薄板坯连铸单流中间包流场的数学模拟

采用数值计算的方法模拟单流中间包内钢液流动行为。计算模拟了无控流装置,应用挡渣墙坝,以及导流隔墙时中间包内钢液流动分布、温度场。结果表明：中间包无控流装置易在中间包中下部形成贯穿流,不利于新旧钢液混合以及夹杂物去除;导流隔墙可使钢液充分上扬,夹杂物易为覆盖渣俘获,有利于夹杂物去除;加装控流装置后,湍动能在到达控流装置前加强,有利于小粒径夹杂聚合上浮;而湍动能在经过控流装置后减弱,有利于钢液平稳流入结晶器;导流隔墙与堰坝组合均可使中间包内钢液充分混合,温度均匀,进出口温差减小。     

四流中间包钢液流动行为的数学物理模拟

中间包内流体流动状态对铸坯质量的优劣起着至关重要的作用。采用合理的控流装置可以优化钢液在中间包内的流动特征,本文通过实验室物理模拟实验与数值计算相结合的方法,分析比较了两种导流隔墙对四流连铸中间包内流体流动特征的影响。物理模拟和数学计算结果能够较好地吻合,结果表明：与直板挡墙中间包相比,V型导流隔墙的使用将中间包死区体积分率降低了45%,各出水口之间响应时间和峰值时间之间的标准差有所减小,均匀了各水口之间的流动状态。     

连铸中间包内钢液流动的水力学模拟

用水力学模型研究了连铸中间包内流体的流动行为。借助于示踪剂在中间包内的停留时间分布曲线,利用修正的混合模型分析了中间包内流动三区的体积变化。采用录相技术和延时曝光摄影技术研究了中间包内的流动。结果表明,中间包内隔墙和坝的相对位置以及隔墙的高度均不同程度地影响着中间包内流体的流动行为。并分析了不同的流动条件对非金属夹杂物上浮可能性的影响。     

连铸中间包内流体流动的水力学模拟

用水力学模型研究了连铸机中间包内流动的流动行为,借助于示踪剂在中间包内的滞留时间分布曲线,利用修正的混合模型,分析了中间包内流动三区的体积变化。结果表明,在中间包内设置多孔隔墙和档坝有助于流场分布均匀化,提高平均滞留时间。指出多孔隔墙和档坝的相对位置均不同程度地影响中间包内流体的流动行为。分析了不同流动条件对非金属夹杂物上浮可能性的影响。     

六流中间包温度场优化数值模拟研究

通过对六流连铸机不同结构中间包内钢液温度场的数值模拟,提出了采用导流隔墙的改进方案。这种导流隔墙的应用,有利于均匀钢液温度,促使夹杂物上浮。     

非对称大方坯连铸中间包内控流装置的对比研究

通过对5流T型非对称大方坯连铸中间包控流装置的水模研究,对比了不同控流装置对连铸中间包内流场的影响,发现结构合理的控流装置能够明显改善中间包内流体的流动特性。采用多流连铸中间包流动特性的评判方法,分析讨论各方案实验数据,得出了中间包内控流装置的优化设计方案,为中间包内控流装置的设计提供了参考。实验表明：直通孔过滤器能够更好地改善五流圆坯中间包内钢水的流动,并根据实验结果提出了最佳的过滤器结构。     

三流Τ型中间包内控流装置优化的物理模拟

通过三流T型连铸中间包物理模拟实验,研究了直挡墙、V型挡墙及其与抑湍器组合控流装置对中间包流动特性的影响。结果表明,直挡墙控流装置的控流效果优于无控流装置的中间包,但不如设计合理的V型挡墙控流装置;V型挡墙与挡坝组合控流装置（方案Ⅴ）的控流效果较好,在其基础上加入抑湍器后控流效果并不理想。因此,提出了针对三流T型中间包控流装置的优化设计方案。     

