黄芪多糖对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用及肿瘤坏死因子-α、细胞间黏附分子-1、白细胞介素-6表达的影响

目的探讨黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharide,APS)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)大鼠的保护作用及血清和肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor narcosis factor-α,TNF-α)、细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)表达的影响。方法将Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、ALI模型组和APS干预组,每组30只,ALI模型组和APS干预组均经腹腔注射LPS 5 mg/kg;对照组经腹腔注射生理盐水5 ml/kg。造模6 h后,APS干预组经尾静脉注射APS 20 mg/kg,对照组和ALI模型组给予等量生理盐水。分别于造模后0、6、12、24和48 h每组各取5只大鼠,计算肺组织湿重/干重比值(W/D),HE染色观察肺组织病理学形态,ELISA法检测血清中细胞因子TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-6的水平;造模后24 h,每组各取5只大鼠,Western blot法检测肺组织中TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-6蛋白的表达水平。结果造模后12、24和48 h,对照组W/D比值明显低于ALI模型组和APS干预组(P0.01);APS干预组W/D比值在各时点均明显低于ALI模型组(P0.01)。造模后12 h,与对照组比较,ALI模型组和APS干预组大鼠肺组织均出现较重度的炎性反应,但APS干预组较ALI模型组轻;造模后48 h,ALI模型组大鼠肺组织的炎性反应达高峰,而APS干预组逐渐消退。对照组大鼠血清TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-6均维持在较低水平;ALI模型组和APS干预组大鼠血清TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-6水平在造模后12 h开始明显升高,而APS干预组在12 h后各时点浓度均低于ALI模型组,且同一时点与ALI模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。造模后24 h,ALI模型组和APS干预组大鼠肺组织中TNF-α、ICAM-1、IL-6蛋白的表达水平均较对照组明显上升(P0.01);而APS干预组与ALI模型组相比,明显下降(P0.01)。结论 APS能有效减轻LPS所致的ALI,此作用与抑制TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-6的过度表达,减轻炎症级联反应有关。     

1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑阳离子与噻吩分子识别作用研究

在B3LYP/6-31+G水平下,运用密度泛函理论,计算得到的1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑阳离子([BMIM]+)和噻吩(thiophene)分子之间的结合能分别为-22.39 kJ/mol,同时运用NBO和AIM理论对分子间的相互作用本质进行了分析。     

探讨68例血液净化治疗急性肾损伤的效果

目的了解急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)采用连续性血液净化(CBP)与间歇性血液透析(IHD)的治疗方式对患者后的影响。方法回顾性分析我院收治的急性肾损伤患者68例的临床资料,依据血液净化方式分为连续性血液净化(CBP)组(36例)和间歇性血液透析(IHD)组(32例)。结果与IHD组比较,CBP组患者的血肌酐、尿素氮很快下降,P<0.05,CBP组与IHD组病死率分别为51.9%和52.4%,差异无统计学意义,P>0.05,而肾功能恢复率CBP组(92.3%)与IHD组(65.0%)比较差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论 CBP治疗能改善急性肾损伤患者的预后,疗效优于IHD。     

α_1-抗胰蛋白酶的制备及其防治急性肺损伤的疗效

目的　以FIV 1为原料 ,制备较高纯度α1 AT制剂 ,用该制剂干预急性肺损伤动物模型作疗效考核。方法　FIV 1抽提液经PEG沉淀 ,离子交换 ,病毒灭活、超滤、除菌、分装 ,冻干制备α1 AT制剂。用急性肺损伤动物模型 ,比较静脉注射与雾化吸入α1 AT的治疗效果。结果　 3批制剂纯度 >70 % ,无菌、热原、安全试验均符合生物制品规程要求。静脉注射或雾化吸入 ,可降低由内毒素诱发急性肺损伤程度。结论　α1 AT制备工艺适合大规模生产。在防治急性肺损伤时有一定效果     

姜黄素对脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用及对细胞间黏附分子-1和肿瘤坏死因子-α表达的影响

