黄芪多糖对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠的保护作用及肿瘤坏死因子-α、细胞间黏附分子-1、白细胞介素-6表达的影响

目的探讨黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharide,APS)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)大鼠的保护作用及血清和肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor narcosis factor-α,TNF-α)、细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)表达的影响。方法将Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、ALI模型组和APS干预组,每组30只,ALI模型组和APS干预组均经腹腔注射LPS 5 mg/kg;对照组经腹腔注射生理盐水5 ml/kg。造模6 h后,APS干预组经尾静脉注射APS 20 mg/kg,对照组和ALI模型组给予等量生理盐水。分别于造模后0、6、12、24和48 h每组各取5只大鼠,计算肺组织湿重/干重比值(W/D),HE染色观察肺组织病理学形态,ELISA法检测血清中细胞因子TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-6的水平;造模后24 h,每组各取5只大鼠,Western blot法检测肺组织中TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-6蛋白的表达水平。结果造模后12、24和48 h,对照组W/D比值明显低于ALI模型组和APS干预组(P0.01);APS干预组W/D比值在各时点均明显低于ALI模型组(P0.01)。造模后12 h,与对照组比较,ALI模型组和APS干预组大鼠肺组织均出现较重度的炎性反应,但APS干预组较ALI模型组轻;造模后48 h,ALI模型组大鼠肺组织的炎性反应达高峰,而APS干预组逐渐消退。对照组大鼠血清TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-6均维持在较低水平;ALI模型组和APS干预组大鼠血清TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-6水平在造模后12 h开始明显升高,而APS干预组在12 h后各时点浓度均低于ALI模型组,且同一时点与ALI模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。造模后24 h,ALI模型组和APS干预组大鼠肺组织中TNF-α、ICAM-1、IL-6蛋白的表达水平均较对照组明显上升(P0.01);而APS干预组与ALI模型组相比,明显下降(P0.01)。结论 APS能有效减轻LPS所致的ALI,此作用与抑制TNF-α、ICAM-1和IL-6的过度表达,减轻炎症级联反应有关。     

1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑阳离子与噻吩分子识别作用研究

在B3LYP/6-31+G水平下,运用密度泛函理论,计算得到的1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑阳离子([BMIM]+)和噻吩(thiophene)分子之间的结合能分别为-22.39 kJ/mol,同时运用NBO和AIM理论对分子间的相互作用本质进行了分析。     

探讨68例血液净化治疗急性肾损伤的效果

目的了解急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)采用连续性血液净化(CBP)与间歇性血液透析(IHD)的治疗方式对患者后的影响。方法回顾性分析我院收治的急性肾损伤患者68例的临床资料,依据血液净化方式分为连续性血液净化(CBP)组(36例)和间歇性血液透析(IHD)组(32例)。结果与IHD组比较,CBP组患者的血肌酐、尿素氮很快下降,P<0.05,CBP组与IHD组病死率分别为51.9%和52.4%,差异无统计学意义,P>0.05,而肾功能恢复率CBP组(92.3%)与IHD组(65.0%)比较差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。结论 CBP治疗能改善急性肾损伤患者的预后,疗效优于IHD。     

α_1-抗胰蛋白酶的制备及其防治急性肺损伤的疗效

目的　以FIV 1为原料 ,制备较高纯度α1 AT制剂 ,用该制剂干预急性肺损伤动物模型作疗效考核。方法　FIV 1抽提液经PEG沉淀 ,离子交换 ,病毒灭活、超滤、除菌、分装 ,冻干制备α1 AT制剂。用急性肺损伤动物模型 ,比较静脉注射与雾化吸入α1 AT的治疗效果。结果　 3批制剂纯度 >70 % ,无菌、热原、安全试验均符合生物制品规程要求。静脉注射或雾化吸入 ,可降低由内毒素诱发急性肺损伤程度。结论　α1 AT制备工艺适合大规模生产。在防治急性肺损伤时有一定效果     

姜黄素对脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用及对细胞间黏附分子-1和肿瘤坏死因子-α表达的影响

