含铅汽油对航空活塞式发动机性能的影响探讨

当前航空活塞式发动机要求能够使用无铅或者低铅航空汽油,但是国内传统航空汽油的含铅量较高,如100号航空汽油、95号航空汽油等。在应用中发现,使用含铅汽油,发动机容易出现故障。重点分析含铅汽油对航空活塞式发动机性能的影响,在分析含铅汽油主要成分和燃烧产物基础上,揭示了含铅汽油对发动机性能的影响,进而以发动机抖动实例进行探讨,分析含铅汽油的影响,并提出几点发动机养护策略,对正确使用含铅汽油,减少对活塞式发动机性能影响有一定参考价值。     

航空活塞式发动机燃料简介

航空活塞式发动机燃料主要用于航空活塞式发动机,又称"航空汽油"。介绍了航空活塞式发动机燃料的品种牌号与选用、组成与加工工艺、性能要求与主要指标以及贮存和使用中的注意事项等内容,以期为油料专业初学者和相关专业工作人员提供帮助。     

M30甲醇汽油的车用性能测试研究

采用M30甲醇汽油与普通93#车用汽油作为研究对象,在家用轿车上分别进行了整车的动力性、燃油经济性、环保性项目对比试验。实验结果表明,与普通93#车用汽油相比,使用M30甲醇汽油的动力性能略有下降,表观油耗有所上升,HC、CO化合物排放至少降低60%,NO化合物排放基本相当。     

Water—ethanol—gasoline blends as spark ignition engine fuels

The miscibility characteristics of hydrated ethanol with gasoline is investigated as a means of reducing the cost of ethanol/gasoline blends for use as a spark ignition engine fuel. For a given percentage of water in the ethanol, the experimental data shows that a limited volume of gasoline can be added to form a stable mixture. Engine experiments indicate that, at normal ambient temperatures, a water/ethanol/gasoline mixture containing up to 6 vol% of water in the ethanol constitutes a desirable motor fuel with power characteristics similar to those of the base gasoline. As a means of reducing the smog causing components of the exhaust gases, such as the oxides of nitrogen and the unburnt hydrocarbons, the water/ethanol/gasoline mixture is superior to the base gasoline.     

Effect of hydrogen addition on lean burn performance of a spark-ignited gasoline engine at 800 rpm and low loads

To reduce the fuel consumption and emissions of spark-ignited (SI) engines, hydrogen enrichment was used to improve the performance of a lean burn SI engine operating at low speed and load conditions. A hydrogen port-injection system was mounted on the intake manifolds to introduce hydrogen into the intake ports sequentially while keeping the original gasoline injection system unchanged. A hybrid electronic control unit (HECU) was adopted to control injection timings and durations of gasoline and hydrogen, accomplishing four excess air ratios of 1.00, 1.18, 1.43 and 1.67 and three hydrogen volume fractions in the intake of 3%, 5%, 8%. The experimental results showed that engine brake thermal efficiency and torque output were increased, combustion durations were shortened, cyclic variation and HC emissions were reduced, but NO_x emissions were increased with the increase of hydrogen addition. CO emission was also reduced under lean conditions with hydrogen enrichment.     

甲醇汽油理化特性的检测分析与系统研究

甲醇汽油作为车用燃料的有效补充,显示出广阔的市场空间和巨大的发展潜力。依次对甲醇汽油的馏程、气阻倾向、胶质、腐蚀性以及抗相分离性能等理化特性进行了系统分析,实验结果表明,汽油中的烃类物质与甲醇在不同浓度下可形成多元最低共沸物,显著影响甲醇汽油的馏程、气阻倾向和胶质;甲醇汽油对发动机的腐蚀性可通过腐蚀抑制剂的加入而减缓或消除。随着甲醇浓度的不断提高,甲醇汽油的抗相分离性能逐渐增强。研究结果可为解决甲醇汽油实际使用的问题奠定理论依据。     

