Impact characteristics of stiffened plates penetrated by sub-ordnance velocity projectiles

A series of experiments are carried out to explore the impact characteristics of stiffened plates struck by the sub-ordnance velocity projectiles. Considering the relative position of impact point to the nearest stiffeners on target, six kinds of representative target plates with different stiffened styles are specially designed. Altogether sixteen target plates, respectively without, single- and cross-stiffened are tested and compared. Two kinds of projectiles, one with spherical nose and the other with truncated oval nose, are fired using a 25 mm refitted cannon. The initial velocities of projectiles range from 244 to 430 m/s. Experimental results show that the penetration process is greatly dependent on the nose shapes of projectiles. The tumbling of truncated oval-nosed projectiles is very prominent, which results in the great uncertainty of deformation and failure mode of target plates. While the spherical-nosed projectiles keep much more stable, plugging and ductile hole enlargement are the most distinct failure modes. In the end, some empirical formulas aimed at blunt-nosed projectiles are proposed, which could be helpful for the design of the protection structures.     

Numerical and experimental investigations on the compression behaviour of stiffened plates

The main objective of this paper is to present the results of the finite element method for non-linear analysis of stiffened plates subjected to axial compression load considering post-buckling behaviour up to collapse. For this purpose two series of well executed experimental data on longitudinally stiffened steel plates with and without transversal stiffeners subjected to uniform axial in-plane load carried out to study the buckling and post-buckling up to final failure have been chosen. The first series are those of Ghavami where the influences of stiffener cross-section of the type rectangular (R), L and T, their spacing and the presence of rigid transversal stiffeners have been studied. The second series of Tanaka & Endo, where the behaviour of stiffened plates having three and two flat bars for longitudinal and transversal stiffeners respectively were analysed. For the purpose a well-established commercially available Finite Element program ANSYS has been chosen. The selected element was SHELL43, which can trace the full-range, elastic-plastic behaviour of the stiffened plates. It is seen that the simulated results of FEM are in good consistency with the test results.     

四边支承矩形薄板自振频率计算

从弹性薄板的基本振动微分方程出发,利用可以满足各边边界条件的振型函数,根据能量法推导出四边支承六种不同边界条件的矩形薄板的最低自振频率计算公式,为楼板结构的自振频率计算和舒适性设计提供了指导。     

Accurate discrete modelling of stiffened isotropic and orthotropic rectangular plates

An analytical approach is presented here for simply supported blade-stiffened rectangular plates wherein important non-classical effects such as transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia are carefully accounted for. The analysis differs from full three-dimensional modelling of both the plate and the stiffener in that a plane stress idealization is used to model the kinematics of transverse bending of the stiffener while simple one-dimensional classical models are employed for lateral bending and torsion. Parametric studies are used to highlight the importance of non-classical effects in plate and stiffener kinematics and to finally lead to certain recommendations for accurate modelling of stiffened plates.     

Influence of corrosion on the ultimate compressive strength of steel plates and stiffened panels

This study concentrates on a comparison between steel plate and stiffened panels subject to localised corrosion. A finite element analysis is used to investigate the effect of random corrosion on the compressive strength capacity of marine structural units. Variables include the extent of corrosion; slenderness ratio and aspect ratio. A corrosion prediction model is incorporated to determine the thickness reduction with time. Corrosion-induced volume loss results in a greater reduction of ultimate strength for slender plates compared to stiffened panels, up to 45%, showing the structural element selection can strongly influence the accuracy of the estimated corrosion damage effect.     

A simplified method for elastic large deflection analysis of plates and stiffened panels due to local buckling

A computational model for analysis of local buckling and postbuckling of stiffened panels is derived. The model provides a tool that is more accurate than existing design codes, and more efficient than nonlinear finite element methods. Any combination of biaxial in-plane compression or tension, shear, and lateral pressure may be analysed. Deflections are assumed in the form of trigonometric function series. The deformations are coupled such that continuity of rotation between the plate and the stiffener web is ensured, as well as longitudinal continuity of displacement. The response history is traced using energy principles and perturbation theory. The procedure is semi-analytical in the sense that all energy formulations are derived analytically, while a numerical method is used for solving the resulting set of equations, and for incrementation of the solution. The stress in certain critical points are checked using the von Mises yield criterion, and the onset of yielding is taken as an estimate of ultimate strength for design purposes.     

