Preliminary Thermo-mechanical Analysis of Water Cooled Ceramic Breeder Blanket for China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor

Bridging from ITER to DEMO, China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor aims at tritium self-sufficiency which is one of the main functions of blanket. The structure and thermo-mechanical performance influences strongly the operation and tritium breeding of blanket. In this paper, Water Cooled Ceramic Breeder blanket was designed with multilayer mixed pebble beds. And preliminary thermo-mechanical analysis has been done by the coupling of ANSYS finite element (FE) model and self-developed finite difference (FD) code under normal steady state condition. The results showed that the temperature distribution of the FE model corresponds well to that of the FD code. The obtained equivalent stress of the blanket is presented and critically verified the compliance with the SDC-IC code as reference criteria. At last, possible improvements such as adding fillets and plug-in materials are proposed to ameliorate the structure.     

中国氦冷固态实验包层模块In-box LOCA事故分析研究

中国氦冷固态实验包层模块(CN HCCB TBM)将在ITER 2号窗口进行测试,在测试期间,聚变中子和TBM内部材料发生核反应,产生氚和其他放射性物质。考虑到ITER的运行和工作人员与公众的安全,在进入ITER测试之前需要进行事故安全分析。本文应用MELOCR对HCCB TBM及其氦冷系统(HCS)进行建模,开展了TBM增殖区冷却板流道破口事故(In-box LOCA)安全研究,并对泄压罐体积,破口面积,隔离阀关闭延迟时间等关键参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明:在保守假设流道全破裂的工况下,box压力超过其压力限值4 MPa,而单根流道和5根流道破裂的工况下,box均未超过其压力限值;安装泄压罐和改变隔离阀关闭延迟时间能够有效的控制box压力。     

Overview of Helium Cooled Ceramic Reflector Test Blanket Module development in Korea

Korea plans to install and test Helium Cooled Ceramic Reflector (HCCR) Test Blanket Module (TBM) in the ITER, because the HCCR blanket concept is one of options of the DEMO blanket. Currently, many design and R&D activities have been performed to develop the Korean HCCR TBM. An integrated design tool for a fusion breeder blanket has been developed based on nuclear technologies including a safety analysis for obtaining a license for testing in the ITER. A half-scale sub-module mockup of the first wall with the manifold was fabricated, and the manufacturability and thermo-hydraulic performances were evaluated. High heat load and helium cooling test facilities have been constructed. Next, the recent status of TBM material development in Korea was introduced including Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic (RAFM) steel, lithium ceramic pebbles and silicon carbide (SiC) coated graphite pebbles. Several fabrication methods of RAFM steel, lithium ceramic pebbles, and silicon carbide coating on graphite pebbles were investigated. Recent design and R&D progress on these areas are introduced here.     

Impact Analysis of Helium Cooled Solid Blanket Structures on the Tritium Breeding Performance in CFETR

Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is a test tokamak reactor to bridge the gap between ITER and future fusion power plant. As its objectives are to demonstrate generation of fusion power and to realize tritium self-sufficiency, the tritium breeding ratio (TBR) is a key design parameter. In the blanket design and optimization, the structures such as the first wall (FW), cooling plate (CP), stiffening plate (SP), cap and some other design parameters in detailed 3-D model have significant impacts on the tritium breeding performance. Based on a helium cooled solid breeder blanket option for CFETR, the impact analysis of the helium cooled solid blanket structures on tritium breeding performance was performed in this paper. Firstly, the detailed 3D neutronics model was built by using of a CAD to Monte Carlo Geometry conversion tool McCad. Then based on the detailed 3D neutronics model, the impact analyses of the blanket structures on tritium breeding performance were carried out, which include the FW, CP, SP, cap and side wall. By the sensitivity study of the blanket structures on the TBR, it gave the TBR variation trend and references for the blanket design and optimization.     

中国ITER固态实验包层模块活化特性计算分析

基于中国ITER氦冷固态实验包层(HCSB-TBM)3×6 模块化结构设计,对其活化特性进行了计算分析.利用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP及数据库FENDL/2进行三维中子输运计算,在此基础上,使用欧洲活化分析系统EASY-2007进行了详细的活化计算.结果表明,刚停堆时,测试包层模块(TBM)总活度为1.29×1016 Bq,总余热为2.46 kW,且均主要受低活化马氏体钢Eurofer材料控制.活度和余热值均在TBM安全设计范围内,且不会对环境造成显著影响.同时,根据计算的接触剂量率可知,TBM中的活化材料均能采取远程操作实现循环再利用.活化计算结果表明,当前的HCSB-TBM设计从中子活化角度满足ITER安全设计需求.     

Thermal-Hydraulic System Study of the Helium Cooled Pebble Bed （HCPB） Test Blanket Module （TBM） for ITER Using System Code RELAP5

The HCPB concept has been a European DEMO reference concept for nearly one decade. Detailed thermal-hydraulic study on the control behavior of the whole system is one of the important parts of this development. The thermal-hydraulic effect of the TBM-combined cooling circuit during a cyclic operation in ITER has been studied using the system code RELAP5. The RELAP5 is based on an one-dimensional, transient two-fluid model for the flow of a two-phase steam-water mixture that can contain noncondensable components like Helium. The RELAP5-models are modified to take the cyclic operation of the circulator, heat exchanger, bypass, valves etc in to account. A sequence of operational phases is investigated, starting from the cold state through the heating phase that brings the system to a stand-by condition, followed by typical power cycles applied in ITER. The results show that the implemented control mechanisms keep the inlet temperature to the TBM and the total mass flow rate at the required values through all phases.     