航空汽油发展概述及前景展望

航空汽油是航空燃料的重要组成部分。本文论述了国内外航空汽油从车用汽油、含铅航空汽油到无铅航空汽油,从低辛烷值到高辛烷值航空汽油的发展历程。比较含铅航空汽油和无铅航空汽油标准发现,辛烷值、铅含量、净热值、芳烃含量等技术指标的要求均有所区别。分析认为,标准技术指标不同的主要原因在于调合航空汽油的基础油不同。同时,本文指出了使用国产100号航空汽油易造成火花塞积铅、气门烧蚀及气缸密封性降低等问题。目前美国联邦航空局已经对12家企业生产的102号无铅航空汽油进行审定,计划在2018年取代现有含铅航空汽油。由于环境保护和节能减排的要求,无铅化及生物汽油都是未来航空汽油的发展方向。     

Investigation of purified sulfate turpentine on engine performance and exhaust emission

This study deals with an experimental work that aims to examine effects of purified sulfate turpentine obtained from a kraft pulp mill in Turkey on an engine performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine. Three fuel samples are used to test the performance and emission of a 1300 cc engine manufactured by TOFA?. They are pure gasoline with 98-octane number and two other gasoline-turpentine fuel samples obtained by blending gasoline with turpentine in ratios of 5% and 10% on basis of total mass of the fuel. The thermophysical properties of the fuels are acquired by density, viscosity, flash and fire points, sulphur content, heating value and distillation tests. The experimental results showed that the turpentine has a positive effect on the engine performance parameters, such as brake power, thermal efficiency, mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption. The turpentine also increases pollutant NO_x, unburned hydrocarbon contents and exhaust temperature, but it decreases CO concentration in the exhaust. It is observed that utilization of the sulfate turpentine alone is not viable and it needs to be used as an additive into gasoline to some extent, thereby providing a viable alternative to pure gasoline.     

上海高品号汽油消费调研及分析

通过对高品号汽油使用群体的消费调研发现,高品号汽油消费市场仍存巨大潜力,品牌服务尚需加大力度,优势项目还待做细做强,提出了做大加油卡销售、做强企业品牌、做细客户服务三条建议。     

含水甲醇汽油的应用性能研究

通过理化分析、台架实验和行车实验,比较了自制的含水甲醇汽油M50W、M40W和93#市售汽油的物化性能和使用效果。结果表明,发动机使用M50W、M40W动力性优于93#市售汽油,油耗增加3%~7%。尾气排放中HC、CO、CO2显著降低,NOx排放改善不明显,甲醛排放增高。     

煤基燃料油品特性与煤制油产业发展分析

基于最新汽油、柴油和航煤质量标准,结合我国市场对成品油需求走向,本文探讨了煤直接液化油、煤间接液化油、加氢煤焦油、煤油共炼产品、甲醇制汽油（MTG汽油）和聚甲氧基二甲醚（DMM_n）等煤基油品的馏分结构与性质,分析了它们对煤制油产业发展的影响。文章指出国家绿色可持续发展需要低硫、低烯烃、低芳烃和高抗爆性能的交通运输燃料,需要降低柴汽比,增产航空煤油。煤基油品的硫氮等有害物质含量低、清洁性很好。除了MTG汽油外,煤基油品的柴汽比过高,需要与石油产品协同发展以满足我国未来的成品油市场需求。费托合成工艺能够直接生产优质柴油和航空喷气燃料油组分,是煤制油产业发展的主要技术路线;煤直接液化工艺所产汽煤柴油馏分性质均不理想,需要持续改进提高;煤油共炼工艺在成品油质量方面弥补了煤直接液化工艺的不足,可作为一条新的煤制油途径。煤焦油加氢可以生产出质量指标达到或接近国Ⅵ标准的车用柴油调和组分,是一条高效利用煤炭加工过程副产品的煤制油技术路线。MTG汽油和DMM_n是优质汽油和柴油组分,能改善炼油企业成品油的柴汽比结构和交通运输燃料产品质量,应加大低成本工艺技术研发、扩大产能。     

