provides point measurement on its total active region. In this paper, the DH method is evolved to extract quantitative phase information of an entire active area from a single digital hologram formed using the complex wavefront transmitted through TN-LCSLM.     

四步相移数字全息干涉术相移提取和物光重建

提出广义相移干涉术中结合广义四步公式改进最小二乘法抽取任意相移进而重建复波的方法.利用广义相移数字全息算法的物波重建公式替代传统最小二乘法来提取参考光相位和重建物体波前,大幅减小迭代循环的计算量.使用该方法,每一次迭代计算参考相位只需要一个最小二乘法,同时利用物波前重建公式计算物光相位.这种方法的可行性和有效性已被计算...     

Application of an interferometric phase contrast method to fabricate arbitrary diffractive optical elements

A novel approach for the fabrication of diffractive optical elements is described. This approach is based on an interferometric phase contrast method that transforms a complex object wavefront into an intensity pattern. The resulting intensity pattern is used to expose a photoresist layer on a substrate. After development, a diffractive phase object with an on-axis diffraction pattern is achieved. We show that the interferometric phase contrast method allows a precise control of the resulting intensity pattern. An array of blazed Fresnel lenses is realized in photoresist by using kinoform or detour-phase computer holograms for the interferometric phase contrast setup.     

Harmonic Analyzer/Generator

A method of measuring the phase angle and magnitude of "n" harmonics corresponding to a periodic signal is described. The method includes the generation of sinusoidal bursts to reproduce significant components of distorted and complex signals; burst amplitude, burst initial phase, and burst frequency correspond, respectively, to harmonic amplitude, harmonic phase angle, and harmonic frequency.     

TiO_2-聚乙烯复合膜的制备及红外光谱对其膜层结构的表征

开发了以Ｔｉ４＋为桥联剂制备无机－有机复合膜的新方法以自制的硅藻土多孔陶瓷为基膜（支撑体），使用浸涂法－热致相转化法相结合制备了ＴｉＯ２－聚乙烯复合膜，并用红外光谱表征了复合膜层与层之间的结合方式和强度，支撑体中的ＳｉＯ２通过Ｔｉ４＋与聚乙烯的分子之间形成了新的化合物型膜层     

Complex amplitude correlation for compensation of large in-plane motion in digital speckle pattern interferometry

The use of complex amplitude correlation to compensate for large in-plane motion in digital speckle pattern interferometry is investigated. The result is compared with experiments where digital speckle photography (DSP) is used for compensation. An advantage of using complex amplitude correlation instead of intensity correlation (as in DSP) is that the phase change describing the deformation is retrieved directly from the correlation peak, and there is no need to compensate for the large movement and then use the interferometric algorithms. A discovered drawback of this method is that the correlation values drop quickly if a phase gradient larger than pi is present in the subimages used for cross correlation. This means that, for the complex amplitude correlation to be used, the size of the subimages must be well chosen or a third par?meter in the cross-correlation algorithm that compensates for the phase variation is needed. Correlation values and wrapped phase maps from the two techniques (intensity and complex amplitude correlation) are presented.     

Conductive properties of foam materials with open or closed cells

The work is devoted to computer simulations of the effective conductive properties of open and closed-cell foam materials. The conductivity of the solid phase of the foam is assumed to be much larger than the one of the filler. For the calculation of the effective conductivity, a complex cell element of the foam that consists of a typical cell and its nearest neighbors is introduced. This element is embedded in the medium with the conductivity of the solid phase. For the calculation of the field and field flux in the complex cell, 3D-integral equations for the fields in heterogenous media are used. The effective conductivity is the coefficient that relates the average field and the field flux in the central part of the complex cell. The method is applied to the calculation of the effective conductivity of open cell foams with various shapes of ligaments. Transition from open to closed-cell foams is considered. Predictions of the method are compared with the experimental data available in the literature.     

Noniterative two-dimensional phase-retrieval method from two Fourier intensities by use of an exponential filter

A noniterative method of retrieving the two dimensional phase of a wave field from two intensity measurements is proposed. In the measurements, one records two far-field intensities of the wave field modulated and unmodulated with an exponential filter. The phase retrieval method is based on the solution of the simultaneous equations with unknown coefficients of the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform for the phase. Then there is no need for the information about the wave field, which is used in iterative phase-retrieval methods. The usefulness of this method is shown in computer-simulated examples of the reconstruction of two-dimensional complex amplitude objects.     

