A scalable code dissemination protocol in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

Code dissemination is currently a major research issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs).Many studies focus on code dissemination in homogeneous WSNs,mainly using a broadcast approach to solve this problem;few studies on code dissemination in heterogeneous WSNs.Furthermore,broadcasting cannot readily be used to solve the heterogenous WSN code dissemination problem directly,which is where we have focused our attention.We transformed this problem into a minimum non-leaf nodes (MNN) Steiner tree problem.We designed a scalable multicast protocol,named Heterogeneous Sensor Networks Scalable Reprogramming Protocol (HSR) to solve the MNN problem.HSR can build different multicast trees according to different nodes or code modules to disseminate different codes to them.HSR is able to approximate the MNN tree problem to a ratio of ln|R| (R is the set of all destinations) best known lowest bound.Therefore,the communication cost is significantly decreased and the total energy required by WSNs is reduced.We further designed two scalable schemes,special routing log and hops-restricted local broadcast,which compress the multicast tree information and deliver the multicast messages without loss.We also designed a 3-stage pipeline to speed up the transmission of packets,which alleviated interference and hidden terminal issues.We evaluated our design through comprehensive simulations and prototype implementations on Mica2 motes.Experimental results demonstrate that HSR outperforms previous protocols including the most recent studies on Sprinkler and uCast.     

异构无线传感器网络中一种可扩展的代码分发技术

代码分发一直是无线传感器网络研究的热点问题.目前的研究工作主要集中在同构场景下的代码分发,广播是这些研究工作中最常用的手段.而对于异构场景下的代码分发问题,研究工作则相对较少,传统的基于广播的方法很难直接适用.文中针对异构网络下的代码分发问题,把该问题归约为最小非叶节点MNN(minimum nonleaf nodes)Steiner树问题,并设计了一种基于多播的代码分发协议HSR(heterogeneous sensor networks scalable reprogramming protocol).该协议利用组件化的思想,为不同类型节点(或代码模块)建立了多棵最优代码分发多播树.并证明了在解决MNN问题时,HSR达到了理论最优近似率ln|R|(R为目标节点数),有效的降低了异构网络下代码分发过程中的通信开销和能耗.在此基础上,文中还设计了两种压缩编码机制:特殊路由日志机制SRL(special routinglog)和跳步受限的局部广播机制HLB(hops-restricted local broadcast),使得多播树的信息可以被无损压缩,增强了HSR协议的可扩展性.在实时性方面,提出了基于多播树的3阶段流水线调度方法,有效缓解了隐藏终端和干扰问题.仿真结果证明了协议的正确性和有效性.     

无线传感器网络中组播路由协议分析

无线传感器网络由小型无线通信传感设备密集部署形成。组播是一种将数据包从源节点有效传递到一组目的节点的基本路由服务技术。组播协议中,源节点到目的节点的一些路径可由多个目的节点共享,所共享的路径越大,总带宽消耗越低。在分析无线传感器网络基本特征的基础上,对无线传感器网络中现有的组播路由协议进行了分类分析和比较,最后对无线传感器网络组播路由协议的未来发展趋势提出展望。     

Performance evaluation of multicast communication in packet-switched networks

In this paper we describe the theoretical background and practical application of QNA-MC (queueing network analyser supporting multicast), a tool for the analytical evaluation of multicast protocols. QNA-MC is based on the QNA method, which (approximately) analyses open networks of GI|G|m queues. In contrast to standard QNA, QNA-MC allows for the specification and evaluation of multicast routes. As in real multicast communication, packets leaving a particular node can be copied and deterministically routed to several other nodes. In order to analyse such queueing networks, QNA-MC converts the multicast routes to a suitable input for standard QNA. From the results delivered by QNA, QNA-MC then derives several performance measures for multicast streams in the network. A validation of QNA-MC, via a comparison to simulation results, shows that QNA-MC yields very good results. Finally, we give a detailed application example by evaluating different multicast routing algorithms for a realistic video conferencing scenario in the European MBONE.     

