基于MODIS遥感数据的宏观土地覆盖特征分类方法与精度分析研究

针对宏观土地覆盖遥感分类的现状,充分利用MODIS相对于AVHRR数据具有的多光谱和分辨率优势,提出了利用MODIS数据进行分类特征选择与提取并结合多时相特征进行宏观土地覆盖分类的分类方法,并在中国山东省进行了分类试验,得出以下结论:①不同比例下的训练样本与验证样本影响着总体分类精度;②从MODIS数据中得到的植被指数EVI、白天地表温度Tday、水体指数NDWI、纹理特征局部平稳Homogeneity等可以作为分类特征配合参与到多波段地表反射率Ref1-7遥感影像中,能明显提高分类精度,而土壤亮度指数NDSI则没有贡献;③提取的分类特征对总体分类精度贡献大小为:EVI贡献最大,提高近6个百分点,其次是Homogeneity、NDWI,均提高近4个百分点,而最少的Tday也贡献了近3个百分点;④各分类特征对不同地物类别具有不同的分离度,在提高某些类别的分离性时,有可能降低了其它类别的分离性。试验结果表明:在没有其它非遥感信息的前提下,仅利用MODIS遥感自身信息对宏观土地覆盖分类就可达到较高精度。     

基于MODIS遥感数据的宏观土地覆盖特征分类方法与精度分析研究

针对宏观土地覆盖遥感分类的现状,充分利用MODIS相对于AVHRR数据具有的多光谱和分辨率优势,提出了利用MODIS数据进行分类特征选择与提取并结合多时相特征进行宏观土地覆盖分类的分类方法,并在中国山东省进行了分类试验,得出以下结论:①不同比例下的训练样本与验证样本影响着总体分类精度;②从MODIS数据中得到的植被指数EVI、白天地表温度Tday、水体指数NDWI、纹理特征局部平稳Homogeneity等可以作为分类特征配合参与到多波段地表反射率Ref1-7遥感影像中,能明显提高分类精度,而土壤亮度指数NDSI则没有贡献;③提取的分类特征对总体分类精度贡献大小为:EVI贡献最大,提高近6个百分点,其次是Homogeneity、NDWI,均提高近4个百分点,而最少的Tday也贡献了近3个百分点;④各分类特征对不同地物类别具有不同的分离度,在提高某些类别的分离性时,有可能降低了其它类别的分离性。试验结果表明:在没有其它非遥感信息的前提下,仅利用MODIS遥感自身信息对宏观土地覆盖分类就可达到较高精度。     

半干旱区土壤热通量遥感估算模型的适应性对比分析

提出了一种基于地表温度的土壤热通量遥感估算模型,结合另外两种应用比较广泛的遥感估算模型,分别是Moran(1989)提出的基于归一化植被指数NDVI、净辐射通量的模型和Bastiaanssen(1998)的基于NDVI、地表反照率、地表温度、净辐射通量的模型,利用MODIS遥感数据对这3种土壤热通量的模型进行了试验分析。参照半干旱区退化草地和农田地面站点实测的土壤热通量数据,3种遥感模型的试验结果表明:提出的基于MO-DIS地表温度的模型得到的土壤热通量精度最高;Bastiaanssen(1998)模型也能得到精度相当的土壤热通量,特别是它得到的可利用能量精度最高;Moran(1989)模型反演的土壤热通量误差最大。     

基于植被分区的中国植被类型分类方法

高精度的土地覆盖分类产品对定量遥感研究及遥感应用等具有非常重要的意义。目前免费的且全球覆盖的土地分类产品已有很多,但这些产品多为国外研究机构和人员所研发,由于对中国区域地形复杂、植被结构特征差异与农作物种植结构差异等没有进行充分的研究,使得这些产品用于中国区域的分类时其精度尤其是植被类型的分类精度较低。因此,生产一种针对中国区域的植被类型分类产品是非常必要的。针对中国区域地形、土壤等信息,并在借鉴现有的植被区划的基础上,发展了一种基于植被分区的中国植被类型分类方法,该分类方法以长时间序列为基础,能以较高的时间分辨率捕捉地表随时间变化的信息,从而利用地物在时间维上的差异提高分类精度,并利用该方法完成了2012年中国土地覆盖分类。此外还通过分层随机采样的方法对分类结果进行了精度评估,发现本分类产品的总体精度和Kappa系数有较大提高,其中本文产品总体精度为90.78%,Kappa系数为0.86;并通过与MODIS土地覆盖数据产品进行比较,发现该产品精度比MODIS土地覆盖数据产品在植被类型上提高了61.38%。     

