AZ61镁合金热压缩变形组织研究

在gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机上以应变速率为0.01 s-1和1s-1,变形温度为350℃和400℃,对AZ61镁合金热压缩变形,并对变形试样显微组织进行了研究。结果表明:热变形过程中发生了不同程度的动态再结晶,得到不完全再结晶组织。变形温度和应变速率对再结晶程度、再结晶晶粒尺寸均匀性有明显影响;以较低的温度配合高的应变速率,热变形后发生再结晶晶粒均匀细小;变形温度高且应变速率高时,发生动态再结晶的区域变小,再结晶晶粒尺寸偏大且极不均匀,低温高速热变形有利于获得均匀细小的再结晶组织。     

Mg-Al-Ca-Mn-Zn变形镁合金的组织和力学性能

将Mg-1Al-0.4Ca-0.5Mn-0.2Zn(质量分数,%)合金在不同温度挤压,研究其微观组织和力学性能。结果表明：在260℃和290℃挤压的合金均发生不完全动态再结晶,再结晶晶粒尺寸分别为0.75 μm和1.2 μm。二者均具有高密度的G.P.区和球状纳米析出相,能抑制位错运动并为动态再结晶提供丰富的形核位点。沿晶界析出的纳米相能抑制晶界的运动和限制再结晶晶粒的生长,从而生成尺寸为0.75 μm的超细晶粒。随着挤压温度从260℃提高到290℃,合金的屈服强度从322 MPa提高到343 MPa,伸长率分别为13.4%和13%,没有明显的变化。挤压温度的提高促进了动态析出和动态回复,使合金中积累了高密度纳米盘状相和球状相,大量位错通过动态回复转变成小角度晶界,将未再结晶区域细分成密集的层状亚晶粒,二者均能抑制新位错的运动。这些因素,是在290℃挤压后的合金仍具有较高屈服强度和塑性没有明显变化的主要原因。纳米相对位错的钉扎在一定程度上限制了动态回复的发生,使合金中仍存在较高数量的残余位错,也有利于提高其屈服强度。     

第四代粉末高温合金热变形后的"项链"组织

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜及电子背散射衍射技术研究新型第四代粉末高温合金等温锻造后的"项链"组织,对其形成机理和消除方法进行了探讨。结果表明,实验合金经过多火次等温锻造后,锻坯大部分区域为再结晶后的等轴细晶组织;然而与模具接触的上下端面得到再结晶不完全的"项链"组织,在非等轴变形晶粒周围分布着大量细小的再结晶晶粒,变形晶粒内含有较高密度的小角度晶界,缠结了大量位错。对存在"项链"组织的试样进行不同温度(1080～1180℃)的退火处理,随着温度的升高,再结晶体积分数和再结晶晶粒尺寸均不断增大。合金锻坯经过1150℃再结晶退火后,可基本消除"项链"组织,获得组织较均匀的细晶盘坯,满足双组织热处理的要求。     

TC21钛合金不同变形条件下的显微组织研究

在国内率先完成了新型八元系高强韧钛合金TC21的热模拟压缩变形实验,研究了TC21合金在β相区、(α β)相区及相变点Tβ共8个温度点及0.01～50s-1等5个应变速率值条件下的单向热加工变形特性,重点对加工态金相组织、尤其是0.01s-1和50s-1条件下的组织进行了研究,结果发现,在试样的不同部位存在变形组织的不均匀现象,该合金在不同温度区域变形时分别发生重结晶和动态再结晶.重结晶导致晶粒粗化(约100～200μm),而动态再结晶致使晶粒细化(最小在1～2μm以下).     