六流H型通道感应加热中间包的结构优化

摘要：为解决六流H型通道感应加热中间包原型死区比例大,各流一致性差,第3流和第4流钢水短路流的问题,通过水模拟实验对中间包流场进行优化,同时采用数值模拟对中间包温度场进行了模拟。结果表明,在中间包内添加挡坝或在V形挡墙上开导流孔均可改善流体的流动状况。与原型结构相比,优化后的A4方案（V形挡墙上开2个水平倾角分别为36°、44°,孔径105mm,距包底分别为170和510mm的导流孔）总体平均停留时间延长了165s,死区比例降低了23.95%,各流水口之间的最大温差仅为0-5K,一致性显著提高。     

包钢烧结合理利用巴西高硅混合粉实验

摘要：为解决六流H型通道感应加热中间包原型死区比例大,各流一致性差,第3流和第4流钢水短路流的问题,通过水模拟实验对中间包流场进行优化,同时采用数值模拟对中间包温度场进行了模拟。结果表明,在中间包内添加挡坝或在V形挡墙上开导流孔均可改善流体的流动状况。与原型结构相比,优化后的A4方案（V形挡墙上开2个水平倾角分别为36°、44°,孔径105mm,距包底分别为170和510mm的导流孔）总体平均停留时间延长了165s,死区比例降低了23.95%,各流水口之间的最大温差仅为0-5K,一致性显著提高。     

六流H型通道感应加热中间包的结构优化

为解决六流H型通道感应加热中间包原型死区比例大,各流一致性差,第3流和第4流钢水短路流的问题,通过水模拟实验对中间包流场进行优化,同时采用数值模拟对中间包温度场进行了模拟。结果表明,在中间包内添加挡坝或在V形挡墙上开导流孔均可改善流体的流动状况。与原型结构相比,优化后的A4方案(V形挡墙上开2个水平倾角分别为36°、44°,孔径105 mm,距包底分别为170和510 mm的导流孔)总体平均停留时间延长了165 s,死区比例降低了23.95%,各流水口之间的最大温差仅为0.5 K,一致性显著提高。     

几种中间包控流装置的作用及比较

 中间包内设置控流装置对钢水流动行为和夹杂物去除影响显著。采用物理模拟的方法,系统研究和比较了常规双挡墙、湍流控制器、导流挡板和透气砖吹氩对中间包流体流动特征的影响。结果表明,湍流控制器可起到减小钢水喷溅、防止二次氧化和改善流体运动路线的作用,并减少短路流的发生。导流挡板与双挡墙比较,最短停留时间变化不大,但死区体积更小。与双挡墙相比,透气砖吹氩的最短停留时间提高不多,但峰值时间增加明显,死区体积大大降低。     

Effects of tundish size,tundish design and casting flow rate on fluid flow phenomena of liquid steel

Fluid dynamics of liquid steel in continuous casting tundishes is closely related to tundish volume and geometry, existence of flow control devices and steel flow rate. To study this complex interaction physical and mathematical models were used in the present work. The first one was based in a 1/3 scale water model with injection of tracers and the second one on the solution to the steady state-turbulent Navier-Stokes equations using the K-ε [1] approximation for the turbulent viscosity. When the tundish size is increased from 30 t to 50 t the tracer indicates a strong bypassing in the second case. The mathematical predictions indicate very high fluid velocities along the tundish bottom in agreement with the experimental findings. The employment of turbulence inhibitors promotes a counter-flow that surrounds the incoming stream jet of liquid from the inlet nozzle with steel displacing itself, after leaving this zone, along the upper free surface of the liquid. The addition of well designed baffles complements the action of the turbulence inhibitor to obtain a higher volume fraction under a plug flow pattern giving a softer flow of liquid steel. Besides, the positioning of baffles inside a tundish should be performed according to the steel flow rate.     