目的 研究姜黄素对脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤(Acute lung injury,ALI)的保护作用及对细胞间黏附分子-1(Intercel-lular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)表达的影响。方法将SD小鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、脓毒症组(Sep组)、二甲基亚砜组(DMSO组)和姜黄素组(Cur组)。采用盲肠结扎穿刺术(Cecal ligation andpuncture,CLP)复制脓毒症相关性ALI模型,造模24 h后,Cur组给予200 mg/(kg.d)姜黄素,Sham和Sep组给予等量生理盐水,DMSO组给予等量DMSO,均经腹腔注射给药。HE染色观察小鼠肺组织病理形态学变化;ELISA法检测小鼠血浆中ICAM-1和TNF-α含量的变化;Western blot分析小鼠肺组织中ICAM-1和TNF-α蛋白的表达。结果 Cur组小鼠在给药后12 h肺组织病理变化与Sep组相比有所减轻,48 h姜黄素作用达最强,且各种病理改变明显减轻,部分肺组织已恢复到正常形态;Cur组小鼠血浆中lCAM-1的含量在给药后6、12、24和48 h均明显低于Sep组(P<0.05),Cur组小鼠血浆中TNF-α的含量在给药后24 h明显低于Sep组(P<0.05);给药后24 h,Cur组小鼠肺组织中ICAM-1和TNF-α蛋白的表达水平与Sep组相比明显降低(P<0.05);DMSO组与Sep组各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论姜黄素能够有效减轻脓毒症所致ALI,这一作用与抑制ICAM-1和TNF-α的过度表达有关。     

阿那白滞素与白细胞介素-1β的分子作用机制

阿那白滞素(Anakinra)是一类重要的白细胞介素-1β的抑制剂,对于治疗多种疾病引起的并发症具有重要作用。采用分子对接和分子动力学方法研究了Anakinra抑制白细胞介素-1β的分子作用机制。结果表明,Anakinra可由氢键作用结合于白细胞介素-1β的表面,它的结合使白细胞介素-1β的结构趋于稳定,从而抑制其生物活性。Anakinra的结合没有明显改变白细胞介素-1β的亲水性和疏水性,白细胞介素-1β内部氢键数目的改变是稳定性发生改变的主要原因。     

分子内还原Heck反应合成7-溴-1-茚满酮

研究了标题化合物的合成新方法,即以邻溴苯甲酸为原料,经取代反应、氧化还原反应、格氏反应以及分子内还原Heck反应合成了目标化合物。探讨了分子内还原Heck反应中反应溶剂、反应温度、反应时间及催化剂种类等条件对产率的影响。最终确定了以四氢呋喃为溶剂、Pd(dppf)Cl_2为催化剂、60℃反应6 h的最佳反应条件,产率可达83%。     

a1-抗胰蛋白酶的制备及其防治急性肺损伤的疗效

目的以FIV-1为原料,制备较高纯度α1-AT制剂,用该制剂干预急性肺损伤动物模型作疗效考核.方法 KIV-1抽提液经PEG沉淀,离子交换,病毒灭活、超滤、除菌、分装,冻干制备α1-AT制剂.用急性肺损伤动物模型,比较静脉注射与雾化吸入α1AT的治疗效果.结果 3批制剂纯度＞70%,无菌、热原、安全试验均符合生物制品规程要求.静脉注射或雾化吸入,可降低由内毒素诱发急性肺损伤程度.结论α1-AT制备工艺适合大规模生产.在防治急性肺损伤时有一定效果.     

1-氨基-1-环烷基甲酸的合成

通过改进的Strecker法,分别以环己酮和环戊酮为原料与氨反应生成亚胺（I）,（I）与氰化钠反应生成（Ⅱ）,（Ⅱ）用浓盐酸水解为旷氨基酸（Ⅲ）。反应最佳条件为：环烷基酮、氨水、氯化铵和氰化钠的摩尔比为：1：1．8：1．1：1．1。粗品旷氨基酸用75％的乙醇重结晶。1-氨基-1-环己基甲酸和1-氨基-1-环戊基甲酸的收率分别为56．42％和60．21％。目标化合物用核磁和红外光谱进行了表征。     

白藜芦醇衍生物TMS对脂多糖诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞中一氧化氮、血管细胞间黏附分子-1及核转录因子-κB表达的影响