数据中心网络可靠组播的研究

通过分析数据中心网络特征和云计算应用需求,提出一种适合数据中心网络的可靠组播机制R2M。针对云计算应用同时强调数据完整性和传输实时性的要求,R2M充分利用数据中心网络服务器间存在多路径的特点,通过组织多棵不相交组播树并行传输数据,并在相邻节点间采用P2P技术建立跨树的恢复关系,实现恢复路径与组播传输路径完全隔离。选择最邻近节点重传数据和较小的路径差错相关性使得R2M能够快速恢复丢失的数据包。基于BCube的仿真实验结果显示R2M具有高可靠性和较小的恢复延迟。     

无线传感器网络MAC协议研究进展

近年来, 无线传感器网络 (WSNs) 作为国内外一个新兴的研究方向, 吸引了许多研究者和机构的广泛关注. 无线传感器网络具有与传统无线网络不同的特点, 且与应用高度相关. 无线传感器网络主要的一个设计目标是有效地使用网络节点的受限资源 (能量、内存和计算能力), 以最大化网络的服务寿命. 传统网络的介质访问控制 (MAC) 协议, 并不能直接应用于无线传感器网络. 针对无线传感器网络的特点和应用背景, 研究人员提出了很多 MAC 协议. 本文通过分析无线传感器网络的特点, 讨论了影响 MAC 协议设计的有关问题, 着重研究和比较了当前一些重要的无线传感器网络 MAC 协议. 结果表明, 不存在一种适用于无线传感器网络应用的标准 MAC 协议, 好的 MAC 协议必须能在能量有效性和网络性能之间进行折中. 最后, 展望了无线传感器网络 MAC 协议的进一步研究策略和发展趋势.     

主动层次多目通信路由模型

许多应用需要IP多目通信.在Internet大规模应用IP Multicast时,有效的路由是关键.这样的多目路由协议必须是有效的、可伸缩的和增量可配置的.但是传统的Internet路由对性能是不敏感的,不能平衡负载和处理拥塞.现有的大多数多目通信路由协议不仅负责数据转发,还负责路由树的构造,这给路由器带来了极大的复杂性,而且协议的配置是手动的、费时费钱的工作.该文提出一个主动层次式Multicast路由的体系结构,采用主动网络技术将多目通信路由协议的数据转发和控制机制分开,根据链路的状态信息用主动报文控     

无线传感器网络随机投递传输协议性能分析

无线传感器网络(wireless sensor networks,简称WSNs)通常是资源有限的,且具有较高的链路差错率.在这样的网络环境中,高可靠性的传输协议会消耗过多的能量并产生较大的传输延迟.而另一方面,许多部署在WSNs 环境中的应用可以容忍一定程度的数据包丢失.因此,在这种特殊的网络背景和应用需求环境中,随机投递传输协议应运而生.这种类型的传输协议在有限的网络资源和传输可靠性之间实现了适当的折衷,符合众多传感器网络应用系统的特殊需要.为了对已有的几种随机投递传输协议进行性能分析与评价,采用带吸收态的有限状态马尔可夫链模型对其进行建模.这种建模方法使得协议性能参数的分析计算过程更加直观、简练、易于理解.分析了不同网络参数条件(如源到目的节点之间的跳距,无线链路位差错率等等)对于协议性能的影响.为了提高随机可靠传输协议的效率,部分协议中引入了逐条应答机制或利用无线链路广播特性.分析结果显示,这些措施对协议性能的影响在不同的网络参数条件下也有所不同.最后,为体现分析模型的作用,基于理论分析结果对部分协议进行了改进,并仿真显示改进的效果.     

一种新的QoS约束的多播路由协议

网络技术和多媒体技术的发展使得未来的Internet对具有QoS(Quality of Service)需求的多播应用的支持变得更加迫切．为了解决现有QoS多播路由协议消息复杂度高、寻路成功率低以及连接建立时间比较长等问题，作者提出了一种新的QoS多播约束路由协议MRPQoS(Multicast Routing Protocol with QoS constraints)．它完全分布式运行，将局部搜索与全局搜索、单分支搜索与多分支搜索有机地结合在一起，较好地解决了上述问题．仿真结果证明：MRPQoS较其它协议更适合于网络状态变化比较频繁的环境以及实时多媒体应用．     

