Engineering perspectives and technology design in the United States

Technology design has social as well as technical determinants. These social factors, such as the political context and social philosophy, vary historically and cross-nationally. The work upon which this paper is based addresses the nature of process technology design in the United States and focuses on the underlying assumptions that guide technology design, based on both historical analysis and survey and case studies of current design practices. Central to this work is an analysis of how the US approaches compare to some of the other industrial nations and the assumptions and implications of different social design concepts such as human-centered design, skill-based design, and human factors.     

Design science 97

Design of information systems, on the one hand, is often dominated by pure technical considerations of performance, correctness or reliability. On the other hand, sociological analysis of the social impact of information technology is not transfered to operationalised design criteria and to practice. The paper discusses this contradiction and tries to overcome the gap between computer science and social sciences in design by analysing the history of design in architecture and fine arts as well as the approaches of contemporary design-oriented disciplines. Based on this analysis and on the broad discussion about human-centredness, foundations of a new Design Science are outlined. Consequences for the education of computer scientists and software designers are discussed.     

Human-centred appraoches to control and information technology: European experiences

In this paper, the concept of Human-Centred Technology will be described with regard to the different dimensions of workplace, groupwork and networks and in terms of the frameworks of both society and the natural environment. These different aspects of Human-Centred Systems will be illustrated by a series of case studies representing several European countries. The report covers a wide range of research fields. The emphasis is on technology: the roles of control and information technology in enterprises today — including issues of applying AI — and the strategies of designing and implementing technology taking into account the specific aspects which characterize human-centred systems.     

Systems engineering methodologies, tacit knowledge and communities of practice

In the context of technology development and systems engineering, knowledge is typically treated as a complex information structure. In this view, knowledge can be stored in highly sophisticated data systems and processed by explicitly intelligent, software-based technologies. This paper argues that the current emphasis upon knowledge as information (or even data) is based upon a form of rationalism which is inappropriate for any comprehensive treatment of knowledge in the context of human-centred systems thinking. A human-centred perspective requires us to treat knowledge in human terms. The paper sets out the particular importance of tacit knowledge in this regard. It sets out two case studies which reveal the critical importance of a careful treatment of tacit knowledge for success in two complex, technology-driven projects.

勇攀世界科技高峰的中国仿真技术

江泽民主席题词“发展我国仿真技术勇攀世界科技高峰”极大地鼓舞了我国仿真界同仁。近十年来,先后涌现出了许多国内领先、国际先进的仿真成果。该文总结了一些重要的成果。累累硕果,不仅令人欣慰,而且鼓舞人们再接再厉再创辉煌。让我们看准当前国际仿真技术的发展趋势和不足,大力发展我国仿真技术,全面登上世界科技高峰,指日可待     

输电线路施工技术和运行管理维护技术

输电线路施工工程是电力工程的重要组成部分,施工技术和运行维护质量直接关系到整个输电线路工程的质量,因此,二者对电网运行的安全和稳定具有十分重要的意义。对输电线路工程施工技术进行了分析,并探讨了输电线路运行管理维护技术,以供有关人员参考。     

浅析科学技术对艺术设计的影响

在一般人眼里,科学技术与艺术设计似乎是两个截然不同,分别独立存在的领域。然而事实并非如此,科学技术与艺术设计是相互渗透相互作用的。本文着重阐述了科学技术对艺术设计的影响和作用。第一部分结合实例论证科学技术对艺术设计的重要作用;第二部分立足当代,研究社会的科学技术发展以及社会进步,并详细阐述了此环境下的艺术设计的发展阶段——非物质设计;第三部分,放眼未来,阐明设计的必然趋势—科学与艺术的整合。     

智能化建筑中的计算机科学与技术应用

智能化建筑包含建筑的自动化系统、火灾防控报警系统和通信连接系统。计算机科学与技术应用在建筑中的应用展现建筑的现代化、经济化的要求。本文简单阐述了计算机科学技术应用下智能化建筑的建设理念,充分表现科技在智能化建筑中的管理、维护和系统监控应用。     

Empathy and Modern Technology: A Neuroergonomics Perspective

The primary purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of empathy in the design of advanced systems in manufacturing and service industries in order to ensure suitable working conditions for employees from the social and technological point of view. The origins and components of empathy are briefly reviewed. The neural underpinnings of three components of empathy, including cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects, are considered in the context of human–human and human–machine interactions, as well as design of working environments. Finally, the potential advantages of applying empathy‐related knowledge to the design and development of human‐centered technology are discussed.     

浅谈高校计算机科学与技术专业人才的培养问题

计算机科学与技术专业是现代高校的必修专业,也是信息时代要求未来人才所必须具备的知识与技能。就我国目前高校中的计算机科学与技术的教学活动和培养现状来看,虽然取得了一定的成绩,但是还有很大的发展空间。本文中将提出一些对高校计算机科学与技术人才培养的建议。     

AI and human society

This paper considers the impact of the AI R&D programme on human society and the individual human being on the assumption that a full realisation of the engineering objective of AI, namely, construction of human-level, domain-independent intelligent entities, is possible. Our assumption is essentially identical tothe maximum progress scenario of the Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress.Specifically, the first section introduces some of the significant issues on the relational nexus among work, education and the human-machine boundary. In particular, based on a Russellian conception of rationality I briefly argue that we need to change our related conceptions of work, employment and free time, through a new human-centred education. On the human-machine boundary problem, I make a couple of tentative suggestions and put forward some crucial open questions.Section two discusses the impact of the emerging machine intelligence on human nature both as modification of its self-image, keeping human nature itself unchanged, and its potential for altering human nature itself. I briefly argue that: (i) in a certain context, the question of the supremacy or uniqueness of human intelligence loses much, if not all, of its weight; and (ii) appearance of Robot-X species would immortalise the human spirit.     