目的探讨白藜芦醇衍生物TMS(trans-3,5,4′-trimethoxystilbene)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)中一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、血管细胞间黏附分子-1(vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1)及核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)表达的影响。方法取P3代HUVECs,采用CCK-8法检测不同TMS浓度(0、5、10、20、50、100μmol/L)对HUVECs细胞存活率的影响。将P6代HUVECs分为正常对照组、LPS组、TMS(高、中、低浓度)+LPS组及PDTC+LPS组,Griess法检测各组细胞产生NO浓度;Real-time PCR法检测各组细胞中VCAM-1、NF-κB p65基因m RNA的转录水平;Western blot法检测各组细胞中VCAM-1、NF-κB p65和IκBα蛋白的表达水平;免疫细胞化学染色法检测各组细胞中VCAM-1和NF-κB p65蛋白的表达水平。结果 5、10μmol/L浓度组TMS对细胞存活率影响较小,50、100μmol/L浓度组中细胞生存率明显下降(P0.05),且呈时间、剂量依赖性。低、中、高浓度TMS+LPS组与PDTC+LPS组细胞中NO浓度显著下降(P0.05);中浓度TMS+LPS组和PDTC+LPS组细胞中VCAM-1、NF-κB p65基因m RNA转录和蛋白表达水平均明显低于LPS组(P0.05),IκBα蛋白表达水平明显高于LPS组(P0.05);正常对照组细胞胞质中有弱VCAM-1蛋白荧光表达,未见NF-κB p65蛋白荧光表达,LPS组可见VCAM-1和NF-κB p65蛋白的强荧光表达,中浓度TMS+LPS组和PDTC+LPS组中VCAM-1和NF-κB p65蛋白荧光表达均弱于LPS组。结论白藜芦醇衍生物TMS可抑制LPS诱导HUVECs表达NO、VCAM-1和NF-κB p65,且其抑制VCAM-1效应可能是通过NF-κB细胞信号通路而发挥作用的,本研究为临床治疗血管内皮功能紊乱相关疾病提供了实验依据。     

Suppressed Hepatic Production of Indoxyl Sulfate Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Sulfotransferase 1a1-Deficient Mice

Endogenous factors involved in the progression of cisplatin nephropathy remain undetermined. Here, we demonstrate the toxico-pathological roles of indoxyl sulfate (IS), a sulfate-conjugated uremic toxin, and sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1), an enzyme involved in its synthesis, in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury using Sult1a1-deficient (Sult1a1^-/- KO) mice. With cisplatin administration, severe kidney dysfunction, tissue damage, and apoptosis were attenuated in Sult1a1^-/- (KO) mice. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression was increased by treatment with cisplatin in mouse kidney tissue. Moreover, the downregulation of antioxidant stress enzymes in wild-type (WT) mice was not observed in Sult1a1^-/- (KO) mice. To investigate the effect of IS on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, HK-2 cells were treated with cisplatin and IS. The ROS levels were significantly increased compared to cisplatin or IS treatment alone. IS-induced increases in ROS were reversed by downregulation of AhR, xanthine oxidase (XO), and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4). These findings suggest that SULT1A1 plays toxico-pathological roles in the progression of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, while the IS/AhR/ROS axis brings about oxidative stress.     

Kidney Injury Caused by Preeclamptic Pregnancy Recovers Postpartum in a Transgenic Rat Model

Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by the onset of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) and presence of proteinuria (>300 mg/L/24 h urine) or other maternal organ dysfunctions. During human PE, renal injuries have been observed. Some studies suggest that women with PE diagnosis have an increased risk to develop renal diseases later in life. However, in human studies PE as a single cause of this development cannot be investigated. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of PE on postpartum renal damage in an established transgenic PE rat model. Female rats harboring the human-angiotensinogen gene develop a preeclamptic phenotype after mating with male rats harboring the human-renin gene, but are normotensive before and after pregnancy. During pregnancy PE rats developed mild tubular and glomerular changes assessed by histologic analysis, increased gene expression of renal damage markers such as kidney injury marker 1 and connective-tissue growth factor, and albuminuria compared to female wild-type rats (WT). However, four weeks postpartum, most PE-related renal pathologies were absent, including albuminuria and elevated biomarker expression. Only mild enlargement of the glomerular tuft could be detected. Overall, the glomerular and tubular function were affected during pregnancy in the transgenic PE rat. However, almost all these pathologies observed during PE recovered postpartum.     