A taxonomy of multicast protocols for Internet applications

The continuous growth in applications that require communications among a group of hosts or simultaneous dissemination of data to multiple sites on the Internet has led to considerable interest in multicast communication. These applications have different quality of service requirements such as deadlines to response time and tolerance to data loss. Internet multicast protocols provide a spectrum of services to cater for the needs of a wide array of multicast applications. The design alternatives of a multicast protocol for a particular application may lead to different performance characteristics, for example higher utilization of network bandwidth vs lower protocol processing requirements. Therefore a framework is required to various design choices available to design multicast protocols and evaluate the performance tradeoffs associated with these alternatives. Motivated by such a need and by the evolution of multicast applications over the Internet, this article presents a taxonomy of multicast protocols and a common framework to evaluate their performance.     

Research on multicast routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is composed of mobile nodes without any infrastructure. Mobile nodes self-organize to form a network over radio links. The goal of MANETs is to extend mobility into the realm of autonomous, mobile and wireless domains, where a set of nodes form the network routing infrastructure in an ad-hoc fashion. The majority of applications of MANETs are in areas where rapid deployment and dynamic reconfiguration are necessary and wired network is not available. These include military battlefields, emergency search, rescue sites, classrooms and conventions, where participants share information dynamically using their mobile devices. These applications lend themselves well to multicast operations. In addition, within a wireless medium, it is crucial to reduce the transmission overhead and power consumption. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Hence, reliable multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, to offer effective and reliable multicast routing is difficult and challenging. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and employ different recovery mechanisms. To provide a comprehensive understanding of these multicast routing protocols and better organize existing ideas and work to facilitate multicast routing design for MANETs, we present the taxonomy of the multicast routing protocols, their properties and design features. This paper aims to aid those MANETs researchers and application developers in selecting appropriate multicast routing protocols for their work.     

Link layer for cooperating processes on a LAN with enhanced communication services

Most local area networks support multicast and broadcast communication facilities among the network nodes. However, their use among processes has been limited by the lack of support in the distributed operating system kernel and by the limited requirements of traditional computer network applications. Some applications (e.g. operating in a multicast environment) and distributed algorithms require advanced associations among processes, whose support by the operating system kernel can take advantage of properly designed functions provided by the communication subsystem. This problem is examined in the context of an architecture for LANs, and enhanced protocols are described that can be provided by a communication subsystem based on a LAN. Virtual network protocols provide classes of service suited to a multicast environment. Their availability at communication subsystem layers offers higher layers a common framework for the implementation of a computing system with distributed control.     

Island Multicast: Combining IP Multicast With Overlay Data Distribution

Traditional overlay protocols use unicast connections to form delivery trees. While it can achieve global multicast across the Internet, it is not as efficient as IP multicast. In this paper, we integrate IP multicast into overlay data distribution to improve delivery efficiency. We investigate island multicast where unicast connections are used to connect multicast domains and IP multicast is used within multicast domains. We first explore a centralized island multicast protocol (termed CIM), which relies on a central server to construct a delivery tree. We then study a distributed protocol (termed DIM), where hosts can distributedly join islands and form a delivery tree. We study the key issues in both protocols. We also discuss how to apply these protocols to media streaming applications. We have evaluated both protocols on Internet-like topologies. We have also implemented a prototype for CIM and tested it on PlanetLab. The results show that our approaches can significantly im prove network performance as compared to pure overlay protocols. Our study shows that it is important to consider local multicast capability when designing overlay protocols.     

A look at native IPv6 multicast

IP multicast offers a bandwidth-efficient means for transmitting packets to multiple hosts for applications that require multiparty communications. Coupled with IPv6's larger address space, its inherent multicast support enables current and future Internet-ready devices to support multiparty applications such as videoconferencing, P2P gaming, and data feeds. IP multicast is applicable to IPv4 and IPv6, but we focus on the IPv6 implementation, looking at the protocols and how they stack up against the IPv4 implementation. In particular, we describe how IPv6 multicast can be supported in an interdomain environment.     

