地震作用下圆柱形薄壁钢罐的启发式优化

圆柱形地面支持钢罐,由于其结构设计简单、静水压力下的性能较好、成本低、施工方便,常用于储存水和易燃液体。尽管有这些优势,薄壁钢罐对地震作用十分敏感。旨在对特殊结构进行简单、快速和直接的抗震优化设计,避免采用如有限元或边界元法等复杂计算方法。根据欧洲规范8或希腊地震规范,利用软件进行最佳抗震设计,使得这些结构在极端抗震设计荷载作用下的稳定性满足要求。针对预设的液体体积,给出了钢罐和基础的最佳尺寸。该方法可以考虑以此为基础,在满足结构和稳定性要求的前提下,确定薄壁钢罐抗震设计的最低成本。     

钢框架结构基于整体优化策略的非线性抗震设计

针对现有抗震优化设计很少考虑结构非线性反应的缺点,提出了整体优化策略,并运用到钢框架结构造价最小的抗震优化设计中。以结构构件截面尺寸为设计变量,结构构件的总体积为目标函数,整体优化策略在以结构弹性强度和弹性变形为约束条件的基础上,增加弹塑性变形为约束条件,与我国抗震设计规范两阶段设计方法相对应,因此基于整体优化策略的优化设计结果可以作为最终的结构设计方案。整体优化策略不仅能够考虑结构的非线性反应,而且可以采用我国抗震规范的相关规定作为约束条件,适用于钢框架结构造价最小的抗震优化设计。     

水平双向地震作用下薄壁方形截面钢桥墩#br# 抗震性能试验及实用算法研究

钢板局部失稳破坏是钢桥墩结构典型的地震失效模式之一,但目前仍缺乏既能考虑局部失稳影响,又可方便用于工程设计的结构地震反应计算方法。通过对2个薄壁方形截面钢桥墩试件施加沿斜向的水平反复荷载,研究结构的地震破坏形式和抗震性能;在钢材修正双曲面滞回模型的基础上,通过对结构参数分析结果的数据拟合,建立考虑钢板局部失稳影响的方形截面钢桥墩纤维模型算法。结果表明：薄壁方形截面钢桥墩结构在水平双向地震作用下,首先会发生墩底钢板局部失稳,在荷载达到最高点后墩底焊缝处出现超低周疲劳破坏,在两种地震破坏的共同作用下结构承载力迅速下降;通过与试验结果的对比,验证结构地震有效损伤域Ld内的纤维单元采用等效滞回模型能准确反映钢板的局部失稳效应,为工程设计提供一种高精度的实用计算方法。     

Numerical evaluation on shell buckling of empty thin-walled steel tanks under wind load according to current American and European design codes

Liquid storage steel tanks are vertical above-ground cylindrical shells and as typical thin-walled structures, they are very sensitive to buckling under wind loads, especially when they are empty or at low liquid level. Previous studies revealed discrepancies in buckling resistance of empty tanks between the design method proposed by the American Standard API 650 and the analytical formulas recommended by the European Standard EN1993-1-6 and EN1993-4-2. This study presents a comparison between the provisions of current design codes by performing all types of numerical buckling analyses recommended by Eurocodes (i.e. LBA-linear elastic bifurcation analysis, GNA-geometrically nonlinear elastic analysis of the perfect tank and GNIA-geometrically nonlinear elastic analysis of the imperfect tank). Such analyses are performed in order to evaluate the buckling resistance of two existing thin-walled steel tanks, with large diameters and variable wall thickness. In addition, a discussion is unfolded about the differences between computational and analytical methods and the conservatism that the latter method imposes. An influence study on the geometric imperfections and the boundary conditions is also conducted. Investigation on the boundary conditions at the foot of the tank highlights the sensitivity to the fixation of the vertical translational degree of freedom. Further, it is indicated that the imperfection magnitude recommended by the EN1993-1-6 is extremely unfavorable when applied to large diameter tanks. Comments and conclusions achieved could be helpful in order to evaluate the safety of the current design codes and shed more light towards the most accurate one.     