Optimization of a Six-Strand Continuous Casting Tundish: Industrial Measurements and Numerical Investigation of the Tundish Modifications

The main differences in the transient zone extent between the individual strands for the former industrial six-strand tundish configuration is the basis for undertaking this study. The aim this study was to improve the casting conditions by proposing the optimal equipment of the tundish working space. For economic reasons, only the variants with different baffles configurations were considered. It was also dictated by the simplicity of construction and the possibility of its implementation by the base operating steel mill. In the current study, industrial plant measurements and mathematical modeling were used. Industrial experimental data were used to diagnose the current state of the industrial tundish and then validate the numerical simulations. After this, the influence of different baffle configurations installed in the tundish on the steel flow characteristic was modeled mathematically. Residence time distribution (RTD) curves are plotted, and individual flow shares for the investigated tundish were estimated based on the curves. Finally, the industrial plant was rebuilt according to the numerical results and additional plant measurements were performed. A result of the appearance of the baffles in the tundish working space was the reduction of the transient zone extent. The results indicate the increasing share of the dispersed plug flow and a decreasing share of the dead volume flow, with a practically unchanging share of well-mixed volume flow in the modified tundish.     

Optimization of Two‐Strand Industrial Tundish Work with Use of Turbulence Inhibitors: Physical and Numerical Modeling

The paper shows the results of the research obtained by physical and mathematical modeling of steel flow and mixing in the tundish. Two‐strand continuous casting tundish was under consideration. It has been working in one of polish steel plants. The change of concast slab assortment was caused by the changeable market terms. So, the tundish with the new system of steel flow controller was needed. Up to now baffles with the notch have played this role. Their placement cause the excessive consumption of the lining of the tundish front line. As a consequence the turbulence inhibitor (TI) was applied. Four different types of this inhibitor were designed. As a result of the experimental measurements and numerical simulations, the RTD curves of F‐type were obtained. Basing on these curves time constants for examined types were determined. Additionally, the research results were complemented by the E‐type curves. The percentage participations of dead volume flow, dispersed plug flow, and well‐mixed volume flow were calculated. The research gives possibility to estimate the designed TIs and their influence on the tundish work.     

六流中间包场协同分析及流场优化

采用场协同理论分析了连铸中间包内钢液流场与温度分布之间的关系,并对钢厂六流中间包进行了数值模拟计算。结果表明,当中间包不采用控流装置时,大部分区域钢液流场与温度梯度场协同性好,钢液温度梯度大,最大温差达27 K,出口最大温差达3 K,(火积)耗散值大,各出口RTD(停留时间分布)曲线相差较大;当中间包内设置斜孔挡墙后,钢液流场与温度梯度场间的协同程度降低,钢液温度分布较均匀,最大温差为12 K,各出口最大温差仅为0.3 K,(火积)耗散值降低了57.6%,各出口RTD曲线近似。     

三流中间包结构优化物理模拟

通过物理模拟的方法对某钢厂三流中间包进行结构优化。结果表明，原型中间包由于挡墙正前方开有小孔，易导致短路流现象的发生。此外，导流孔倾角小且其方向正对边部水口，导致钢液直接从边部水口流出，停留时间较短，死区比例也高达41.08%。对原型中间包导流孔进行优化后，最优方案“U9 T1”的流体停留时间由原型的346.50延长至451.83 s，死区比例降至22.29%，降幅高达45.74%。这有利于中间包内体积利用率的提高，对实际生产具有重要指导意义。     

非对称中间包稳态浇铸与换包操作的冶金效果

??To rationally assess and optimize the metallurgical effect of an industrially used three- strand asymmetric tundish?? the mixing characteristics of molten steel with different tundish configurations were investigated by residence time distribution??RTD??curves based on the analysis of fluid flow and temperature distribution at four flow control schemes?? and the behavior of the tundish level was tracked by employing volume- of- fluid??VOF??model. The fluid dynamics behavior of the tundish was studied in term of both steady and unsteady service situations with and without fluid flow control devices?? which made it possible to assess comprehensively the metallurgical effect of the given tundish. The results show that the flow control effect of bare tundish is weak. It is observed that there are distinct short- circuit flow and large proportion of dead zone?? together with the non- uniform temperature distribution and the flow state discrepancy among the three strands?? which will accordingly lead to the quality difference of the bloom castings. The improvements on the fluid flow characteristics and the temperature distribution have been observed in tundish with the combined application of baffles and turbulence inhibitor. The proportion of dead zone is decreased by 13. 28%?? the temperature difference is only 0. 5K among three outlets?? along with an improved fluid flow consistency. Additionally?? studies also show that this arrangement may have large steel level velocity and level fluctuation during ladle change period. That is likely to bring about exposure?? reoxidation and even slag entrainment of molten steel. Attentions should be paid to the control of the ladle change interval?? inlet flowrate and the moment height of liquid level.     