正交异性闭口加劲板的承载力分析理论及试验研究

加劲板的局部稳定是正交异性扁平钢箱梁结构设计中的一个关键问题,我国桥梁设计规范没有这方面的规定。为了解决正交异性扁平钢箱梁结构中闭口加劲板的稳定极限承载力计算问题,以适应我国目前钢桥应用日益广泛的需要,在总结中外学者研究成果和国内外设计规范的基础上,提出一种计算闭口加劲板稳定承载力的计算理论,该理论计入材料非线性、几何非线性、初始几何缺陷、焊接残余应力等4种不利影响,并对加劲板结构的初始几何缺陷大小的取值以及残余应力分布模式进行讨论。为了验证理论的正确性、把握闭口加劲板结构的屈曲特性,设计3种不同结构布置的6块闭口加劲板结构进行稳定承载力模型试验,得到加劲板的破坏形态、极限荷载大小以及荷载-位移关系曲线。试验结果与理论分析结果吻合较好,这表明该理论可用于对闭口加劲板的极限承载力计算。     

Thermal buckling analysis of rectangular composite plates with temperature-dependent properties based on a layerwise theory

Thermal buckling analysis of rectangular composite multilayered plates under uniform temperature rise is investigated using a layerwise plate theory. von Karman strain–displacement equations are employed to account for large deflections occurrence. It is already proven that the layerwise theory results are compatible with the three-dimensional theory of elasticity results. The accuracy of the present results is increased by substituting each layer by many virtual sub-layers. The final governing equations are not simplified or linearized. Material properties are assumed to vary with temperature. Hermitian finite element formulation is used to ensure a C¹ continuity for the lateral deflections. No semi-analytic solution is employed to reduce the problem to an eigenvalue one. Layerwise formulations are usually displacement-based. Therefore, force or moment boundary conditions (e.g. simply supported boundary condition), are approximately satisfied. A FEM algorithm is presented to exactly incorporate the boundary conditions. A proposed numerical scheme and a modified Budiansky instability criterion presented by the author are used to determine the buckling temperature in a computerized solution. Finally, results of the present techniques are compared with the results of the high-order theories presented by some well-known researchers and the influences of various geometric and mechanical properties parameters of the composite plate on the buckling temperature are studied.     

Response of stiffened and unstiffened plates subjected to blast loading

This paper describes the results of dynamic analyses carried out on both stiffened and unstiffened panels using both simplified and advanced analytical techniques. For unstiffened panels with inplane restraint along their edges, the dynamic response of an imperfect panel was predicted using a large displacement elastic analysis based on Lagrange's equation, with the panel being treated as a shallow shell. For stiffened panels, the finite element (FE) technique was used to establish the validity of using the simplified technique to predict the inter-stiffener panel displacements for a simply supported panel. A parametric study has been carried out to analyse the effects of in-plane boundary conditions, local stiffener buckling and initial imperfections on the overall response. The significant effect of boundary conditions is demonstrated by including the actual boundary conditions of a test frame in the finite element modelling of a large-scale stiffened floorplate panel used in an experimental test series.     

Eccentric low-velocity impact analysis of transversely graded plates with Winkler-type elastic foundations and fully or partially supported edges

Impact analysis of plates with either elastic foundations or partially supported edges has not been accomplished, even for the homogeneous isotropic plates. In the present paper, eccentric low-velocity impact analysis of a functionally graded plate with fully/partially supported edges and a Winkler-type elastic foundation is performed. In contrast to the available researches, stiffness of the underneath layers is also taken into account in determination of the apparent stiffness of the contact region, employing Mori–Tanaka micromechanics-based model instead of the traditional rule of mixtures. The governing equations are derived based on the principle of minimum total potential energy and the first-order shear-deformation plate theory. Some of the included novelties are: modification of the contact law, incorporation of effects of the elastic foundation, considering the material heterogeneity and partially supporting the edges, and proposing various semi-analytical and (Galerkin-type) numerical solutions. Numerical time integration schemes are used to trace time variations of the responses. A sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate influences of the specifications of the plate and the indenter, the eccentricity, and the supporting length ratio on time histories of the indentation and contact force.     

Load-settlement response of shallow square footings on geogrid-reinforced sand under cyclic loading

To study the settlement and dynamic response characteristics of shallow square footings on geogrid-reinforced sand under cyclic loading, 7 sets of large scale laboratory tests are performed on a 0.5?m wide square footing resting on unreinforced and geogrid reinforced sand contained in a 3?m?×?1.6?m?×?2?m (length?×?width?×?height) steel tank. Different reinforcing schemes are considered in the tests: one layer of reinforcement at the depth of 0.3B, 0.6B and 0.9B, where B is the width of the footing; two and three layers of reinforcement at the depth and spacing both at 0.3B. In one of the two double layered reinforcing systems, the reinforcements are wrapped around at the ends. The footings are loaded to 160?kPa under static loading before applying cyclic loading. The cyclic loadings are applied at 40?kPa amplitude increments. Each loading stage lasts for 10?min at the frequency of 2?Hz, or until failure, whichever occurs first. The settlement of the footing, strain in the reinforcement and acceleration rate in the soil have been monitored during the tests. The results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity of the footings was affected by the number and layout of the reinforcements, and the increment of bearing capacity does not always increase with the number of reinforcement layers. The layout of the reinforcement layers affected the failure mechanisms of the footings. Including more layers of reinforcement could greatly reduce the dynamic response of the foundations under cyclic loading. In terms of bearing capacity improvement, including one layer of reinforcement at the depth of 0.6B was the optimum based on the test results. It is found that fracture of geogrid could occur under cyclic loading if the reinforcement is too shallow, i.e. for the cases with the first layer of reinforcement at 0.3B depth.     