目的 研究姜黄素对脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤(Acute lung injury,ALI)的保护作用及对细胞间黏附分子-1(Intercel-lular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)表达的影响。方法将SD小鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、脓毒症组(Sep组)、二甲基亚砜组(DMSO组)和姜黄素组(Cur组)。采用盲肠结扎穿刺术(Cecal ligation andpuncture,CLP)复制脓毒症相关性ALI模型,造模24 h后,Cur组给予200 mg/(kg.d)姜黄素,Sham和Sep组给予等量生理盐水,DMSO组给予等量DMSO,均经腹腔注射给药。HE染色观察小鼠肺组织病理形态学变化;ELISA法检测小鼠血浆中ICAM-1和TNF-α含量的变化;Western blot分析小鼠肺组织中ICAM-1和TNF-α蛋白的表达。结果 Cur组小鼠在给药后12 h肺组织病理变化与Sep组相比有所减轻,48 h姜黄素作用达最强,且各种病理改变明显减轻,部分肺组织已恢复到正常形态;Cur组小鼠血浆中lCAM-1的含量在给药后6、12、24和48 h均明显低于Sep组(P<0.05),Cur组小鼠血浆中TNF-α的含量在给药后24 h明显低于Sep组(P<0.05);给药后24 h,Cur组小鼠肺组织中ICAM-1和TNF-α蛋白的表达水平与Sep组相比明显降低(P<0.05);DMSO组与Sep组各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论姜黄素能够有效减轻脓毒症所致ALI,这一作用与抑制ICAM-1和TNF-α的过度表达有关。     

阿那白滞素与白细胞介素-1β的分子作用机制

阿那白滞素(Anakinra)是一类重要的白细胞介素-1β的抑制剂,对于治疗多种疾病引起的并发症具有重要作用。采用分子对接和分子动力学方法研究了Anakinra抑制白细胞介素-1β的分子作用机制。结果表明,Anakinra可由氢键作用结合于白细胞介素-1β的表面,它的结合使白细胞介素-1β的结构趋于稳定,从而抑制其生物活性。Anakinra的结合没有明显改变白细胞介素-1β的亲水性和疏水性,白细胞介素-1β内部氢键数目的改变是稳定性发生改变的主要原因。     

a1-抗胰蛋白酶的制备及其防治急性肺损伤的疗效

目的以FIV-1为原料,制备较高纯度α1-AT制剂,用该制剂干预急性肺损伤动物模型作疗效考核.方法 KIV-1抽提液经PEG沉淀,离子交换,病毒灭活、超滤、除菌、分装,冻干制备α1-AT制剂.用急性肺损伤动物模型,比较静脉注射与雾化吸入α1AT的治疗效果.结果 3批制剂纯度＞70%,无菌、热原、安全试验均符合生物制品规程要求.静脉注射或雾化吸入,可降低由内毒素诱发急性肺损伤程度.结论α1-AT制备工艺适合大规模生产.在防治急性肺损伤时有一定效果.     

分子内还原Heck反应合成7-溴-1-茚满酮

研究了标题化合物的合成新方法,即以邻溴苯甲酸为原料,经取代反应、氧化还原反应、格氏反应以及分子内还原Heck反应合成了目标化合物。探讨了分子内还原Heck反应中反应溶剂、反应温度、反应时间及催化剂种类等条件对产率的影响。最终确定了以四氢呋喃为溶剂、Pd(dppf)Cl_2为催化剂、60℃反应6 h的最佳反应条件,产率可达83%。     