基于MODIS温度和植被指数产品的山东省土地覆盖变化研究

地表温度(LST)与归一化植被指数(NDVI)构成的NDVI-Ts特征空间具有丰富的地学和生态学内涵。MODIS数据因其优越的时间分辨率、波谱分辨率,已被广泛地运用于各个领域。在本研究中,运用遥感技术和GIS技术相结合的手段,利用NASA提供的MODIS温度产品和NDVI产品,以山东省土地利用图、山东省TM遥感影像图和基于3S技术的山东省森林资源调查项目的外业调查数据为参考和评价标准,以NDVI-Ts时间序列为指标,在进行土地覆盖分类的基础上,分析比较了山东省土地覆盖从2000年到2006年的变化情况。研究结果表明,利用MODIS产品将NDVI-Ts时间序列作为分类特征,在较大尺度范围的土地覆盖分类中具有较高的分类精度,有利于对土地覆盖变化进行动态监测。     

基于多源数据的土地盐碱化遥感快速监测

通过分析干旱区土地盐碱化环境的地表景观特征和遥感信息特征，基于SPOT、ASTER多平台多波段遥感数据和DEM、土壤样品分析数据等多源数据，采用光谱角度制图（SAM）的遥感图像分类方法对实验区土地盐碱化程度进行了分级制图。该方法对常规数据的依赖性较小，适于西部干旱地区的土地盐碱化快速监测和评估。     

基于决策树模型的土壤性质空间推断

许多水文、生态环境和土地管理规划的决策当中,都迫切需要空间连续的土壤性质信息来提高其建模和决策的精确性和可靠性。依靠传统土壤调查技术获得的土壤图则无法满足这种需求。本研究以浙江省龙游县研究区为例,利用第二次土壤普查的土壤性质数据,生成土壤性质-环境因子空间数据库。运用决策树建模方法将土壤性质含量与一些易于广泛观测的景观属性,包括地形、地质、土地利用和遥感影像建立联系,从而将有关土壤性质含量分布的知识转入一种清楚的、定量的、与环境因子相关联的规则系统中,并以此来预测研究区土壤性质的连续空间分布。研究结果表明,所建立的决策树模型可以解释75～81%的土壤性质空间变异。     

基于面向对象思想的中国地貌形态类型划分

以GTOPO30数据为基础,采用面向对象的分类方法,进行我国地貌形态的自动划分。提取了地形起伏度、地表粗糙度、高程变异系数、坡度变化率、光照晕渲图及平均高程6个地形因子组合成特征影像,并结合《中国及毗邻地区1∶400万地貌图》进行分类。研究结果表明:面向对象思想的遥感分类法可克服传统的基于像元的遥感分类难以利用空间位置信息的缺陷,分类过程更符合人的思维习惯,所分地貌类型更为完整,对提高地貌分类的精度和自动化水平具有重要的意义。     

土壤-景观定量模型研究进展

传统土壤调查和制图建立在调查者经验思维基础上,目前对高精度土壤信息的大量需求对传统技巧性土壤调查方式提出了挑战,量化的土壤———景观模型日益受到土壤科学家的重视。近十年内世界各国开展了大量研究,试图将数字地形分析,GIS技术和土壤调查技术相结合,通过对景观信息的分析预测土壤信息。本文简要阐述土壤景观模型的基本原理和定义,对线性回归、回归树、判别分析、模糊聚类、地统计学、模糊推理和规则网络等模型的研究进展进行总结。在此基础上讨论了模型的发展方向和应用前景。     

Landsat8卫星影像大气校正及其植被指数与SEVI性能比较

遥感影像受大气的吸收散射以及地形起伏变化的影响，使得传感器接收到的辐射信号既包含了地物的信息，同时也包含了大气以及地形的信息。为了提高地表反射率的反演精度，需要去除遥感影像中大气和地形的影响。提出了一种基于查找表的Landsat8-OLI遥感影像的大气校正方法，该方法由6S辐射传输模型生成查找表，其中输入的参数包括大气水蒸汽含量、臭氧浓度和气溶胶光学厚度等MODIS大气参数产品。利用传统方法建立的大气参数查找表通常只考虑一部分因素，这对于以MODIS产品为输入参数的大气校正是不适用的。本文建立了一个包括大部分输入参数的高维大气校正查找表，对于Landsat-8 OLI传感器具有很高的通用性，通过进行光谱分析、与USGS地表反射率产品交叉验证等方式来验证模型的精度。验证结果表明该方法能有效地反演精确可靠的地表反射率。最后，采用目视解译、统计分析将校正结果与SEVI做对比分析，比较地形影响消减的效果。结果表明该模型与SEVI在地形消减的效果上作用相当。     