ZnAl10Cu2合金在热变形过程中的球化及动态再结晶

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机研究ZnAl10Cu2合金在变形温度180~330℃、应变速率0.01~30s-1、真应变0.3~1.2时的热变形组织演化行为。结果表明:在不同变形条件下,共晶中的片状α2相发生了不同程度的球化和弯折,其球化程度随着应变速率的降低、变形温度的升高、真应变的增大而增加;同时,基体β相发生了动态再结晶。当变形温度小于270℃时,随着变形温度的升高,再结晶晶粒更为细小均匀。变形温度进一步升高,晶粒出现局部长大;当应变速率小于1s-1时,动态再结晶晶粒随应变速率的增大而减小;应变速率约为1s-1时,晶粒细小均匀;应变速率继续增加时,动态再结晶晶粒出现不均匀现象。     

微合金钢回温变形时的组织转变和铁素体动态再结晶行为

采用GLEEBLE 3800热模拟机进行回温变形热压缩实验,研究回温温度对微合金钢组织转变和铁素体动态再结晶行为的影响。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和背散射电子衍射观察实验钢的微观组织和晶粒取向,并对形变时的应力-应变曲线进行分析。结果表明:实验钢回温变形可获得超细晶组织,晶粒平均等效直径约2μm;在回温过程中变形发生动态回复形成亚晶组织,峰值温度变形发生铁素体动态再结晶形成超细晶粒;动态再结晶机制包括晶界迁移和亚晶的转动生长,回温到700℃和750℃时以前者为主,再结晶不充分,保留了条带状变形铁素体,800℃变形时,两者共同作用,形成均匀的等轴状超细晶组织;通过线性回归计算得到实验钢峰值温度变形时铁素体动态再结晶激活能Qd=250.18kJ/mol。     

脉冲电流对疲劳后30CrMnSiA钢组织结构的影响

对在应力控制下预疲劳卸载的热轧态30CrMnSiA钢样品进行高密度脉冲电流处理后，得到了细小均匀的等轴晶组织，晶粒尺寸远小于热轧样品的晶粒尺寸．处理后样品的疲劳寿命显著提高．高密度脉冲电流使疲劳形成的位错产生运动，当刃型位错的距离达到临界距离时，位错发生湮灭，使局部的位错密度梯度增大，在位错密度低的地方发生再结晶形核，使钢发生再结晶．     

Cr8钢的动态再结晶行为及组织转变

利用Gleeble-3500热/力模拟试验机对Cr8支承辊用钢在应变速率0.01～1s-1、变形温度950～1 200℃条件下进行了热压缩变形试验,研究了其热变形力学行为和再结晶规律,并对该钢热变形后的显微组织及物相变化进行了分析。结果表明:在应变速率较低为0.01s-1,当变形温度低于1 050℃时,Cr8钢热变形后的组织主要为动态回复型,当变形温度高于1 100℃时,热变形后的组织为动态再结晶型,且随着变形温度的升高,动态再结晶晶粒逐渐长大;当应变速率增加到0.1s-1时,热变形后的组织在温度低于1 050℃时为动态回复型,在温度高于1 100℃时为动态再结晶型;当应变速率增加到1s-1时,变形温度高于1 050℃时,热变形后的组织即发生了明显的再结晶,奥氏体晶粒大部分已长成为等轴的再结晶晶粒;Cr8钢热变形后的物相主要为α-Fe和γ-Fe,显微组织主要为马氏体和残余奥氏体。     

TC11钛合金β相区热变形动态再结晶过程的研究EI北大核心

通过热压缩实验研究了锻态等轴组织的TCll钛合金在1030～1090℃和应变速率0．001～0．1s^-1范围内的流变行为和组织演变。分析了该合金在实验参数范围内变形的应力一应变曲线特征。热变形过程动力学分析获得了应力指数和激活能分别为4．05,172．3kJ·mol^-1,表明该组织的合金在口区热变形主要是位错的滑移和攀移过程。组织观察和电子背散射衍射（Electron Back Scattered Diffraction,EBSD）测试表明,热变形过程中组织演变以不连续动态再结晶过程进行。该过程中,稳态变形再结晶晶粒尺寸是变形温度和应变速率的函数,而稳态变形组织处于部分动态再结晶状态。通过分析该合金特殊的动态再结晶动力学过程,建立了由原始晶粒尺寸修正的Avrami动态再结晶动力学方程。经验证,与实验数据吻合较好。     