托卡马克工程试验增殖堆Li冷包层的磁流体动力学压降分析

本文对液态金属 Li 流过托卡马克工程试验增殖堆自冷包层的磁流体动力学(MHD)压降进行了分析,讨论了内侧包层有无裂变、燃料元件的形式、包层能量倍增因子 M 及第一壁冷却孔道宽度对包层总压降的影响,从 MHD 流动分析的观点,为中子学、结构和热工水力设计提出了设计要求。     

Nuclear Analysis of Blanket/Shield Design for D-D Tokamak Fusion Reactor

A study is made of the nuclear characteristics of blanket/shield design intended for the D-D tokamak reactor incorporating a cooperative effort by the University of Illinois, Brookhaven National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The reactor is characterized by high value of plasma beta (β=0.3) and low value of neutron wall loading (W _n =0.436 MW/m²). The 1 m-thick blanket is composed mainly of graphite, and the 1 m-thick shield is a combination of B₄C, Al and H₂O. Multi-dimensional calculations are carried out to confirm the results of one-dimensional calculation and to assess the problems inherent in the design.

Compared to blankets constituted of other materials, the graphite blanket possesses the characteristics of much smaller residual radioactivity, afterheat and biological hazard potential, which could possibly more than offset the lower nuclear heating that can be provided. The design requirements for the magnet shield are satisfied by the present combination and thicknesses of blanket/shield materials.     

Nuclear Characteristics of D-D Fusion Reactor Blanket, (II)

The nuclear characteristics of the thermal blanket and blanket-shield designs are analyzed to provide a basis for optimizing the blanket design of D-D fusion reactors. The thermal blanket is devised to yield high energy deposition in a compact blanket through the use of neutron multiplier and energy converter with 1/v neutron absorption cross section. The blanket-shield design, on the other hand, aims at providing acceptably good shielding characteristics to protect the superconducting magnet by incorporating shielding substances within the blanket itself.

The results of calculation reveal that the thermal blanket design provides only modest energy deposition in the blanket despite its use of beryllium, which is limited in availability. In contrast, the blanket-shield concept is found to offer attractive possibilities in terms of nuclear characteristics, and the results of this analysis point toward the blanket-shield concept as the logical choice for D-D fusion reactor blankets.     

中国铅基合金冷却研究堆包容体系统初步设计研究

中国铅基冷却合金研究堆(CLEAR-Ⅰ)是由FDS团队设计的中国科学院先导科技专项"未来先进裂变核能——ADS嬗变系统"中的反应堆部分,本文针对CLEAR-Ⅰ反应堆及ADS嬗变系统的特性提出了一种包容体的方案设计,该系统充分考虑了对研究堆各关键部位的放射性包容,以及对可能破坏包容体结构完整性的质能释放的包容。使用Relap5/Mod4和Contempt-LT/028程序进行了分析,验证了事故下该包容体系统的完整性,并对该方案做了优化讨论。     

Design,Analysis and Optimization of the First Wall Cooling System of the CFETR Blanket

China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is a superconducting tokamak which is designed by China National Integration design Group for Magnetic Confinement Fusion. CFETR Blanket, as a plasma-facing component withstand very high heat load, is very critical for fusion reactor operation. The first wall (FW) is one of the most significant components of the blanket. The cooling system of the FW has been designed. Meanwhile, thermal–dynamic calculations are performed to obtain the coolant feature and temperature distribution of the FW using ANSYS CFX code. Besides, thermo-mechanical coupling analysis is carried out using the temperature distribution from thermal–dynamic calculation as boundary condition. In addition, cooling channel optimization is proposed according to the analysis results. Analysis results of the optimization cooling channel indicate that the maximum temperature and thermal stress satisfy the design requirements of the FW.     

中国先进研究堆氦气系统的设计

介绍了中国先进研究堆（CARR）氦气系统的方案调研、工艺流程设计、设备管道阀门布置设计和系统设计难点及特点。在系统布置设计中，采用PDSOFT pining配管软件建立该系统的三维模型，模型形象直观，既利于系统设计审查和修改，又利于现场安装工作。     

IHNI-1反应堆热工水力与瞬态特性分析

本文利用子通道程序PRTHA计算了IHNI-1反应堆堆芯热工参数,分析了IHNI-1反应堆堆芯燃料元件与冷却剂的温度场分布,同时给出了堆芯发生过冷沸腾时的功率计算结果。利用RELAP5程序分析了反应堆瞬态特性,以及堆芯瞬态参数随反应性的变化过程。通过本文的分析,表明IHNI-1反应堆具有较好的固有安全特性。     

10MW高温气冷实验堆项目管理系统的框架设计

介绍了１００ＭＷ高温气冷实验堆工程项目管理系统的初步设计框架，在此基础上，重点介绍了核工程管理信息系统（ＭＩＳ）和工程监控系统（ＰＭＳ）的功能设计以及ＭＩＳ各子系统的功能设计。本文在ＭＩＳ和决策支持系统（ＤＳＳ）的开发方法上也作一些尝试。