Nonlinear analysis of concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns with local buckling effects

Local buckling of steel plates reduces the ultimate loads of concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns under axial compression. The effects of local buckling have not been considered in advanced analysis methods that lead to the overestimates of the ultimate loads of composite columns and frames. This paper presents a nonlinear fiber element analysis method for predicting the ultimate strengths and behavior of short concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns with local buckling effects. The fiber element method considers nonlinear constitutive models for confined concrete and structural steel. Effective width formulas for steel plates with geometric imperfections and residual stresses are incorporated in the fiber element analysis program to account for local buckling effects. The progressive local and post-local buckling is simulated by gradually redistributing the normal stresses within the steel plates. Two performance indices are proposed for evaluating the section and ductility performance of concrete-filled steel box columns. The computational technique developed is used to investigate the effects of the width-to-thickness ratios and concrete compressive strengths on the ultimate strength and ductility of concrete-filled steel box columns. It is demonstrated that the nonlinear fiber element method developed predicts well the ultimate loads and behavior of concrete-filled thin-walled steel box columns and can be implemented in advanced analysis programs for the nonlinear analysis of composite frames.     

Stability analysis of large diameter thin-walled tube beam-columns

Based on a blind spot in the current design standard of steel structures, the large diameter thin-walled tube beam-columns are analyzed using nonlinear finite element method in this paper. The influence of several factors on stability capacity of the large diameter thin-walled tube beam-columns is taken into account. Thus, according to the correlative design standard of steel structures, and on the basis of the numerical analytical results by the finite element methods, the calculation formulas of the stability bearing capacity are presented for beam-column members of the large diameter thin-walled tubes. Three tests of thin-walled steel tube beam-columns were reported. Test results for deformations and ultimate strength are found to be in a good agreement with the corresponding values predicted by the calculation formulas, and the proposed methods can be used in design practice.     

Comparative seismic design optimization of spatial steel dome structures through three recent metaheuristic algorithms

Steel dome structures, with their striking structural forms, take a place among the impressive and aesthetic load bearing systems featuring large internal spaces without internal columns. In this paper, the seismic design optimization of spatial steel dome structures is achieved through three recent metaheuristic algorithms that are water strider (WS), grey wolf (GW), and brain storm optimization (BSO). The structural elements of the domes are treated as design variables collected in member groups. The structural stress and stability limitations are enforced by ASD-AISC provisions. Also, the displacement restrictions are considered in design procedure. The metaheuristic algorithms are encoded in MATLAB interacting with SAP2000 for gathering structural reactions through open application programming interface (OAPI). The optimum spatial steel dome designs achieved by proposed WS, GW, and BSO algorithms are compared with respect to solution accuracy, convergence rates, and reliability, utilizing three real-size design examples for considering both the previously reported optimum design results obtained by classical metaheuristic algorithms and a gradient descent-based hyperband optimization (HBO) algorithm.     

用持续时间分析法对钢储液箱进行抗震分析

持续时间(ET)法是基于时程分析法,对结构进行高强度动态激励从而进行抗震评估的一种方法。运用此方法对钢储液箱进行了分析。对采用ET法对钢储液箱的抗震评估进行了研究。该方法已经在3个不同尺寸、具有特定支座的钢储液箱的有限元非线性分析中得到了应用,并将分析结果与常规设计规程进行了对比。分析结果表明,用该方法评估钢储液箱的地震反应的准确性和各种复杂条件下加强钢储液箱设计方法的适用性。阐述了利用地面运动对底部嵌固和非嵌固的钢储液箱的地震反应的对比研究。还讨论了该方法的优势和不足之处。     

Stability analysis of large diameter thin-walled tube beam-columns

Based on a blind spot in the current design standard of steel structures, the large diameter thin-walled tube beam-columns are analyzed using nonlinear finite element method in this paper. The influence of several factors on stability capacity of the large diameter thin-walled tube beam-columns is taken into account. Thus, according to the correlative design standard of steel structures, and on the basis of the numerical analytical results by the finite element methods, the calculation formulas of the stability bearing capacity are presented for beam-column members of the large diameter thin-walled tubes. Three tests of thin-walled steel tube beam-columns were reported. Test results for deformations and ultimate strength are found to be in a good agreement with the corresponding values predicted by the calculation formulas, and the proposed methods can be used in design practice. __________ Translated from China Civil Engineering Journal, 2007, 40(3): 11–17 [译自: 土 木 工 程 学 报]     

大直径薄壁钢管压弯构件的稳定分析

针对我国现行钢结构设计规范未对径厚比为100以上的大直径薄壁钢管压弯构件的稳定计算作相应规定,采用非线性有限元方法,分析初始缺陷、长细比及两端作用不等弯矩等因素对该类构件稳定承载力的影响。研究结果表明,随着径厚比的逐渐增大,该类构件的稳定承载力显著降低。通过有限元分析结果及参照相关规范提出了该类压弯构件稳定承载力的建议计算公式。最后,对3根薄壁钢管压弯构件进行了试验研究,得到每个试件的荷载位移曲线、破坏屈曲和压弯极限承载力,试验荷载位移曲线与有限元方法计算得出的曲线基本吻合,实测极限荷载值与建议公式计算值偏差幅值控制在20%之内,进一步验证了该理论分析方法是有效的、可靠的,研究成果可为类似构件的设计提供依据。     