鞍板和环板加劲K形相贯节点承载力试验研究

为研究采用节点板、鞍板、环板加劲的K形相贯节点的受力特性,设计并制作了11个节点试件开展比例加载试验研究,得到其变形、应力分布及破坏模式等受力性能。利用经试验验证的有限元模型,分析了加劲组件和钢管参数对该类加劲相贯节点承载力的影响,并给出了受荷节点的力学模型。有限元分析和试验结果表明,该节点表现出无加劲相贯节点和带鞍板的管-板节点的受力特征,加劲构造能有效提高节点承载力。参数敏感性分析结果表明,增加支管和主管直径比、主管厚度、节点板长度和扇形鞍板圆心角可提高节点极限承载力。给出了极限承载力简化计算方法,计算结果和有限元分析及试验结果吻合较好。     

Mechanical and thermal post-buckling analysis of FGM rectangular plates with various supported boundaries resting on nonlinear elastic foundations

Mechanical and thermal post-buckling analysis is presented for FGM rectangular plates resting on nonlinear elastic foundations using the concept of physical neutral surface and high-order shear deformation theory, and investigations on post-buckling behavior of FGM rectangular plates with two opposite simply supported edges and other two opposite clamped edges are also new. Approximate solutions of FGM rectangular plates are given out using multi-term Ritz method, and influences played by different supported boundaries, foundation stiffnesses, thermal environmental conditions and volume fraction index are discussed in detail. It is worth noting that the effect of nonlinear elastic foundation is small at the pre-buckling and initial post-buckling state and is significant with increasing deflection at the deep post-buckling state. Especially, comparisons of post-buckling for FGM rectangular plates resting on nonlinear elastic foundations with movable simply supported edge subjected to compression acting on the geometric middle surface and the physical neutral surface are innovative, and may be helpful to clarify typical mistakes in literature.     

旋扩珠盘桩最优盘位和盘间距的确定

旋扩珠盘桩承力盘的位置和间距是影响其承载力的重要因素,由于小直径旋扩珠盘桩具有盘径比（D／d）较大的特点,如果按照挤扩支盘桩对承力盘间距取值的要求进行设计,有些情况下会使桩承载力降低,甚至达不到设计要求,给工程带来损失,也限制了旋扩珠盘桩的发展。本文结合实际工程中的双盘珠盘桩遇到的问题,用有限元方法分析了承力盘的最优盘位置和最优盘间距,得出了一些有益的结论,可为相似工程提供参考。     

Investigation of groundwater flow and saturated multi-layer soil on the ground temperature response of an energy pile through thermal response and recovery testing

Thermal response testing (TRT) and thermal recovery testing were conducted on a full-scale precast energy pile installed in saturated multi-layer soils to investigate the thermal response on the pile and soils. The thermal and physical properties of the soil were assessed through laboratory testing and compared to the estimated properties from the thermal response and thermal recovery tests through use of the finite cylinder source (FCS) method and the moving infinite line source (MILS) method. The MILS method was used to assess Darcy’s velocity through thermal recovery testing at 13 m depth within the pile, eliminating the influence of ambient temperature and potential heat input from the TRT Unit. The ground temperature response was monitored parallel and perpendicular to groundwater flow in three locations during heating input and subsequent recovery, while the pile temperature distribution was monitored within the embedded U-loops. The results showed that thermal conductivity estimates were consistently higher from TRT results when compared to laboratory results, and application of the MILS method recorded values greater than the FCS method, particularly in thermal recovery. The MILS was shown to accurately predict Darcy’s velocity through thermal recovery testing, recording a value within the range estimated through laboratory testing. Furthermore, the ground temperature response displayed significant influence of the various soil layers through a temperature curvature with depth developing over time.     