MODIS time-series imagery for forest disturbance detection and quantification of patch size effects

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m single day surface reflectance (MOD09GQK) and 16-day composite gridded vegetation index data (MOD13Q1) were used to detect forest harvest disturbance between 2000 and 2004 in northern Maine. A MODIS multi-date Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) forest change detection map was developed from each MODIS data set. A Landsat TM/ETM+ change detection map was developed as a reference to assess the effect of disturbed forest patch size on classification accuracy (agreement) and disturbed area estimates of MODIS. The MODIS single day and 16-day composite data showed no significant difference in overall classification accuracies. However, the 16-day NDVI change detection map had marginally higher overall classification accuracy (at 85%), but had significantly lower detection accuracy related to disturbed patch size than the single day NDVI change detection map. The 16-day composite NDVI data achieved 69% detection accuracy and the single day NDVI achieved 76% when the disturbed patch size was greater than 20 ha. The detection accuracy increased to approximately 90% for both data sets when the patch size exceeded 50 ha. The R² (range 0.6 to 0.9) and slope (range 0.5 to 0.9) of regression lines between Landsat and MODIS data (based on forest disturbance percent of township) increased with the mean disturbed patch size of each township. The 95% confidence intervals of forest disturbance percent estimate for each township were narrow with less than 1% of each township at the mean MODIS forest disturbance level.     

Spatial analysis and delineation of ecological landtype phases for the Hoosier National Forest,Indiana, USA

The US Forest Service adopted the National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units in 1993 with the ecological landtype (ELT) and ecological landtype phase (ELTP) forming the lowest levels of the hierarchy. This study examines the potential of computer mapping ELTPs for the Hoosier National Forest (HNF) located in southern Indiana. ELTPs were sampled in 2001–2003 within four units of the HNF that are situated within the Brown County Hills and Crawford Upland subsections. A 10-m resolution USGS DEM and a soil survey map were used as source data layers. GIS layers were produced with ArcGIS tools using elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, and soil type. Statistical analysis was performed for those ELTPs that occupy sites similar in physiography but differing in vegetation and soils. A Kruskal–Wallis test of landform variable means indicated a statistically significant variation (p<0.05) among all ELTPs in elevation, aspect, slope, and profile curvature within both subsections. A pairwise Mann–Whitney test showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in elevation, general, and plane curvature among selected ELTPs. A χ² test of soil types derived from soil survey map units revealed a significant difference (p?0.05) in soil type constancy among selected ELTPs. An ELTP map was developed using physiographic characteristics defined in the classification and information from statistical testing. The resulting map provides the basis for management decisions and development of landtype associations (LTAs) using a “bottom-up” approach.     

Land cover in East Asia classified using Terra MODIS and DMSP OLS products

Land cover is classified over East Asia using 250‐m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface reflectance, MODIS snow cover and Operational Linescan System (OLS) human settlement data. The classification method includes a decision tree classification scheme that considers 11 kinds of land surface features derived from the OLS product and the time series of two MODIS products in 2000. The decision tree was defined manually based on the experiment because of insufficient training data, ease of tuning by visual interpretation, and extensibility to further research. The resulting classification is compared to three kinds of reference data, i.e. MODIS land cover product, Chinese digital land cover map, and Chinese census. The land cover classification can be input into a hydrological model applied to the Yellow River in China.     

Boosted decision tree classifications of land cover over Turkey integrating MODIS,climate and topographic data