Hydrodynamic performance of steelmaking tundish systems: a comparative study of three different tundish designs

Extensive water modelling was carried out to ascertain the influence of various types of baffle designs on the hydrodynamic performance of three different designs of steelmaking tundish systems. These included, a two-strand slab casting tundish, a six-strand billet casting tundish and a five-strand, skewed, delta shaped tundish. Plant scale operating conditions were scaled down respecting both geometric and Froude similarity and on the basis of the latter, the inflow rate of water into the model tundish systems was estimated via: Q_m = Λ^5/2Q_f.s. To quantify the hydrodynamic performance, residence time distribution (RTD) characteristics were measured using the conductivity measurement technique for a wide range of baffle designs. From such measurements as well as from flow visualisation studies, the following general observations have been made. The optimum design of baffles together with its number and position within the tundish appear to be a strong function of the basic tundish design (viz., the geometry, the number of operating strands etc.). Of the various types of baffles investigated in this work (dam, dam + weir, baffles with holes etc.), appropriately designed slotted baffles appear to modify the RTD characteristics most favourably towards superior metallurgical performances. Increase in the number of strands, asymmetricity in the tundish design and flawed operating conditions, (viz., large width to length ratio) were all found to influence the tundish performance adversely. A comparison of experimental results for the three tundish systems indicated that changing the characteristics of the baffle design can lead to significant performance improvement in the case of the two symmetric tundish systems (e.g., the two and the six strand tundishes), the five strand skewed, delta shaped tundish was, however, found to be somewhat insensitive to such changes. For such a tundish geometry, no design of the flow-modification devices tried, could bring the hydrodynamic performance any closer to the best results obtained for the two other tundish systems. Possible reasons for such observations are discussed in the text.     

Optimisation of baffles in six strand round bloom continuous casting tundish: a physical modelling study

Abstract

Physical modelling using water in a one-third scale model was carried out to ascertain the influence of various types of baffles with inclined holes on the liquid flow in a six strand round bloom continuous casting tundish. To characterise the flow in the tundish, residence time distribution (RTD) curves were measured for different types of baffles with inclined holes. Because there is no well known analysis model to characterise the melt flow in multistrand tundishes, a new model was presented to analyse RTD curves and its reasonability was discussed. Furthermore, a new approach for quantifying the similarity among the strands was proposed and the baffle was optimised to improve the inclusion floatation and strand similarity in the tundish.     

Reduction of Tundish Skull and Yield Improvement in Steel Plants Through Physical Modeling of Steelmaking Tundish Systems

New types of furniture (also termed as flow modifiers or baffles) were incorporated in industrial scale, slab and bloom casting tundish systems with an aim to reduce residual metal loss (i.e., tundish skull) at the end of sequence casting. To this end, water model experiments were carried out in which, slag vortexing phenomena during emptying of tundish was studied embodying different types of furniture into existing tundish designs. These in general indicate that a wedge shaped bottom together with an embedded pouring box applied in conjunction have the potential to reduce tundish skull and improve yield losses significantly. In addition, limited residence time distribution measurement experiments were made to investigate metallurgical performance of modified design tundish systems. These indicate that deployment of new furniture with minor design modifications, despite contributing to a reduction in tundish capacity (10–12%), do not influence metallurgical performance of steelmaking tundish systems to any significant extent. Accordingly, designs of currently employed slab (32 and 37 tonnes capacity respectively) and bloom casting tundish (10 and a 17 tonnes capacity respectively) systems were modified in four different steel mills and plant trials conducted to assess the extent of yield improvement. Significant improvements in yield losses, to the extent of 50–60%, have been confirmed by the industry during sequence casting.