High speed direct injection (DI) light-fuel (gasoline) fumigated vehicle diesel engine

In the presented study, the effects of light-fuel fumigation on diesel engine cycle and characteristics have been examined theoretically. For this purpose, a computer program has been developed for prediction diesel engine cycles and engine characteristics in the cases of neat diesel fuel (NDF) and light-fuel (LF) fumigation. Here, gasoline is used as fumigated (supplementary) light fuel. For calculation of diesel engine cycle, quasi-dimensional phenomenological combustion model developed by Shahed and then Ottikkutti has been used and developed with new assumptions. Firstly, it has been proved that the developed engine cycle model for NDF and LF fumigation gives correct results by comparing with relevant experimental and theoretical studies. Then, for selected 2-10% gasoline ratios LF fumigation is investigated at varied equivalence ratio (VER) and constant equivalence ratios (CER). As a result, it has been determined that increasing gasoline fumigation at VER effective power and carbon monoxide (CO) ratio increase however, nitric oxide (NO) concentration decreases. Also, effective efficiency and specific fuel consumption (SFC) remain nearly constant in this case. Effective power, effective efficiency and CO ratio increase generally by increasing the gasoline fumigation ratio but SFC and NO concentration decrease generally at CER. Furthermore, this case is economic at high engine speeds.     

催化裂化吸收稳定系统低温节能工艺开发初探

以某炼油厂催化裂化吸收稳定系统工艺数据作为模拟和计算的基础,从单因素和双因素角度研究了循环汽油温度及平衡罐温度对吸收稳定系统物流及能耗的影响,为后续低温节能工艺开发提供了依据。研究结果表明,随着循环汽油温度由40℃逐步降至5℃,平衡罐气液相及循环汽油质量流率下降,系统能耗下降约16%。系列循环汽油温度下,随着平衡罐温度的上升,系统能耗均呈现正U形曲线趋势,在35~55℃范围内出现系列最低点,即该循环汽油温度下系统能耗最优点。随着循环汽油温度的降低系统能耗逐渐减小。因此,除了考察适用的最优操作温度外,还需综合评估工艺匹配的节能设备投资及操作费用,才能开发经济性最优的吸收稳定系统低温节能工艺。     

Impact of alcohol-gasoline fuel blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of an SI engine

In this study, the effects of ethanol-gasoline (E5, E10) and methanol-gasoline (M5, M10) fuel blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of a spark ignition (SI) engine were investigated. In the experiments, a vehicle having a four-cylinder, four-stroke, multi-point injection system SI engine was used. The tests were performed on a chassis dynamometer while running the vehicle at two different vehicle speeds (80 km/h and 100 km/h), and four different wheel powers (5, 10, 15, and 20 kW). The results obtained from the use of alcohol-gasoline fuel blends were compared to those of gasoline fuel. The results indicated that when alcohol-gasoline fuel blends were used, the brake specific fuel consumption increased; cylinder gas pressure started to rise later than gasoline fuel. Almost in the all test conditions, the lowest peak heat release rate was obtained from the gasoline fuel use.     

乙醇汽油的开发和应用

对比了国内外燃料乙醇标准 ,介绍了国内外乙醇汽油作为车用燃料的应用情况 ,结合国外推广乙醇汽油的政策法规提出了我国制定有关政策法规的思路 ,分析了我国乙醇汽油的原料及可利用原料研究进展 ,对我国推广应用车用乙醇汽油 ,提出了加强宣传力度、降低生产成本、更新现有储运设备、生产 90号乙醇汽油及研制高比例燃料乙醇的汽车等建议     

车用汽油辛烷值促进剂的应用现状及研究进展

综述了当前车用汽油辛烷值促进剂的种类、使用情况和应用现状,认为相对金属类抗爆剂而言,有机无灰类抗爆剂不仅绿色环保而且对发动机无磨损,是今后车用汽油辛烷值促进剂发展的主要方向。SHD-T是一种新型高效汽油辛烷值促进剂,不仅添加剂量小,辛烷值提升幅度大,而且绿色无污染,是一种性能优异的抗爆剂产品。     