浅谈基于科技馆资源的环保科普活动的开发与实践

论述了科技馆开展环保科普活动的重要意义。笔者认为,现阶段在科技馆中开展各种形式的环保科普活动是提高广大群众和青少年环保意识和素养的重要途径之一。结合科技馆所开展的各种环保科普活动的实践经验,总结了科技馆开展环保科普活动的策略和形式,并指出了在开展环保科普活动中应注意的问题。     

科技期刊数字化浅析

信息时代传统的纸质期刊已经不能满足大量信息的传播,数字化期刊的出现改变了这一局面,数字化成为我国科技期刊发展的必然趋势。介绍了数字出版业的发展现状,从3个方面论述了数字化对科技期刊带来的影响,详细分析了科技期刊数字化的优势及其局限性。     

Positioning and animating human figures in a task-oriented environment

TEMPUS is an interactive graphics system which enables a user to model the task-oriented activities of several human agents in a three-dimensional environment. The user can create one or more human figures which are correctly scaled according to a specific population, or which meet certain size constraints. These figures may be viewed in any of several graphical modes.     

基于移动互联的综合性科技期刊科技信息服务平台及其架构研究

本文首先分析了综合性科技期刊的科技信息服务发展情况及其目前存在的主要问题，然后结合移动互联网的特性，指出了科技信息服务需求及用户习惯发展趋势。为了解决以上问题，满足新的需求，本文提出了一种基于移动互联场景下的综合性科技期刊科技信息服务平台及架构，旨在为综合性科技期刊建设基于移动互联的科技信息服务平台提供有益的参考。     

科技计划项目管理系统的研制

《科技计划项目管理系统》采用Ｄｅｌｐｈｉ３．０编程工具,关系数据库模型和ＳＱＬ数据查询技术开发而成,包含计划编制,合同签订,项目实施与结题,经费回收与成果获奖等信息,系统实现了数据编辑,查询检索,图表统计分析,报表导出与打印等功能。     

计算机科学与技术专业毕业生就业情况调查研究

近年来,随着中国综合大学和师范类大学的增加,应届大学生的数量也在日渐增多,大学生就业困难的问题日益明显,如何做好大学生的职业指导已成为普通高校必须执行的重要任务.现对新疆师范大学计算机科学技术专业2000-2019年的毕业生的本科毕业生情况进行分析研究,期望能对今后的计算机科学技术方向的学生就业具有一定的指导作用.     

Evaluating Information Technology investments: research findings and reappraisal

Abstract. Investments in Information Technology are large and rising, but frequently the subject of disappointed expectations. Some explanations can be found in how they are evaluated and controlled. The paper reports findings from case study work and a 50 organization research project carried out in 1990-91. It first highlights 10 common problem areas that can be addressed. It then focuses on evaluation at the critical feasibility stage of projects and identifies from the research a number of ways in which evaluation practice can be improved. It finds a fall-off in evaluation at subsequent project stages, little attempt to link evaluation across the lifetime of systems, and a fragmented approach to learning from the evaluation experience for future investments. A number of modern alternatives to traditional financially based investment appraisal techniques that dominate the sample are then critically assessed. Tailored to specific organizational circumstances and projects these offer ways forward. Broader thinking, in terms of Information Systems (IS) investments, and a deeper understanding of IS as human activity systems lead on to multiple effectiveness criteria and related measures. However, major improvements may lie in allying more appropriate techniques and measures to developing evaluation as an organizational and social process, with the deeper organizational learning about IT this would entail.     

电力系统自动化技术发展现状及未来发展方向探微

我国一直致力于电力系统自动化技术的发展和创新,尽可能地提高电力系统的自动化技术水平,从而为我国电力系统的长期、高效和稳定运行创造条件。就电力系统自动化技术发展的现状和未来的发展方向进行了分析和探讨,以供相关单位参考。     

“科学技术是第一生产力”命题的哲学思考

1988年 ,邓小平同志明确提出了“科学技术是第一生产力”的科学命题 ;江泽民同志在庆祝中国共产党成立80周年大会上的讲话中再次强调“科学技术是第一生产力 ,而且是先进生产力的集中体现和主要标志”。“科学技术是第一生产力”的命题是对当代科学技术突飞猛进并极大地推动了社会生产力发展这一现实的正确反映和科学概括 ,它的提出体现了马克思主义与时俱进的理论品质 ,是马克思主义理论特别是马克思主义生产力理论发展史上的一个伟大创新。但是 ,反思人们对此命题的某些论证 ,却可以发现一些值得注意的问题。所以 ,在人们以往对此命题论证的基础上 ,进一步用马克思主义哲学的基本观点来分析、说明和论证科技生产力 ,对于全面、准确地理解邓小平及江泽民同志提出和强调的“科学技术是第一生产力”这一科学命题 ,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。