多层冷弯薄壁型钢住宅体系动力时程分析

在采用有限元方法验证三层冷弯薄壁型钢房屋振动台试验结果的基础上,建立了多层冷弯薄壁型钢结构住宅空间整体模型,分析了模型前3阶自振频率、振型以及双向地震作用下的加速度、位移响应和水平地震剪力,考察了多层房屋的抗震性能。结果表明:《低层冷弯薄壁型钢房屋建筑技术规程》推荐的基频计算方法适用于多层冷弯薄壁型钢结构体系;随着输入地震波峰值加速度的增加,模型各层加速度幅值、相对位移和最大剪重比均增大,而各层峰值加速度放大系数有降低的趋势;随着结构高度的增加,模型各层峰值加速度放大系数、相对位移和最大剪重比均增大;多层冷弯薄壁型钢结构体系在多遇地震和罕遇地震作用下结构X向和Y向的水平地震剪力和最大层间位移角满足《建筑抗震设计规范》的要求,具备较好的抗震性能。     

Analysis and design reliability of axially compressed members with high-strength cold-formed thin-walled steel

High-strength cold-formed thin-walled steel has been widely used in developed countries in the last several years. However, the application and popularization of the new materials in China is still very limited, and there are no related provisions in current design codes for reference in engineering practice. In this paper, considering the effects of the variations from material strength in structural members, geometrical parameters of sections, analysis methods for limit load-carrying capacity and external loadings, the second-order moment probability method was used for conducting the design reliability analysis of 550 MPa high-strength cold-formed thin-walled steel structures, from which the reasonable target reliability index, the corresponding resistance partial coefficient and the design strength values were discussed and proposed. Existing experimental data related have been collected and used to demonstrate the suitability and reasonability of the proposed results, which shows that, with reasonable determination of the design strength value of 550 MPa high-strength cold-formed thin-walled steel sections, the effective width-to-thickness ratio method considering coupling stability of plates recommended by “Technical Code of Cold-formed Thin-Walled Steel Structures (GB50018-2002)” can be efficiently used to estimate the load-carrying capacities of the axially compressed elements of high-strength cold-formed thin-walled steel structures, and well satisfy the target reliability index in structural design.     

Integrated aerodynamic load determination and stiffness design optimization of tall buildings

Modern tall steel buildings are wind sensitive and are prone to dynamic serviceability problems. Although wind tunnel techniques have emerged as valuable tools in providing reliable prediction of the wind‐induced loads and effects on tall buildings, current design practice normally considers the wind tunnel‐derived loads as constant static design loads. Such practice does not take into account the change in wind‐induced structural loads while the dynamic properties of a building are modified during the design synthesis process. This paper presents a computer‐based technique that couples together an aerodynamic wind tunnel load analysis routine and an element stiffness optimization method to minimize the cost of tall steel buildings subject to the lateral drift design criteria, while allowing for instantaneous prediction and updating of wind loads during the design synthesis process. Results of a full‐scale steel building framework with the same geometric shape of the Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council (CAARC) standard building indicate that not only is the proposed technique able to produce the cost‐effective element stiffness distribution of the structure satisfying the serviceability wind drift design criteria, but a potential benefit of reducing the design wind loads can also be achieved by the stiffness optimization method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自复位墙防震结构基于力设计方法研究

自复位墙防震结构作为典型的可恢复功能结构,具有变形能力强、结构损伤小等特点,可显著减少建筑结构的震后修复费用。现有研究对自复位墙防震结构一般采用基于位移设计方法进行设计,而先结构选型、后位移校核的基于力设计方法尚未形成。为此,提出了自复位墙防震结构基于力设计方法,以规范中规定的地震影响系数曲线为依据,考虑了多水准抗震设防时结构的最大层间位移角限值要求。以一幢6层自复位墙防震结构为例,采用有限元分析进行了基于力设计方法的位移验算有效性验证,并基于理论推导,对基于力设计方法和基于位移设计方法进行了对比,证明了两种设计方法理论基础的一致性。研究表明,基于力设计方法可作为对基于位移设计方法的补充,满足自复位墙防震结构的设计需求。     