地震和波浪力共同作用下桥墩的动力响应研究

波浪力作用采用非线性的Morison方程,而桥墩按剪切模型进行离散,建立了桥墩在地震和波浪力共同作用下的非线性动力方程,并采用时程迭代法计算分析,发现不考虑流固耦合时桥墩的动力响应计算结果明显小于考虑流固耦合时的计算结果。因此,在地震、波浪力共同作用下,考虑流固耦合更符合实际情况。     

带肋方钢管混凝土轴压短柱试验研究及有限元分析

以方钢管宽厚比和加劲肋高厚比为主要变化参数,进行了14个带肋方钢管混凝土轴压短柱试验研究;同时采用有限元软件ABAQUS对带肋方钢管混凝土轴压短柱的荷载-变形关系进行了计算,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。同时从应力-应变关系、核心混凝土和钢管的纵向应力分布及其相互作用等方面对比分析了无肋、单肋和双肋方钢管混凝土轴压短柱的受力性能。分析结果表明：设置加劲肋不仅提高了核心混凝土的纵向应力,而且明显减小了钢管管壁的拉应力区范围,改善了管壁的稳定性;带肋试件的约束作用主要集中在钢管角部和加劲肋处,随着每边加劲肋数量的增加,角部约束力明显增大。图13表1参11     

Model test study on the dynamic response of the portal section of two parallel tunnels in a seismically active area

A model test of the portals of two parallel tunnels is carried out to learn about the dynamic response of tunnel liner and the interaction between surrounding rock and liner in earthquakes. The experiment results show that: first, when the seismic acceleration traverses the model material, the low-frequency segment of seismic acceleration is magnified and the high-frequency segment of seismic acceleration is attenuated; second, the horizontal shear failure of the surrounding rock is caused by the interaction between the surrounding rock and the tunnel liner, and the cracks in the surrounding rock grow nearly in the same direction, however, because of the different constraints on the tunnel liner by the surrounding rock outside the tunnel, the destruction degree is different; third, the liner cracks of the left tunnel with short length appear mainly at the left tunnel entrance, the cracks of right tunnel with large length appear mainly at the right tunnel entrance and the tunnel cross-section nearly which is in the same vertical plane with the left tunnel portal, and the liner cracks are distributed mainly on the closer side of two liners between the two holes; finally, in the same vertical testing cross-section, the liner maximal strain at the inner sides between two tunnels is greater than outer sides. In addition, the cross-section maximal strain on the right tunnel decreases with the increasing distance between the tested cross-section and a reference vertical plane containing the left tunnel portal.     

带方钢管混凝土端柱隔板连接双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

对5个带CFST端柱的隔板连接的双钢板-混凝土组合剪力墙进行了恒定轴压条件下的侧向循环加载试验,考虑了截面高厚比(6.0和8.0)、端柱形式、设计轴压比(0.45和0.60)、剪跨比(1.5和2.0)等参数,研究了该类组合剪力墙延性、承载力、刚度和承载力退化、耗能能力、截面弯矩-曲率关系、剪力-剪切角关系以及腹侧腔室钢板等效应变的变化规律等。研究结果表明：组合剪力墙发生了典型的压-弯破坏;墙体受力过程中经历了钢板的屈服和屈曲及混凝土的压溃等破坏;墙体的滞回曲线饱满;墙体的极限侧移角介于2.3%~4.5%之间,位移延性系数介于3.05~4.45之间,具有良好的变形能力;增加截面高厚比,加强端柱构造,减小剪跨比,墙体的承载力和延性均得到提高;轴压比增大对墙体的承载力和延性有不利影响;组合剪力墙受力过程中的剪切变形呈非线性变化的特点,不应忽略;组合剪力墙的变形未局限于墙体固定端以上的有限范围内,而是在墙体高度方向有较为充分的发展,这是墙体变形能力较好的原因之一。     

Effects of transverse members on geogrid pullout behavior considering rigid and flexible top boundaries

Geogrid pullout tests have been regarded as the most direct and effective way to describe the interfacial behavior between geogrid and soil. To investigate the coupled effects of geogrid transverse members and top-loading boundaries on the geogrid-soil interaction, numerical simulations of geogrid pullout tests using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) were carried out in this study. The rigid top boundary was simulated by a rigid wall, while the flexible top boundary was modeled with a string of bonded particles that could rotate and move up and down freely. The coupled effects of geogrid transverse members and top boundary conditions on the geogrid-soil interaction under pullout loads were visualized not only by the force distributions along the geogrids and in the specimens but also by the displacements of soil particles and geogrids. Additionally, the quantitative geogrid force and strain distributions along the geogrids, the lateral force distributions on the front walls, and the vertical displacements of top boundaries also showed the influence of transverse members on the geogrid pullout behavior considering the rigid and flexible top boundaries. The DEM investigation results of this study may provide helpful guidelines for regulating the geogrid pullout test apparatus and methods.