煤粉炉和循环流化床锅炉飞灰特性对其汞吸附能力的影响

通过分析两台容量相近的循环流化床锅炉和煤粉锅炉飞灰样品的粒径分布、表面结构特性、未燃尽碳含量、反应性和汞含量，探究两种类型锅炉飞灰特性差异及其与飞灰汞吸附能力的关系。结果表明：循环流化床和煤粉锅炉尾端除尘设备排灰口飞灰汞的含量分别为1584.0 ng/g和503.7 ng/g，其原因与飞灰粒径、未燃尽碳含量和表面特性相关。对于循环流化床锅炉，飞灰中汞含量随其粒径和反应性温度的减小而增加，随未燃尽碳含量增加而增加，且与比表面积和吸附量呈正相关关系。对于煤粉锅炉，粒径为75～53 μm的飞灰对汞吸附能力较强，未燃尽碳含量明显小于循环流化床所产生飞灰的含量，飞灰比表面积随粒径变化不大，由此导致煤粉锅炉除尘设备排灰口所取样品对汞的吸附能力远低于循环流化床锅炉相对应位置飞灰对汞的吸附能力。     

粉煤灰中残碳的特性和利用

介绍了粉煤灰中残碳和富碳颗粒的特性和分离技术, 论述了残碳特性对颗粒分离和利用的影响, 分析了残碳的利用途径和前景。     

回收粉煤灰中未燃炭和降低碳含量的浮选研究

针对粉煤灰中未燃炭含量过高不利于大规模综合利用的问题,从理论上分析了浮选回收粉煤灰中未燃炭的基本原理,采用全浮选流程对粉煤灰中未燃炭进行了浮选回收试验,探讨了影响粉煤灰中未燃炭浮选效果的主要因素,确定了适宜的工艺条件。试验结果表明,采用全浮选流程可以使粉煤灰中可燃物降至4.1%左右。     

回收粉煤灰中未燃炭和降低碳含量的选研究

针对粉煤灰中未燃炭含量过高不利于大规模综合利用的问题,从理论上分析了浮选回收粉煤灰中未燃炭的基本原理,采用全浮选流程对粉煤灰中未燃炭进行了浮选回收试验,探讨了影响粉煤灰中未燃炭浮选效果的主要因素,确定了适宜的工艺条件.试验结果表明,采用全浮选流程可以使粉煤灰中可燃物降至4.1%左右.     

Effect of particle size distribution of fly ash-cement system on the fluidity of cement pastes

This paper investigates the effect of particle size distribution of fly ash-cement system on the fluidity of the cement pastes using class F fly ash collected from the hopper attached to an electrostatic precipitator when the burning conditions and types of coal are changed at a coal-fired power plant. The unburned carbon content of fly ashes used in the experiment is less than 1.5%. To prevent the unburned carbon in fly ashes from affecting the fluidity of the pastes, polycarboxylic acid plasticizer with more saturation amount is added into the pastes for experimentation. The particle size distribution of fly ash-cement system is analyzed using n value of Rosin-Rammler function and the n value is derived with a nonlinear least squares fitting method. As the result, it is shown that the fluidity increases as the particle size distribution becomes wider, i.e., as n value gets smaller.     

软测量技术在电站锅炉优化燃烧上的应用

针对阜新电厂200 MW机组燃煤锅炉进行了多工况热态测试,获得了飞灰含碳量的现场数据样本,运用Back Propagation(BP)神经网络和Levenberg Marquardt(LM)算法建立了电站锅炉飞灰含碳量的软测量模型,并构造了飞灰含碳量的测量系统. 在此基础上开发了电站锅炉燃烧优化系统,实现了阜新电厂200 MW机组锅炉燃烧优化控制.     

Characterization of the coal fly ash for the purpose of improvement of industrial on-line measurement of unburned carbon content

The influence of selected properties of fly ash on the measurements of an on-line analyser was described. Fly ash studied in the research originated from the pulverized coal fired boiler. The samples were taken using an inspection method within a period of 3 months. Systematic observation of the properties of the ash allowed monitoring of the work of the industrial analyzer during a relatively long period of the power plant work. Samples of coal fly ash were examined for their chemical and physical properties. Morphology was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Unburned carbon content in fly ash was determined by using loss-on-ignition (LOI) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The particle size distribution of fly ash was examined. Correlation between laboratory and on-line industrial measurements of the unburned carbon content of ash was discussed.     

Characterization of unburned carbon in bagasse fly ash

Bagasse is one of the important biomass sources, which is used as a fuel in the sugar industry in India. As a result, large quantities of fly ash are generated and create a serious disposal problem. This is further aggravated by the presence of unburned bagasse mainly as carbonised fibre. In this study, the unburned carbon in bagasse fly ash is characterized by thermal analysis, electron microscopy and adsorption. The carbon particles can be separated from oxide fraction of fly ash by floating it in water. This process increases the loss on ignition from 20–30% to 80%. N₂ adsorption measurements give BET surface areas of ～200 m²/g for the separated carbons. Analysis of the isotherms indicates a large fraction of pores in the size range of 10–12 Å. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies show that the unburned carbon is amorphous and the morphology retains the cellular characteristics of the parent bagasse fibres.     