压铸镁合金AZ91D搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核演变机理研究

搅拌针旋转频率为1200r/min、焊接速率为40mm/min条件下,对4mm厚的压铸镁合金AZ91D进行连接,可获得无缺陷的焊缝接头。使用OM,SEM对焊缝接头微观组织进行观察。结果表明:压铸镁合金AZ91D搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区域微观组织呈现出较大差异,顶部冠状区组织为均匀粗大、高致密度的再结晶晶粒,平均晶粒约为15μm;中心环形区域及焊核底部组织相对细小,均匀程度不如焊核冠状区;焊核区组织均为再结晶晶粒,晶粒形核模式与非连续动态再结晶模式类似。     

Effect of epitaxial ferrite on yielding and plastic flow in dual phase steel in tension and compression

Abstract

A low carbon, microalloyed steel was heat treated to obtain dual phase microstructures containing constant levels of 18 and 25 vol.-% martensite at two levels of microstructural refinement and with varying epitaxial ferrite content. Tensile and compression tests were conducted at a strain sensitivity of 2 × 10^-5. Elastic limits in tension and compression were indistinguishable and very low, suggesting that mobile dislocations were present in the ferrite as a consequence of stress relaxation processes. These mobile dislocations accommodated the volume increase accompanying the austenite to martensite transformation during heat treatment. Epitaxial ferrite had little effect on the 0·2% proof stress, but average proof stresses were generally higher in compression than in tension owing to residual stresses in the martensite and ferrite following heat treatment. The residual stresses calculated from this asymmetry in the proof stresses were small because of stress relaxation in the ferrite at the temperature at which the martensite formed. Epitaxial ferrite significantly increased uniform elongation in tension with a small decrease in tensile strength for both levels of martensite in the finer microstructure but only at the 18 vol.-% martensite level in the coarser microstructure. The cause of the increased ductility was the effect of epitaxial ferrite on the work hardening rate between approximately 0·5 and 3% strain; epitaxial ferrite reduced the work hardening rate in this range of strain.     

Effect of prior austenite on reversed austenite stability and mechanical properties of low carbon medium manganese steel heavy plate

The effect of prior austenite on reversed austenite stability and mechanical properties of Fe‐0.06C‐0.2Si‐5.5Mn‐0.4Cr (wt.%) annealed steels was elucidated. With the decrease of austenitizing temperature from 1250 °C to 980 °C, the prior austenite changed from complete recrystallization to partial recrystallization, and the average austenite size was reduced. The volume fraction of reversed austenite was increased from 26.32 % to 30.25 % because of high density of grain boundaries and dislocations. The martensite transformation temperature of annealed steels was increased from ～115 °C to ～150 °C, and both of thermal and mechanical stability of reversed were reduced. There was no significant different in tensile properties, however, the impact toughness was enhanced from 100 J to 180 J at ?60 °C. The excellent impact toughness in annealed steel (austenitized at 980 °C) was obtained because of higher density of high misorientation grain boundaries, more volume fraction of reversed austenite and reduced segregation at grain boundaries.     

回火温度对两相区退火海工钢组织和性能的影响

对690 MPa级海工钢进行“淬火+两相区退火+回火”三步热处理,研究了回火温度对其组织和性能的影响、分析了力学性能变化与组织演变和残余奥氏体体积分数之间的关系。结果表明：回火后实验钢的显微组织为回火贝氏体/马氏体、临界铁素体和残余奥氏体的混合组织。随着回火温度的提高贝氏体/马氏体和临界铁素体逐渐分解成小尺寸晶粒,而残余奥氏体的体积分数逐渐增加;屈服强度由787 MPa降低到716 MPa,塑性和低温韧性明显增强,断后伸长率由20.30%增至29.24%,-40℃下的冲击功由77 J提升至150 J。残余奥氏体体积分数的增加引起裂纹扩展功增大,是低温韧性提高的主要原因。贝氏体/马氏体的分解和残余奥氏体的生成,引起组织细化、晶粒内低KAM值位错的比例逐渐提高和小角度晶界峰值的频率增大,使材料的塑性和韧性显著提高。     