血管紧张素转换酶2过表达对大鼠急性心肌梗死后心室重构的影响及其分子机制

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin converting enzyme 2,ACE2)过表达对大鼠急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)后心室重构的影响及其可能的分子机制。方法采用开胸结扎冠状动脉法建立SD大鼠AMI模型,将模型大鼠随机分为MI、MI+(NS)、MI+AdEGFP、MI+AdACE2组,另设SHAM(假手术)组,每组15只,MI+NS、MI+AdEGFP和MI+AdACE2组沿心肌梗死周边区选取5个点,通过直接心肌内注射方式分别注射NS、AdEGFP和AdACE2,SHAM和MI组不注射。术后4周末,采用Western blot法检测大鼠心肌梗死周边区心肌组织中ACE2、α-SMA、MKP-1、ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2、P38、TGF-β1蛋白的表达;HE染色后于普通显微镜下观察心肌组织结构及细胞炎症变化,天狼猩红-饱和苦味酸染色后于普通显微镜及偏振光显微镜下分别观察心肌胶原表达分布情况;SP免疫组化染色法检测大鼠心肌梗死周边区心肌组织中AngⅡ、Ang(1-7)、α-SMA蛋白的表达,同时采用ELISA法检测Ang(1-7)蛋白的表达;使用羟脯氨酸试剂盒检测大鼠心肌梗死周边区心肌组织中羟脯氨酸含量。结果术后4周末,MI+AdACE2组大鼠心肌梗死周边区心肌组织中ACE2蛋白的表达量显著高于其他各组,同时Ang(1-7)蛋白的表达量也显著升高(P<0.05);与SHAM组相比,MI、MI+NS、MI+AdEGFP组大鼠心肌梗死周边区心肌组织中AngⅡ、Ang(1-7)、α-SMA蛋白的表达量显著升高(P<0.05),MI+AdACE2组与MI、MI+NS、MI+AdEGFP组相比,AngⅡ、α-SMA蛋白表达水平降低,Ang(1-7)蛋白表达水平升高更显著;与MI、MI+NS、MI+AdEGFP各组相比,MI+AdACE2组大鼠心肌梗死周边区心肌组织中MKP-1蛋白的表达水平明显增加(P<0.05),p-ERK、P38、TGF-β1蛋白的表达水平降低,羟脯氨酸含量显著降低(P<0.05);HE染色和天狼猩红-饱和苦味酸染色证实,ACE2对AMI后梗死周边区的炎症反应和胶原重塑均有明显的改善作用。结论 ACE2在心肌过表达能有效改善大鼠AMI后心肌梗死周边区心肌纤维化进程,缓解心室重构,其机制可能与ACE2调节肾素-血管紧张素系统(rennin-angiotensin system,RAS)、平衡丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinases,MAPK)活性相关。     

1-氨基-1-环烷基甲酸的合成

通过改进的Strecker法,分别以环己酮和环戊酮为原料与氨反应生成亚胺（I）,（I）与氰化钠反应生成（Ⅱ）,（Ⅱ）用浓盐酸水解为旷氨基酸（Ⅲ）。反应最佳条件为：环烷基酮、氨水、氯化铵和氰化钠的摩尔比为：1：1．8：1．1：1．1。粗品旷氨基酸用75％的乙醇重结晶。1-氨基-1-环己基甲酸和1-氨基-1-环戊基甲酸的收率分别为56．42％和60．21％。目标化合物用核磁和红外光谱进行了表征。     

抗人ICAM-1单链抗体表达载体的构建及在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的构建抗人细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)单链抗体(ScFv)的表达载体,并在大肠肝菌中表达。方法从分泌ICAM-1单抗的杂交瘤细胞中提取RNA,用RT-PCR扩增抗体VH和VL基因,重叠延伸PCR扩增人ICAM-1-ScFv基因,将其连接到pET-22b(+)载体上,转化大肠杆菌BL2(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,表达产物纯化及复性后,检测特异性及活性。结果序列分析表明抗ICAM-1 ScFv基因全长为744bp,编码247个氨基酸,其中含357bp的VH基因片段和342bp的VL基因片段。表达蛋白以包涵体形式存在,表达量占菌体总蛋白的32%。经变性和复性后,纯度达80%以上,复性率达25%。Western blot和ELISA检测,ScFv均可与ICAM-1抗原特异性结合。细胞黏附试验表明ScFv能抑制ICAM-1与HSB2细胞间的黏附,其作用稍弱于亲本mAb。结论已成功构建了抗人ICAM-1的ScFv表达载体,其表达产物具有抗体特异性和活性。     

Necrostatin-1 Attenuates Ischemia Injury Induced Cell Death in Rat Tubular Cell Line NRK-52E through Decreased Drp1 Expression

Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) inhibits necroptosis and is usually regarded as having no effect on other cell deaths. Here, this study explored whether the addition of Nec-1 has an effect on cell death induced by simulated ischemia injury in rat tubular cell line NRK-52E. In addition, we also investigated the mechanism of Nec-1 attenuates cell death in this renal ischemia model. The NRK-52E cells were incubated with TNF-α + antimycinA (TA) for 24 h with or without Nec-1. Cell death was observed under fluorescent microscope and quantified by flow cytometry. Cell viabilities were detected by MTT assay. The protein expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. Increased cell death in simulated ischemia injury of NRK-52E cells were markedly attenuated in the Nec-1 pretreated ischemia injury group. Meanwhile, cell viability was significantly improved after using Nec-1. In addition, we also observed that the protein expression of Drp1, a mediator of mitochondrial fission, was significantly increased in simulated ischemia injury group. Increased Drp1 expression in the ischemia injury group can be abolished by Nec-1 or Drp1-knock down, accompanied with decreased cell death and improved cell viabilities. These results suggest that Nec-1 may inhibit cell death induced by simulated ischemia injury in the rat tubular cell line NRK-52E through decreased Drp1 expression.     

Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Mitigates Microvascular Loss but Not Fibrosis in a Model of Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury

The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) following an episode of acute kidney injury (AKI) is an increasingly recognized clinical problem. Inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protects renal function in animal models of AKI and has become a viable therapeutic strategy in AKI. However, the impact of TLR4 inhibition on the chronic sequelae of AKI is unknown. Consequently, we examined the chronic effects of TLR4 inhibition in a model of ischemic AKI. Mice with a TLR4-deletion on a C57BL/6 background and wild-type (WT) background control mice (C57BL/6) were subjected to bilateral renal artery clamping for 19 min and reperfusion for up to 6 weeks. Despite the acute protective effect of TLR4 inhibition on renal function (serum creatinine 1.6 ± 0.4 mg/dL TLR4-deletion vs. 2.8 ± 0.3 mg/dL·WT) and rates of tubular apoptosis following ischemic AKI, we found no difference in neutrophil or macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, we observed significant protection from microvascular rarefaction at six weeks following injury with TLR4-deletion, but this did not alter development of fibrosis. In conclusion, we validate the acute protective effect of TLR4 signal inhibition in AKI but demonstrate that this protective effect does not mitigate the sequential fibrogenic response in this model of ischemic AKI.     

蛋白酶体抑制剂诱导的PC12细胞帕金森病模型中血红素加氧酶-1的差异表达

目的探讨蛋白酶体抑制剂(Proteasome inhibitor,PSI)诱导的PC12细胞帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)模型中血红素加氧酶-1(Hemeoxygenase-1,HO-1)的差异表达,为深入研究PD的发病机制提供理论依据。方法取培养的PC12细胞,加入终浓度为10μmol/L的PSI,建立PSI诱导的PC12细胞模型,以加入终浓度为10μmol/L的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为对照组。经HE、AO&EB及α-SYN染色进行鉴定;PSI作用48h后提取蛋白,应用荧光差异凝胶电泳(DIGE)系统获得差异蛋白点,运用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOFProMS)鉴定差异蛋白。结果模型组与对照组比较,PSI作用48h可见细胞内嗜酸性类Lewy小体形成及细胞凋亡,凋亡率达(24.74±4.55)%。模型组与对照组比较,HO-1表达量显著增加。结论在泛素-蛋白酶体系统(Ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS)功能障碍诱发PD过程中,氧化应激反应发挥着一定的作用。     

应用绵羊肝细胞生长因子治疗小鼠急性中毒性肝损伤的疗效

将小白鼠随机分组，用四氯化碳（CCl4）造成急性肝损伤模型，以sHGF进行治疗。结果sHGF治疗组的小鼠血清GPT水平比肝损伤组明显降低（P＜0．001）；肝细胞变性、坏死等病理损伤也比肝损伤组明显减轻，可见大量的新生肝细胞；肝细胞超微结构提示，治疗组肝细胞核及胞浆内各种细胞器的损伤程度，比肝损伤组明显减轻，尤以线粒体和粗面内质网更为明显。     

Spinal Cord T-Cell Infiltration in the Rat Spared Nerve Injury Model: A Time Course Study

The immune system is involved in the development of neuropathic pain. In particular, the infiltration of T-lymphocytes into the spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury has been described as a contributor to sensory hypersensitivity. We used the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain in Sprague Dawley adult male rats to assess proliferation, and/or protein/gene expression levels for microglia (Iba1), T-lymphocytes (CD2) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8). In the dorsal horn ipsilateral to SNI, Iba1 and BrdU stainings revealed microglial reactivity and proliferation, respectively, with different durations. Iba1 expression peaked at D4 and D7 at the mRNA and protein level, respectively, and was long-lasting. Proliferation occurred almost exclusively in Iba1 positive cells and peaked at D2. Gene expression observation by RT-qPCR array suggested that T-lymphocytes attracting chemokines were upregulated after SNI in rat spinal cord but only a few CD2/CD8 positive cells were found. A pronounced infiltration of CD2/CD8 positive T-cells was seen in the spinal cord injury (SCI) model used as a positive control for lymphocyte infiltration. Under these experimental conditions, we show early and long-lasting microglia reactivity in the spinal cord after SNI, but no lymphocyte infiltration was found.     