The influence of carbon particle type in fly ashes on mercury adsorption

Recent research has shown that certain fly ash materials produced in coal combustion for power generation have an affinity for the mercury compounds present in flue gases. However, the exact nature of Hg-fly ash interactions is still unknown and the different variables that influence mercury adsorption need to be identified. In this work the microscopic components of fly ashes derived from the combustion of different types of feed blends of different coal rank and mercury adsorption were investigated. The aim of this research was to establish relationships between Hg retention and the type of unburned carbons present in various fly ashes. The fly ashes and fly ash fractions studied were used as sorbent beds for high mercury concentrations, conditions in which mercury retention is highly favored. From the results obtained it was confirmed that the role of the unburned carbon components in mercury capture may depend, among other factors, on the type of unburned carbon. Fly ashes capture different species of mercury depending on their nature and the type of anisotropic particles.     

Distribution of the main inorganic elements of Kaa-Khem coals in ash-and-slag waste from the Kyzyl heat and power plant

Comparative silicate analysis data on the distribution of the main ash-forming elements of Kaa-Khem coals in fly ash and slag from the Kyzyl heat and power plant in 1989?C2009 heating seasons are presented. The degree of binding of SO₂ from industrial smoke emissions increased in this two-decade time interval. The distribution of six main ash-forming elements between slag and fly ash is uneven: silicon, iron, manganese, and sulfur are concentrated in the slag. Fly ash is enriched in aluminum, titanium, and unburned carbon. The concentrations of alkali metals and calcium in the slag and fly ash are almost the same. The lowsulfur ash-and-slag waste of the Kyzyl heat and power plant with high silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, and unburned carbon contents can be recommended as a raw material in the production of building materials, wall ceramics, and porous fillers, for road building, etc. The ash dump is of practical interest in terms of the extraction of valuable ferromagnetic materials (magnetite and ferrosilicon) and aluminosilicate microspheres.     

利用差示扫描量热法测定CFBC脱硫灰中残留碳的研究

借助差示扫描量热分析仪对煤与高硫石油焦混烧排放的CFBC(循环流化床)脱硫灰的残留碳含量进行了测定,研究表明:(1)CFBC脱硫灰的热反应过程主要分为水分和挥发分逸出,碳氧化和矿物分解及继续反应等三个阶段.(2)是否含有氢氧钙石对CFBC脱硫灰的热反应过程影响很大,含有氢氧钙石的CFBC脱硫灰在碳氧化和矿物分解阶段(约...     

粉煤灰脱炭的流态化实验研究

粉煤灰的利用价值与其残余炭含量密切有关 .在采用现代分析测试技术的基础上 ,提出了采用流态化干法脱炭技术降低粉煤灰中残余炭含量并提高粉煤灰活性的基本思路 .流态化分选实验表明 :这种干法脱炭的思路是有效的 ,这一思路将为解决我国粉煤灰的综合利用问题提供有益的借鉴     

锅炉飞灰燃烧特性实验研究

锅炉飞灰中含碳量高不但导致了锅炉燃烧效率的降低，也限制了飞灰的再利用。因此，降低飞灰含碳量，充分利用其化学能，具有较高的经济价值，对石家庄东方热点公司锅炉飞灰的粒径分布、烧失量分级分布和燃烧特性进行了研究。结果表明，通过飞灰再燃可以有效地降低飞灰中的含碳量，并在实验室小型鼓泡流化床上进行了飞灰再燃降低含碳量的验证实验。     

Triboelectrostatic separation of fly ash and charge reversal

Triboelectrostatic separation has been investigated as a method for separating unburned carbon from coal combustion fly ash. It was found that when a fly ash is exposed to moisture before it undergoes separation, the charging properties of the components of the fly ash change significantly. The mineral and carbon components of the fly ash appear to charge oppositely to how they were charged before exposure to moisture. A correlation was found between the degree of charge reversal and the relative amounts of leachable ions, especially calcium and sodium ions, present on the surface of the ash.     

Separation of unburned carbon from fly ash using a concurrent flotation column

In this study, a new concurrent flotation column that simulates the plug flow reactor was designed with the use of a static mixer, a froth separator column and an optional additional bubble generator for fly ash beneficiation. The objective was to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of unburned carbon removal from fly ash by minimizing energy costs. Cleaning tests were performed with and without the additional bubble genarator. Without the additional bubble generator unburned carbon in the ash product could be reduced to only 2.53%. Incidental loss of carbon particles and insufficient bubble generation were the main causes of poor carbon separation performance. By turning on the additional bubble generator it was aimed to assist bubble generation, to compensate bubble rupture and to recapture the detached or free carbon particles leaving the froth phase. With the additional bubble generator and under optimized conditions a froth product with 95% carbon recovery and a cleaned ash product with less than 1% unburned carbon was obtained. The separation process through the static mixer (feeder) and the separator column and the energy consumption of the unit were analyzed. It was seen that around 80% energy could be saved with the concurrent flotation column compared to conventional flotation.     