The Protective Role of Prolyl Oligopeptidase (POP) Inhibition in Kidney Injury Induced by Renal Ischemia–Reperfusion

Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a complex pathophysiological process characterized by blood circulation disorder caused by various factors, such as traumatic shock, surgery, organ transplantation, and thrombus. Severe metabolic dysregulation and tissue structure destruction are observed upon restoration of blood flow to the ischemic tissue. The kidney is a highly perfused organ, sensitive to ischemia and reperfusion injury, and the incidence of renal IRI has high morbidity and mortality. Several studies showed that infiltration of inflammatory cells, apoptosis, and angiogenesis are important mechanisms involved in renal IRI. Despite advances in research, effective therapies for renal IRI are lacking. Recently it has been demonstrated the role of KYP2047, a selective inhibitor of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), in the regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Thus, this research focused on the role of POP in kidney ischemia/reperfusion (KI/R). An in vivo model of KI/R was performed and mice were subjected to KYP2047 treatment (intraperitoneal, 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/kg). Histological analysis, Masson’s trichrome and periodic acid shift (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical and Western blots analysis, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and ELISA were performed on kidney samples. Moreover, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were quantified. POP-inhibition by KYP2047 treatment, only at the doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg, significantly reduced renal injury and collagen amount, regulated inflammation through canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway, and restored renal function. Moreover, KYP2047 modulated angiogenesis markers, such as TGF-β and VEGF, also slowing down apoptosis. Interestingly, treatment with KYP2047 modulated PP2A activity. Thus, these findings clarified the role of POP inhibition in AKI, also offering novel therapeutic target for renal injury after KI/R.     

抗人ICAM-1单链抗体表达载体的构建及在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的构建抗人细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)单链抗体(ScFv)的表达载体,并在大肠肝菌中表达。方法从分泌ICAM-1单抗的杂交瘤细胞中提取RNA,用RT-PCR扩增抗体VH和VL基因,重叠延伸PCR扩增人ICAM-1-ScFv基因,将其连接到pET-22b(+)载体上,转化大肠杆菌BL2(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,表达产物纯化及复性后,检测特异性及活性。结果序列分析表明抗ICAM-1 ScFv基因全长为744bp,编码247个氨基酸,其中含357bp的VH基因片段和342bp的VL基因片段。表达蛋白以包涵体形式存在,表达量占菌体总蛋白的32%。经变性和复性后,纯度达80%以上,复性率达25%。Western blot和ELISA检测,ScFv均可与ICAM-1抗原特异性结合。细胞黏附试验表明ScFv能抑制ICAM-1与HSB2细胞间的黏附,其作用稍弱于亲本mAb。结论已成功构建了抗人ICAM-1的ScFv表达载体,其表达产物具有抗体特异性和活性。     

Protective Effect of D-Panthenol in Rhabdomyolysis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

We investigated the nephroprotective effect of D-panthenol in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Adult male Wistar rats were injected with 50% glycerol solution to induce rhabdomyolysis. Animals with rhabdomyolysis were injected with D-panthenol (200 mg/kg) for 7 days. On day 8, we examined AKI markers, renal histology, antioxidant capacity, and protein glutathionylation in kidneys to uncover mechanisms of D-panthenol effects. Rhabdomyolysis kidneys were shown to have pathomorphological alterations (mononuclear infiltration, dilatation of tubules, and hyaline casts in Henle’s loops and collecting ducts). Activities of skeletal muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) increased, myoglobinuria was observed, and creatinine, BUN, and pantetheinase activity in serum and urine rose. Signs of oxidative stress in the kidney tissue of rhabdomyolysis rats, increased levels of lipid peroxidation products, and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) were all alleviated by administration of D-panthenol. Its application improved kidney morphology and decreased AKI markers. Mechanisms of D-panthenol’s beneficial effects were associated with an increase in total coenzyme A levels, activity of Krebs cycle enzymes, and attenuation of protein glutathionylation. D-Panthenol protects kidneys from rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI through antioxidant effects, normalization of mitochondrial metabolism, and modulation of glutathione-dependent signaling.     