Quantitative microstructural characterisation of Fe–30Ni alloy after martensitic transformations by means of stereological and magnetic methods

In the Fe–30Ni alloy investigated a martensitic transformation can occur both during quenching or plastic deformation. Martensite formed during plastic deformation, depending on the thermo-mechanical treatment applied, exhibits a different morphology from that achieved during quenching and forms the so-called composite-like structure. The morphology and volume fraction of martensite depends both on strain and temperature. In the present studies Fe–30Ni alloy was deformed by monotonic rolling in one path and perpendicular rolling in the temperature range M_D–M_S. The aim of the investigations was a determination of martensite volume fraction depending on the strain and temperature. To examine the influence of strain, the alloy was deformed by rolling in one path or perpendicular rolling at a temperature of − 30 °C, in the strain range of 10–30%. The dependence of temperature was investigated by rolling with 30% strain in a temperature range from − 30 °C to − 80 °C. The variants of thermo-mechanical treatment performed enabled us to achieve different martensite morphologies and volume fractions. Microstructural analysis was performed by means of light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results of quantitative microstructural analysis of martensite and retained austenite volume fractions formed in different thermo-mechanical treatments were compared with those obtained by magnetic measurements. The fraction of deformation-induced martensite determined varied from 2% to 86%. The partial volume fractions V_V^MF of martensite formed in different deformation directions were also determined. It was found that the influence of the temperature on the martensite volume fraction is more pronounced than the influence of strain.     

短切碳纤维/AZ91D镁合金复合材料高温变形动态再结晶行为

在变形温度为340~400℃、应变速率为0.001~0.1 s^-1、最大真应变为0.7的条件下,采用等温压缩实验研究了短切碳纤维（CF_s）/AZ91D复合材料和AZ91D镁合金的动态再结晶行为。结果表明：CF_s/AZ91D复合材料和AZ91D镁合金在高温压缩过程中均发生了显著的动态再结晶;CF_s极大地促进了AZ91D基体的动态再结晶过程,减小了动态再结晶临界应变并细化了再结晶晶粒组织;AZ91D镁合金动态再结晶体积分数随应变量增加表现为典型的"S"型变化曲线,而CF_s/AZ91D复合材料则呈现出快速增长-缓慢增长-趋于平稳的非线性变化规律。根据实验结果分别建立了CF_s/AZ91D复合材料和AZ91D镁合金的动态再结晶临界应变模型和动力学模型,在此基础上分析了二者高温变形动态再结晶行为的差异。     

Effect of high temperature thermomechanical treatment on the mechanical properties of vanadium – modified AISI 4330 steel

The relationships between the recovery and recrystallization of hot-deformed austenite grains and the precipitation of carbide on tempering in a 0.3C-Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel have been studied to examine closely the favourable effects of high-temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTMT) on the mechanical properties in steel. The results show that the strength and toughness increase with increasing degree of deformation by HTMT, particularly in which the ductile-brittle transition temperature as a measure of toughness decreases steeply with increasing degree of deformation. From the analysis of line broadening on (110)_M and hardness change with holding time after hot deformation, the dynamic recovery and recrystallization during HTMT are believed not to occur. Owing to this, the random distribution of fine carbide precipitates in martensite structure is hardly affected. Consequently, the improvement of mechanical properties by HTMT is due to the distribution of fine carbide precipitates within martensite lath and the refinement of the martensite structure.     

Effect of cryogenic treatment on microstructure, mechanical and wear behaviors of AISI H13 hot work tool steel

This paper focuses on the effects of low temperature (subzero) treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of H13 hot work tool steel. Cryogenic treatment at −72 °C and deep cryogenic treatment at −196 °C were applied and it was found that by applying the subzero treatments, the retained austenite was transformed to martensite. As the temperature was decreased more retained austenite was transformed to martensite and it also led to smaller and more uniform martensite laths distributed in the microstructure. The deep cryogenic treatment also resulted in precipitation of more uniform and very fine carbide particles. The microstructural modification resulted in a significant improvement on the mechanical properties of the H13 tool steel.     