Role of active sites in the steam activation of high unburned carbon fly ashes

Previous studies on carbon gasification have not included high unburned carbon content fly ashes, and therefore it remains unclear why not all fly ash carbon samples are equally suitable for activation. The concentration of active sites is well known to influence carbon gasification reactions. Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the effect of the concentration of active sites on the behavior of fly ash carbon samples upon steam activation. Six fly ash carbons were selected to produce activated carbons using steam at 850 °C. The concentration of active sites was determined by non-dispersive infrared analysis (NDIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD analyses were also conducted to determine the crystallite size. It was observed that the concentration of active sites played a more significant effect on the surface areas of activated carbons in the carbon burn-off zone of >60%. Statistical analysis was used to relate the surface areas of activated carbon variances with carbon burn-off levels.     

超低排放燃煤机组硒的迁移转化及飞灰对其富集特性

采用微波消解法和氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法考察了9台超低排放在役机组硒迁移转化规律,探究了循环流化床（CFB）和煤粉炉（PC）机组飞灰特性差异对硒吸附能力的影响。燃烧后煤中硒几乎全部呈现挥发态,底渣中残留量极低。与浓度归一化和质量分布法相比较,相对富集系数法可以客观地评价燃煤副产物中硒的富集能力,两类机组中硒均主要富集于飞灰中。CFB较低炉膛温度和添加CaO可以降低入炉煤中硒释放比例并增强飞灰对硒的吸附能力,故其底渣和飞灰中硒的富集程度均高于PC,导致脱硫石膏中硒富集程度低于PC。飞灰对硒的吸附量随比表面积或孔容积增大而增大,但随粒径或孔径增大而减小。CFB飞灰中未燃尽碳含量高、形状不规则、表面粗糙且存在较多蜂窝状孔隙,导致其对硒的富集程度高于PC飞灰。     

Triboelectrostatic Separation of Fly Ash with Different Charging Materials

A combination of mechanical sieving and triboelectrostatic separation were used to separate fly ash. The results indicate that a simple separation of unburned carbon from fly ash is achievable at particle sizes of 74 and 44 microns. Subsequently, triboelectrostatic separations were conducted via a louvered plate separator. The results show that the final carbon content in the products, which can be as low as 1.5 % or as high as 60 % with different mineral components, can be further adjusted with the combination of sieving, louvered plate separator with a tribocharger made of different materials (copper and Teflon), and the location on the louvered plate where the fly ash particles were collected.     

免烧结微生物垃圾焚烧飞灰砖的抗压强度研究

针对当前城市垃圾焚烧飞灰(MSWI)处置费用高昂、环境污染严重等问题,提出一种利用微生物矿化原理制备免烧结垃圾焚烧飞灰砖的方法。通过在飞灰砖固结体中加入微生物菌液,利用微生物诱导碳酸盐沉积原理,实现飞灰中重金属的固化和稳定化。本文以垃圾焚烧飞灰、Ca(OH)₂、砂子、微生物菌液为原材料,通过单因素试验,探究了制备微生物飞灰砖最优的飞灰掺量、菌液浓度、营养液中钙离子浓度。试验结果表明,当飞灰掺量为40%(质量分数),菌液OD₆₀₀值为0.60,营养液中钙离子浓度为0.30 mol/L时,飞灰砖力学性能最优。此时规格为100 mm×100 mm×50 mm免烧结微生物飞灰砖的干密度为1 937.40 kg/m³,抗压强度达到33.90 MPa,并且重金属浸出浓度满足限值要求,实现垃圾焚烧飞灰的资源化利用。     

Classification of carbon in Canadian fly ashes and their implications in the capture of mercury

Fly ashes produced from Canadian power plants using pulverized coal and fluidized bed combustors were examined for their carbon content to determine their ability to capture mercury. The feed coal used in these power plants were lignite, subbituminous, high and medium volatile bituminous, their blends, and also blends of coal with petroleum coke (Petcoke). The carbon and mercury content of the coals and fly ashes were determined using the ASTM standard method and by the cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry method. The carbon content of the fly ash was concentrated by strong acid digestion using HCl and HF. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of the carbon concentrate were made by using a reflected light microscope. The results show that the carbon content of fly ash appears to be partially related to depositional environment during coalification and to the rank of the coal. The Hg captured by the fly ash depends on the rank and blend of the feed coals and the type of carbon in the fly ash. The isotropic vitrinitic char is mostly responsible for the capture of most Hg in fly ash. The inadvertent increase in carbon content due to the blending of coal with petroleum coke did not increase the amount Hg captured by the fly ash. The fly ash collected by the hot side electrostatic precipitator has a low Hg content and no relation between the Hg and carbon content of the ash was observed. These results indicate that the quantity of carbon in the fly ash alone does not determine the amount Hg captured. The types of carbon present (isotropic and anisotropic vitrinitic, isotropic inertinitic and anisotropic Petcoke), the halogen content, the types of fly ash control devices, and the temperatures of the fly ash control devices all play major roles in the capture of Hg.