Wavelength multiplexing multiple-image encryption using cascaded phase-only masks in the Fresnel transform domain

We propose a method of wavelength multiplexing based on a modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm (MGSA) and a cascaded phase modulation scheme in the Fresnel transform domain to reduce the cross talk in the multiple-image-encryption framework. First, each plain image is encoded to a complex function by using the MGSA. Next, the phase components of the created complex functions are multiplexed with different wavelength parameters, and then they are modulated before being combined together as a phase-only function, which is recorded in the first phase-only mask (POM). Finally, the second POM is generated by applying the MGSA again on the amplitude derived from the summation of the total created complex functions. Simulation results show that the cross talk between multiplexed images has been significantly reduced compared with an existing similar method. Therefore, the multiplexing capacity in encrypting multiple gray-scale images can be increased accordingly.     

用相位共轭法进行平板辐射声场的识别

基于相位共轭方法采用数值方法对平板辐射声场进行识别和重构,采用不同的阵列形式重构了平板的法向速度,辐射声功率以及声强。数值计算结果表明：在近场基于声压梯度测量使用偶极子源的平面相位共轭阵列形式对声场重构的效果最好,并能准确识别平板的法向速度,辐射声功率以及声强。相位共轭方法具有测点少,可自然使用局部重建方法,不存在解不稳定问题等优点,具有很好的应用前景。     

Phase determination for a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer in emission mode

Beam-splitter emission strongly influences the spectra measured with a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) as it affects the entire phase behavior, in particular in emission spectroscopy. The various radiation contributions of the scene and the FTS itself have different phases in the complex spectrum. As a specific feature, the radiation of the beam splitter is rotated by approximately pi/2 relative to the scene effective radiation. By classical methods of phase correction, the radiation components of different phases are mixed in the complex plane, which may lead to serious errors in the calibrated spectra. For this reason, the nature of the FTS phase has been studied, and a statistical phase determination method has been developed. It allows us to determine the phase function of the scene by minimizing the correlation between the imaginary and the real parts of the complex spectrum and by reducing the variance of the imaginary part. Thus phase accuracies of 10 to 30 mrad can be achieved. In addition, the remaining error of the phase can be calculated for each individual spectrum. The total phase error and its effect on the spectra are discussed.     

Inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging of ship target with complex motion

High-resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging and recognition of ship target is very important for many applications. Although the principle of ISAR imaging of ship target on the sea is the same as that of flying target in the sky, the former usually has more complex motion (fluctuation with the oceanic waves) than the latter, which makes the motion compensation very difficult. However, the change in phase chirp rate caused by the complex motion of ships will deteriorate the azimuth focusing quality. In this paper, we first model the complex motion of ship target with cubic phase terms (parameterised on chirp rate and its change rate), then a new ISAR imaging method, referred to as TC-DechirpClean, is proposed, which estimates the chirp rate and the change rate of chirp rate of all scatters in the time? chirp distribution plane. Both numerical and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.     

High topographical accuracy by optical shot noise reduction in digital holographic microscopy

In this work, we present a new method to reduce the shot noise in phase imaging of digital holograms. A spatial averaging process of phase images reconstructed at different reconstruction distances is performed, with the reconstruction distance range being specified by the numerical focus depth of the optical system. An improved phase image is attained with a 50% shot noise reduction. We use the integral of the angular spectrum as a reconstruction method to obtain a single-object complex amplitude that is needed to perform our proposal. We also show the corresponding simulations and experimental results. The topography of a homemade TiO2 stepwise of 100 nm high was measured and compared with the atomic force microscope results.     

Measurement of radio-frequency temporal phase modulation using spectral interferometry

We present an optical method to measure radio-frequency electro-optic phase modulation profiles by employing spectrum-to-time mapping realized by highly chirped optical pulses. We directly characterize temporal phase modulation profiles of up to 12.5 GHz bandwidth, with temporal resolution comparable to high-end electronic oscilloscopes. The presented optical set-up is a valuable tool for direct characterization of complex temporal electro-optic phase modulation profiles, which is indispensable for practical realization of deterministic spectral-temporal reshaping of quantum light pulses     

Phase estimation in digital holographic interferometry using cubic-phase-function based method

The paper introduces a cubic-phase-function based method to estimate interference phase in digital holographic interferometry. The proposed method relies on piecewise polynomial approximation of phase by dividing an arbitrary row/column of the complex reconstructed interference field in many segments and modeling signal data in each segment as a cubic phase signal. The polynomial coefficients in each segment are determined using cubic phase function algorithm. The phase is subsequently evaluated from the polynomial constructed using the obtained polynomial coefficients. The piecewise polynomial approximation approach is extended for all rows/columns and the overall phase is thus determined. The method's applicability is demonstrated using simulation and experimental results.     

Microencapsulation I. Phase Separation or Coacervation

Phase separation or coacervation is one of the oldest and perhaps the most widely used method of microencapsulation. This paper discusses phase separation or coacervation as a technique of preparing microcapsules. The basic differences between simple and complex coacervation are described and the various factors which influence simple and complex coacervation are discussed. Schematic ternary phase diagrams involved in the phase separation or coacervation processes are included and the basic schemes describing the process of microencapsulation are outlined.