Combustion and emissions behavior for ethanol–gasoline blends in a single cylinder engine

This paper investigates the effect of using gasoline–ethanol mid-level blends (0–20% ethanol) on engine performance and exhausts emissions on a single cylinder engine by AVL model 5401, spark ignited and electronically controlled with DOHC. Engine tests were conducted for different lambda values, brake power and brake specific fuel consumption, while exhaust emissions were analyzed for carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Using blends at different proportions for a steady state of 2000 rpm at partial charge minimizing load and speed variations at a minimum in order to prevent them from being a measurable factor. Results showed that at constant mass fuel rates, the increase in burning rate associated with ethanol is tempered by the process combustion speed reduction related to the enleanment proportional to the ethanol added to gasoline. Blends up to 10% have marginal effects in combustion rates when compared to non-oxygenated fuels, but for 20%, combustion process slows down and increases cyclic dispersion in the results, the effect in fuel consumption observed was lower than predicted by the reduction of energy content in the gasoline, suggesting positive effects in combustion efficiency.     

An experimental investigation of CNG as an alternative fuel for a retrofitted gasoline vehicle

This paper presents test results obtained from running a 1.5 L, 4-cylinder Proton Magma retrofitted spark ignition car engine with dynamometer. Performance, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions measurements were recorded under steady state operating conditions for gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). The engine was converted to computer integrated bi-fueling system from a gasoline engine and was operated separately either with gasoline or CNG using an electronically controlled solenoid actuated valve system. A PC based data acquisition and control system was used for controlling all the operation. A comparative analysis of the performance and emissions has been made for gasoline and CNG. Based on the experimental results, it is transparent that CNG shows low brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), brake specific fuel consumptions (BSFC), higher efficiency and lower emissions of CO, CO₂, HC but more NO_x compared to gasoline.     

Spray properties of alternative fuels: A comparative analysis of ethanol–gasoline blends and gasoline

Ethanol is an attracted alternative fuel and ethanol–gasoline blends can be used as fuel in order to substitute some part of gasoline in engine applications. In this study, the spray properties of different blends of ethanol–gasoline (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% ethanol) as well as pure gasoline are investigated under various ambient conditions by means of high-speed schlieren photography technique. A comparative analysis of blended fuels and gasoline sprays is also presented. The experimental results show that when adopting fuel blends with variable ethanol–gasoline fractions in the swirl-type injector sprays, the spray developing patterns are not significantly changed. In the case of low ambient pressure, the main spray tip penetration decreases and the spray angle increases with the increase of ethanol fraction. Under the elevated ambient pressure condition, the difference of spray penetration amongst the blends shows unconspicuous, meanwhile the spray angle of all test fuels keeps almost constant in the fully developed stage except that the spray of pure gasoline shows a larger cone angle in the beginning of injection period.     

Investigation on combustion and emissions of DME/gasoline mixtures in a spark-ignition engine

Dimethyl ether (DME) has a lot of good properties and is thought to be one of the best alternative fuels for IC engines in the future. In order to improve the efficiency, combustion stability and emissions performance of a spark-ignited (SI) gasoline engine at stoichiometric condition, an experimental study aiming at improving engine performance through DME addition was carried out on a four-cylinder SI engine. The engine was modified to be fueled with the mixture of gasoline and DME which were injected into the engine intake ports simultaneously. A hybrid electronic control unit (HECU) was dedicatedly developed to control the injection timings and durations of gasoline and DME. The spark timing was adjusted to reach the maximum brake torque (MBT) without knocking. Various DME fractions were selected to investigate the effect of DME addition on engine performance, thermal efficiency, combustion characteristics, cyclic variation and emissions under stoichiometric conditions. The experimental results showed that thermal efficiency, NOx and HC emissions are improved with the increase of DME addition level. The combustion performance was improved when DME addition fraction was less than 10%. CO emission first decreased and then increased with the increase of DME enrichment level at stoichiometric condition.