基于Ad Hoc的QoS多播路由协议研究

近年来,随着计算机网络和无线通信技术的迅速发展,无线移动AdHoc网络在军事和民用方面获得了大量应用。多媒体业务的引入对AdHoc网络提出了多播和QoS服务的需求,如何在AdHoc网络中实现有效的多播和QoS服务是一项十分困难和具有挑战性的工作。论文介绍了当前几种比较典型的QoS多播路由协议,并且从多个方面对它们的特性进行了比较分析,最后对AdHoc网络的QoS多播路由协议的进一步研究提出了预测和展望。     

SEEL:无线传感器网络下自适应、低延迟的节能媒质接入控制协议

无线传感器网络有着广泛的应用前景,然而由于传感器节点能量有限,因此传感器网络上运行的协议必须具备能量有效性以获得较长的生命周期.而媒质接入控制子层是节点能量消耗的主要所在,因此无线传感器网络设计的关键问题之一是媒质的接入控制.提出了一种自适应低延迟的节能MAC协议——SEEL协议,根据当前的网络负载自适应地调节竞争窗口的大小,从而减小节点数据传送的碰撞几率和由于碰撞而导致的能量消耗;采用了快速退避机制,减少了节点在退避过程中的空闲监听时间;扩展了RTS/CTS消息机制,可减少节点在每帧活动阶段的时间以及减小数据的延迟,两者都能节约能量的使用.实验结果显示,SEEL协议具有比S-MAC和TEEM协议更好的性能.     

汇聚组播:新型MPLS服务质量组播体系结构

为支持新兴网络应用,IP组播(multicast)和MPLS(multi-protocol label switching)技术分别从不同方向扩展了当前的IP路由和交换模式.MPLS和IP组播的结合是当前研究的一个热点,MPLS网络中的服务质量组播面临着标签资源匮乏、组播路由状态的可扩展性以及具体实现上的困难.针对这些问题,提出了基于汇聚方法的新型MPLS服务质量组播体系结构,提出在现有的路由控制平面上叠加一层面向IP组播服务的控制平面,取代组播路由协议并支持组播聚集,形成2层控制平面结构.定义了两平面之间的协作和交互方式,并通过扩展RSVP-TE(resource reservation protocol-traffic engineering) P2MP(point to multi-point)协议,在新的体系结构中融合了服务质量控制能力.另外,还探讨了汇聚组播中基于距离约束选择汇聚路由器的算法,实现了基于Linux的MPLS组播路由器和IP组播服务控制系统,并组建了实验平台.实验和模拟结果表明,基于汇聚组播的双平面网络控制结构能够适应组播用户和网络拓扑的动态变化,能够有效节省MPLS标签资源,平衡网络中组播流量的分布.     

基于NS-2的PIM稀疏和密集模式仿真

组播技术能以高效、可扩展的方式发送点到多点、多点到多点数据.组播路由协议通过建立组播路由来转发组播数据包.本文分析了两种主要的域内组播路由协议PIM-DM和PIM-SM的原理,并利用NS-2分多种情况对两者进行仿真实验,分析组播路由协议、网络拓扑、组播组大小、组播组数量对网络性能的影响.     

Bulk data dissemination in wireless sensor networks: Modeling and analysis

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently gained a great deal of attention as a topic of research, with a wide range of applications being explored. Bulk data dissemination is a basic building block for sensor network applications. The problem of designing efficient bulk data dissemination protocols has been addressed in a number of recent studies. The problem of accurately analyzing the performance of these protocols, however, has not been addressed sufficiently in the literature. In this work, we show a way of accurately analyzing the performance of bulk data dissemination protocols in WSNs. Our model can be applied to practical network topologies by use of the shortest propagation path. Our model is accurate by considering topological information, impact of contention, and impact of pipelining. We validate the analytical results through testbeds and detailed simulations. Results show that the analytical results fit well with the testbed results and simulation results. Further, we demonstrate that the analytical results can be used to aid protocol design for performance optimizations, e.g., page size tuning for shortening the completion time.     

可靠组播协议中的差错控制机制

可靠组播研究是目前网络研究的活跃领域之一。已提出了大量的可靠组播协议。该文对多种可靠组播传输协议中的差错控制机制进行了分析与比较，并且讨论了应用和网络环境对差错控制机制的影响。