Necrostatin-1 Attenuates Ischemia Injury Induced Cell Death in Rat Tubular Cell Line NRK-52E through Decreased Drp1 Expression

Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) inhibits necroptosis and is usually regarded as having no effect on other cell deaths. Here, this study explored whether the addition of Nec-1 has an effect on cell death induced by simulated ischemia injury in rat tubular cell line NRK-52E. In addition, we also investigated the mechanism of Nec-1 attenuates cell death in this renal ischemia model. The NRK-52E cells were incubated with TNF-α + antimycinA (TA) for 24 h with or without Nec-1. Cell death was observed under fluorescent microscope and quantified by flow cytometry. Cell viabilities were detected by MTT assay. The protein expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. Increased cell death in simulated ischemia injury of NRK-52E cells were markedly attenuated in the Nec-1 pretreated ischemia injury group. Meanwhile, cell viability was significantly improved after using Nec-1. In addition, we also observed that the protein expression of Drp1, a mediator of mitochondrial fission, was significantly increased in simulated ischemia injury group. Increased Drp1 expression in the ischemia injury group can be abolished by Nec-1 or Drp1-knock down, accompanied with decreased cell death and improved cell viabilities. These results suggest that Nec-1 may inhibit cell death induced by simulated ischemia injury in the rat tubular cell line NRK-52E through decreased Drp1 expression.     

ATRvD1 Attenuates Renal Tubulointerstitial Injury Induced by Albumin Overload in Sepsis-Surviving Mice

Novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury and its long-term outcomes have been required and remain a challenge in critical care medicine. Therapeutic strategies using lipid mediators, such as aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (ATRvD1), can contribute to the resolution of acute and chronic inflammation. In this study, we examined the potential effect of ATRvD1 on long-term kidney dysfunction after severe sepsis. Fifteen days after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), sepsis-surviving BALB/c mice were subjected to a tubulointerstitial injury through intraperitoneal injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 7 days, called the subclinical acute kidney injury (subAKI) animal model. ATRvD1 treatment was performed right before BSA injections. On day 22 after CLP, the urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPC), histologic parameters, fibrosis, cellular infiltration, apoptosis, inflammatory markers levels, and mRNA expression were determined. ATRvD1 treatment mitigated tubulointerstitial injury by reducing proteinuria excretion, the UPC ratio, the glomerular cell number, and extracellular matrix deposition. Pro-fibrotic markers, such as transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), type 3 collagen, and metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and -9 were reduced after ATRvD1 administration. Post-septic mice treated with ATRvD1 were protected from the recruitment of IBA1⁺ cells. The interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were increased in the subAKI animal model, being attenuated by ATRvD1. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-4 mRNA expression were increased in the kidney of BSA-challenged post-septic mice, and it was also reduced after ATRvD1. These results suggest that ATRvD1 protects the kidney against a second insult such as BSA-induced tubulointerstitial injury and fibrosis by suppressing inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators in renal dysfunction after sepsis.     

Molecular Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes a lot of harm to human health but is treated by only supportive therapy in most cases. Recent evidence shows that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) benefit kidney regeneration through releasing paracrine factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs) to the recipient kidney cells and are considered to be promising cellular therapy for AKI. To develop more efficient, precise therapies for AKI, we review the therapeutic mechanism of MSCs and MSC-derived EVs in AKI and look for a better understanding of molecular signaling and cellular communication between donor MSCs and recipient kidney cells. We also review recent clinical trials of MSC-EVs in AKI. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of MSCs’ therapeutic effects on kidney regeneration, expecting to comprehensively facilitate future clinical application for treating AKI.     

蛋白酶体抑制剂诱导的PC12细胞帕金森病模型中血红素加氧酶-1的差异表达

目的探讨蛋白酶体抑制剂(Proteasome inhibitor,PSI)诱导的PC12细胞帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)模型中血红素加氧酶-1(Hemeoxygenase-1,HO-1)的差异表达,为深入研究PD的发病机制提供理论依据。方法取培养的PC12细胞,加入终浓度为10μmol/L的PSI,建立PSI诱导的PC12细胞模型,以加入终浓度为10μmol/L的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为对照组。经HE、AO&EB及α-SYN染色进行鉴定;PSI作用48h后提取蛋白,应用荧光差异凝胶电泳(DIGE)系统获得差异蛋白点,运用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOFProMS)鉴定差异蛋白。结果模型组与对照组比较,PSI作用48h可见细胞内嗜酸性类Lewy小体形成及细胞凋亡,凋亡率达(24.74±4.55)%。模型组与对照组比较,HO-1表达量显著增加。结论在泛素-蛋白酶体系统(Ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS)功能障碍诱发PD过程中,氧化应激反应发挥着一定的作用。