屈服强度550MPa高强冷弯薄壁型钢结构轴心受压构件可靠度分析

本文采用二阶矩概率法,考虑强度、截面几何参数、计算模式、外荷载等不定因素的影响,针对屈服强度550MPa高强冷弯薄壁型钢轴心受压构件的可靠度进行了分析,并考虑材料特性,在已有试验的基础上对其承载力计算方法、目标可靠指标及强度设计指标的合理选取进行了研究。结果表明,在按厚度分类合理确定高强冷弯薄壁型钢的强度设计指标后,可依据现行的《冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范》(GB 50018—2002)给定的考虑板组稳定计算截面有效宽厚比的方法对其轴心受压构件的极限承载力进行有效分析,并满足预定设计可靠指标的要求。     

高层建筑钢结构基于风振响应和动力特性的优化设计

高层建筑的风致响应和等效静力荷载虽然可以通过风洞试验和动力分析有效的加以确定,在结构设计的整个过程中这些等效风力却往往被当作常数来应用。本文提出了一个结合气动风力分析和结构刚度优化的自动化技术。在结构设计中利用这个技术,可以在优化结构刚度和最小化结构造价的同时,实时检查和更新作用在建筑结构上的等效风荷载。一个几何尺度与航空研究共同顾问理事会(CAARC)建议的建筑模型一致的钢框架结构被用来进行风力分析和结构优化的例子。结果表明这个技术不但能在满足位移设计要求的情况下优化结构刚度降低造价,而且也降低了作用在结构上的等效风力。     

基于广义梁理论的非线性材料薄壁受压构件屈曲荷载计算方法

提出适用于非线性材料的广义梁理论屈曲荷载计算方法,并对不锈钢薄壁受压构件屈曲荷载进行计算验证。通过定义材料非线性应力应变关系和瞬时弹性模量,对传统线弹性广义梁理论进行修正,建立非线性材料薄壁构件受压屈曲荷载计算方法,推导不锈钢薄板受压局部屈曲、冷弯薄壁不锈钢卷边槽形柱畸变屈曲及箱形不锈钢长柱弯曲屈曲荷载计算公式,并与既有试验数据对比。经验证,线弹性分析方法不适用于不锈钢材料;提出的修正GBT法具有较高精度,且本构关系采用变形法则结果偏于安全,可用于不锈钢等非线性金属材料薄壁构件受压屈曲荷载的确定,为研究和设计提供理论指导。     

Lateral torsional stability analysis of large order space frame systems

In this paper the elastic stability of rigid space frames is investigated with the aid of the finite element method. The element stiffness matrix for second order (stability) analysis is formulated on the basis of open thin-walled element theory considering the coupling of torsional and flexural behaviour in three dimensions under the assumption of small deformations. A first order (static) analysis is done first in order to calculate the axial force distribution in the members, and the vanishing of the determinant of the global stability stiffness matrix is the criterion used to obtain the critical load of the structure. The rigid space frames investigated here by the proposed methodology consist of commonly used steel joists with horizontal or X-bracing connecting them. The effects of the support conditions and bracing configuration on the buckling loads of various steel joist systems are studied. Useful conclusions are drawn and comparisons with existing experimental results are made.     

Performance-based analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular beam-columns, Part I: Theory and algorithms

This paper presents a performance-based analysis (PBA) technique based on fiber element formulations for the nonlinear analysis and performance-based design of thin-walled concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns with local buckling effects. Geometric imperfections, residual stresses and strain hardening of steel tubes and confined concrete models are considered in the PBA technique. Initial local buckling and effective strength/width formulas are incorporated in the PBA program to account for local buckling effects. The progressive local buckling of a thin-walled steel tube filled with concrete is simulated by gradually redistributing normal stresses within the steel tube walls. Performance indices are proposed to quantify the section, axial ductility and curvature ductility performance of thin-walled CFST beam-columns under axial load and biaxial bending. Efficient secant algorithms are developed to iterate the depth and orientation of the neutral axis in a thin-walled CFST beam-column section to satisfy equilibrium conditions. The analysis algorithms for thin-walled CFST beam-columns under axial load and uni- and biaxial bending are presented. The PBA program can efficiently generate axial load-strain curves, moment-curvature curves and axial load-moment strength interaction diagrams for thin-walled CFST beam-columns under biaxial loads. The proposed PBA technique allows the designer to analyze and design thin-walled CFST beam-columns made of compact or non-compact steel tubes with any strength grades and normal and high-strength concrete. The verification and applications of the PBA program are given in a companion paper.