脉冲电流处理对冷轧态GH3030合金再结晶组织性能的影响

目的 探究不同工艺参数下脉冲电流处理对冷轧态GH3030合金静态再结晶组织的影响.方法 利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD),探究脉冲电流处理(EPT)和常规退火处理(CHT)对GH3030合金静态再结晶的影响.探究了两种热处理方式下不同退火温度和时间对冷轧态GH3030合金静态再结晶体积分数、晶粒尺寸以及硬度的影响,计算两种热处理方式下不同工艺参数的静态再结晶动力学方程与激活能.结果 与常规退火处理相比,脉冲电流处理可以快速提高冷轧态GH3030合金的静态再结晶体积分数,并且得到了尺寸更加均匀的晶粒,而脉冲电流处理的合金其硬度值均小于相同条件下常规退火处理的合金.根据静态再结晶动力学方程的结果可知,脉冲电流处理的合金再结晶激活能低于常规退火处理的合金,脉冲电流处理下发生完全再结晶所需时间远远少于常规退火处理下所需时间.结论 脉冲电流处理促进了冷轧GH3030合金静态再结晶行为,并且加速了再结晶晶粒的成核和长大,但脉冲电流处理对改善GH3030合金的硬度效果不明显.     

Development of carbon—Low alloy steel grades for low temperature applications

Low alloy steels are processed to fulfill the requirements of low temperature applications. Besides the chemical composition, the steel should receive a suitable heat treatment to ensure the targeted mechanical properties at low temperature. In other words, the steels are designed to delay the ductile to brittle transition temperature to resist dynamic loading at subzero temperatures. Steel alloys processed for liquefied gas pipeline fittings are examples for applications that need deep subzero impact transition temperature (ITT).The main purpose of the present work was to find a suitable heat treatment sequence for alloys LC2 and LC2-1. Further, it aimed to correlate the impact toughness with the microstructure and the fracture surface at different sub-zero temperatures.The steels under investigation are carbon-low alloy grades alloyed with Ni, Cr and Mo. LC2 steel alloy has been successfully processed and then modified to LC2-1 alloy by addition of Cr and Mo. Oil quenching from 900 °C followed by tempering at 595 °C was used for toughness improvements. Hardness, tensile and impact tests at room temperature have been carried out. Further impact tests at subzero temperatures were conducted to characterize alloys behavior. Metallographic as well as SEM fractographic coupled with XRD qualitative analysis are also carried out.Non-homogenous martensite-ferrite cast structure in LC2 was altered to homogeneous tempered martensite structure using quenching-tempering treatment, which is leading to shift the ITT down to −73 °C. Addition of Cr and Mo creates a very fine martensitic structure in LC2-1 alloy. Quenching-tempering of LC2-1 accelerates ITT to −30 °C. It is expected that the steel was subjected to temper embrittlement as a result of phosphorus segregation on the grain boundary due to Cr and Mo alloying, as it was concluded in reference no. [6].     

Size distribution of martensite plates in an Fe-Ni-Mn alloy

In this paper, the size distribution of the martensite plates in an Fe-23.2 Ni-2.81 Mn (wt%) alloy, which transforms isothermally at subzero temperatures, is reported. The distribution of the martensite plates has been determined as a function of the reaction temperature, volume fraction of martensite, the austenitic grain size, a superimposed elastic stress and prior plastic strain (at room temperature) of austenite. Increasing the driving force either by decreasing the reaction temperature or by a superimposed elastic stress changes the size distribution by enhancing the extent of radial growth of the martensite plates. Pre-straining of austenite does not allow the martensite plates to grow to the full extent. The present results show that the radial growth of the martensite plates increases with increasing driving force and decreases due to work-hardening of austenite. The transformation is found to progress through a combination of the spreading-out of clusters and filling-in of pockets, both occurring simultaneously. However, the extent of filling-in, i.e. compartmentalization of austenite grains, is more in the coarse-grained (0.09 mm) and medium-grained (0.048 mm) specimens compared to that in the fine-grained (0.019 mm) specimens.