This study investigates the impact of using different combinations of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and ancillary datasets on overall and per-class classification accuracies for nine land cover types modified from the classification system of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Twelve land cover maps were generated for Turkey using boosted decision trees (BDTs) based on the stepwise addition of 14 explanatory variables derived from a time series of 16-day MODIS composites between 2000 and 2006 (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and four spectral bands) and ancillary climate and topographic data (minimum and maximum air temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, aspect, elevation, distance to sea and slope) at 500-m resolution. Evaluation of the 12 BDTs indicated that the BDT built as a function of all the MODIS and climate variables, aspect and elevation produced the highest degree of overall classification accuracy (79.8%) and kappa statistic (0.76) followed by the BDTs that additionally included distance to sea (DtS), and both DtS and slope. Based on an independent validation dataset derived from a pre-existing national forest map and Landsat images of Turkey, the highest overall accuracy (64.7%) and kappa coefficient (0.58) among the 12 land cover maps was achieved by using MODIS-derived NDVI time series only, followed by NDVI and EVI time series combined; NDVI, EVI and four MODIS spectral bands; and the combination of all MODIS and climate data, aspect, elevation and distance to sea, respectively. The largest improvements in producer's accuracies were observed for grasslands (+50%), barrenlands (+46%) and mixed forests (+39%) and in user's accuracies for grasslands (+53%), shrublands (+30%) and mixed forests (+28%), in relation to the lowest producer's accuracy. The results of this study indicate that BDTs can increase the accuracy of land cover classifications at the national scale.     

Estimating soil moisture using Temperature–Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) in the Huang-huai-hai (HHH) plain

Soil moisture is an important indicator to describe soil conditions, and can also provide information on crop water stress and yield estimation. The combination of vegetation index (VI) and land surface temperature (LST) can provide useful information on estimation soil moisture status at regional scale. In this paper, the Huang-huai-hai (HHH) plain, an important food production area in China was selected as the study area. The potential of Temperature–Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in assessing soil moisture was investigated in this region. The 16-day composite MODIS Vegetation Index product (MOD13A2) and 8-day composite MODIS temperature product (MOD11A2) were used to calculate the TVDI. Correlation and regression analysis was carried out to relate the TVDI against in-situ soil moisture measurements data during the main growth stages of winter wheat/summer maize. The results show that a significantly negative relationship exists between the TVDI and in-situ measurements at different soil depths, but the relationship at 10–20 cm depth (R ²?=?0.43) is the closest. The spatial and temporal patterns in the TVDI were also analysed. The temporal evolution of the retrieved soil moisture was consistent with crop phenological development, and the spatial distribution of retrieved soil moisture accorded with the distribution of precipitation during the whole crop growing seasons. The TVDI index was shown to be feasible for monitoring the surface soil moisture dynamically during the crop growing seasons in the HHH plain.     

Land cover assessment with MODIS imagery in southern African Miombo ecosystems

Global land use and land cover products in highly dynamic tropical ecosystems lack the detail needed for natural resource management and monitoring at the national and provincial level. The MODIS sensor provides improved opportunities to combine multispectral and multitemporal data for land use and land cover mapping. In this paper we compare the MODIS Global Land Cover Classification Product with recent land use and land cover maps at the national level over a characteristic location of Miombo woodlands in the province of Zambezia, Mozambique. The performances of three land cover-mapping approaches were assessed: single-date supervised classification, principal component analysis of band-pair difference images, and multitemporal NDVI analysis. Extensive recent field data were used for the definition of the test sites and accuracy assessment. Encouraging results were achieved with the three approaches. The classification results were refined with the help of a digital elevation model. The most consistent results were achieved using principal component analysis of band-pair difference images. This method provided the most accurate classifications for agriculture, wetlands, grasslands, thicket and open forest. The overall classification accuracy reached 90%. The multitemporal NDVI provided a more accurate classification for the dense forest cover class. The selection of the right image dates proved to be critical for all the cases evaluated. The flexibility of these alternatives makes them promising options for rapid and inexpensive land cover mapping in regions of high environmental variability such as tropical developing countries.     

基于TVDI的大范围干旱区土壤水分遥感反演模型研究

温度植被干旱指数TVDI(Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index)是一种基于光学与热红外遥感通道数据进行植被覆盖区域表层土壤水分反演的方法。当研究区域较大、地表覆盖格局差异显著时,利用TVDI模型来反演陆表土壤水分,精度通常较低。对Sandholt的TVDI土壤水分反演模型进行了改进:利用云掩膜校正和多天平均温度合成来减少云的影响;同时对研究区域地形起伏、覆盖类型差异的影响进行了消除;对TVDI模型干边的模拟方法进行了改进。最后,使用铝盒采样等方法利用新疆地区观测得到的地面数据来拟合改进后的模型参数,并对2009年5月和8月的土壤水分进行了反演实验。与实测数据的比较分析表明,该模型能基本满足大区域土壤水分反演的要求,改进后的模型对新疆地区的土壤水分估算精度有较显著的提高。