Baicalin Protects Mice from Aristolochic Acid I-Induced Kidney Injury by Induction of CYP1A through the Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptor

Exposure to aristolochic acid I (AAI) can lead to aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN), Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and urothelial cancer. The induction of hepatic CYP1A, especially CYP1A2, was considered to detoxify AAI so as to reduce its nephrotoxicity. We previously found that baicalin had the strong ability to induce CYP1A2 expression; therefore in this study, we examined the effects of baicalin on AAI toxicity, metabolism and disposition, as well as investigated the underlying mechanisms. Our toxicological studies showed that baicalin reduced the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) in AAI-treated mice and attenuated renal injury induced by AAI. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that baicalin markedly decreased AUC of AAI in plasma and the content of AAI in liver and kidney. CYP1A induction assays showed that baicalin exposure significantly increased the hepatic expression of CYP1A1/2, which was completely abolished by inhibitors of the Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), 3ʹ,4ʹ-dimethoxyflavone and resveratrol, in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Moreover, the luciferase assays revealed that baicalin significantly increased the luciferase activity of the reporter gene incorporated with the Xenobiotic response elements recognized by AhR. In summary, baicalin significantly reduced the disposition of AAI and ameliorated AAI-induced kidney toxicity through AhR-dependent CYP1A1/2 induction in the liver.     

Involvement of Glutamate Transporter-1 in Neuroprotection against Global Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Induced by Postconditioning in Rats

Ischemic postconditioning refers to several transient reperfusion and ischemia cycles after an ischemic event and before a long duration of reperfusion. The procedure produces neuroprotective effects. The mechanisms underlying these neuroprotective effects are poorly understood. In this study, we found that most neurons in the CA1 region died after 10 minutes of ischemia and is followed by 72 hours of reperfusion. However, brain ischemic postconditioning (six cycles of 10 s/10 s reperfusion/re-occlusion) significantly reduced neuronal death. Significant up-regulation of Glutamate transporter-1 was found after 3, 6, 24, 72 hours of reperfusion. The present study showed that ischemic postconditioning decreases cell death and that upregulation of GLT-1 expression may play an important role on this effect.     

Apigenin-7-Glycoside Prevents LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Downregulation of Oxidative Enzyme Expression and Protein Activation through Inhibition of MAPK Phosphorylation

Apigenin-7-glycoside (AP7Glu) with multiple biological activities is a flavonoid that is currently prescribed to treat inflammatory diseases such as upper respiratory infections. Recently, several studies have shown that its anti-inflammatory activities have been strongly linked to the inhibition of secretion of pro-inflammatory proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induced through phosphorylation nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways. Additionally, inflammation, which can decrease the activities of antioxidative enzymes (AOEs) is also observed in these studies. At the same time, flavonoids are reported to promote the activities of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) decreased by LPS. The purpose of this study was to assess these theories in a series of experiments on the suppressive effects of AP7Glu based on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro and acute lung injury in mice in vivo. After six hours of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, pulmonary pathological, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, total polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) cells, cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and AOEs, are all affected and changed. Meanwhile, our data revealed that AP7Glu not only did significantly inhibit the LPS-enhanced inflammatory activity in lung, but also exhibited anti-inflammatory effect through the MAPK and inhibitor NF-κB (IκB) pathways.     

脑红蛋白在内毒素脑损伤过程中的表达上调

目的探讨内毒素脑损伤模型大鼠的额叶皮质、海马组织、脑脊液(CSF)和血浆中脑红蛋白(NGB)的表达变化及其意义。方法将SD大鼠随机分为内毒素干预组和对照组,内毒素干预组向大鼠第四脑室内注射内毒素0.1mg/kg,对照组注入等剂量的生理盐水。于注射后3、6、12、24、48和72h采血,分离血清,收集CSF,并处死大鼠,留取额叶皮质和海马组织,应用ELISA、Western blot检测NGB含量,免疫组织化学法检测NGB的表达,干燥法检测鼠脑含水量。结果注射6h后,内毒素干扰组鼠脑含水量明显高于对照组,48h达峰值;额叶皮质、海马组织、CSF和血浆中NGB含量显著高于对照组,48h达峰值。结论在内毒素所致脑损伤中,NGB表达上调,且与内毒素的注入时间相关,NGB表达上调是机体内源性神经保护机制之一。