玉米淀粉-脂质复合物对曲奇饼干体外消化和血糖生成指数的影响

目的 探究玉米淀粉-脂质复合物的结构和消化特性以及对曲奇饼干的体外消化特性与血糖生成指数的影响。方法 利用水热法制备了制备不同脂质(包括饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸)与玉米直链淀粉的复合物, 通过傅里叶红外光谱仪(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)与X-射线衍射(X-ray diffractometer, XRD)探究了淀粉分子短程和长程有序性。结果 研究表明, 淀粉-脂质复合物的形成使快消化淀粉含量显著降低, 慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加。水热法制备中通过疏水相互作用得到的淀粉-脂质复合物利用氢键链接使其结构更加稳定, 体外消化速率呈降低趋势。其中玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物、玉米淀粉-硬脂酸复合物与玉米淀粉-肉豆蔻酸复合物为 V+B 型晶体结构, 玉米淀粉-大豆油复合物与玉米淀粉-玉米油复合物的晶型结构未发生改变。在五种淀粉-脂质复合物中, 玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物的水解率最低, 水解指数预估血糖指数分别为44.65%、64.22%, 所对应的曲奇饼干的水解指数与预估血糖指数也最低, 分别为51.68%、68.08%。结论 表明玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物适合作为新型淀粉-脂质复合物用于开发具有低血糖指数的饼干食品。     

热诱导Desi鹰嘴豆细胞中淀粉结构及体外消化性的变化

鹰嘴豆因其营养价值高，血糖生成指数低的特性，引起研究者的广泛关注。本研究以分离的Desi鹰嘴豆细胞为模拟鹰嘴豆全食品的模型，探究不同热加工处理下细胞内淀粉的结构及体外消化动力学的变化。结果表明，Desi鹰嘴豆细胞的抗热性较强，热处理后所有样品内淀粉的糊化均不彻底，存在一定的晶体结构。随着处理温度的升高，淀粉的糊化温度升高且焓值降低。100℃热处理的样品（100D,70D-100）未检测到明显的焓值变化（ΔH<1.0 J/g），而高压热处理的样品（Pre-D）却呈现两个吸热焓值变化。红外光谱和体外消化动力学结果显示，甲酯化程度低的细胞样品，其消化速率和消化程度相对较高。因此，相较于热加工后Desi鹰嘴豆细胞中残留的淀粉晶体结构，由加工过程引起的细胞壁完整性变化可能更大程度地影响其淀粉底物的体外消化特性。本研究为慢消化鹰嘴豆食品加工提供一定理论指导。     

湿热处理对油莎豆淀粉理化性质、结构及体外消化特性的影响

采用油莎豆豆粕作为原料制备油莎豆淀粉,在110℃下对不同含水量(20%、25%、30%、35%)的油莎豆淀粉样品进行2 h的湿热改性处理。分析湿热处理对油莎豆淀粉理化性质、结构及体外消化特性的影响。结果表明：经过湿热处理,油莎豆淀粉表面形貌发生明显变化,随着处理含水量的提高,油莎豆淀粉溶解度与膨润力呈现逐渐下降趋势,粒径大小和直链淀粉含量逐渐升高,体外消化率在HMT-25时最低,为78.45%。同时,湿热处理没有改变油莎豆淀粉原有的A型晶体结构,相对结晶度和糊化焓值(ΔH)的大小与处理的含水量呈负相关。湿热处理能够有效改变油莎豆淀粉结构和理化性质,提高其热稳定性,降低淀粉体外消化速率。     

等离子体协同白藜芦醇改性香蕉淀粉及其性质

为探究等离子体协同多酚改性对淀粉性质的影响,以青香蕉淀粉为原料,通过介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrierdischarge,DBD)等离子体和白藜芦醇复合改性,制备DBD等离子体改性香蕉淀粉-白藜芦醇复合物,研究复合改性对香蕉淀粉理化性质和消化性的影响。结果表明,DBD等离子体处理后提高了香蕉淀粉与白藜芦醇的复合率;与未改性香蕉淀粉相比,复合改性所形成复合物的溶解度和凝沉性显著提高;DBD等离子体改性后样品的吸油率有很大提升;凝胶化温度T_o、T_p和T_c分别从64.10、71.14℃和73.92℃提高至70.18、75.79℃和82.53℃;改性后淀粉的消化率和消化速率提高;膨胀力和冻融稳定性降低。扫描电子显微镜表明,DBD等离子体处理产生了更多的淀粉碎片,对淀粉表面具有刻蚀作用。X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明,白藜芦醇与香蕉淀粉通过CH-π键结合,使复合物的结构更加致密有序,形成结晶度较高的非“V”型包合物。因此,通过等离子体协同多酚改性香蕉淀粉,能够改善香蕉淀粉的加工性能,有助于开发新型保健食品。     

加工方式对鹰嘴豆中淀粉结构和消化特性影响的研究

以鹰嘴豆为原料,研究了不同的加工方式(蒸制和烘烤)和加工时间对鹰嘴豆中淀粉结构与消化特性的影响,为鹰嘴豆在食品加工中的应用提供参考。采用差示量热扫描(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)等方法分析了不同加工方式的鹰嘴豆中淀粉结构、热力学性质和消化特性。DSC数据表明：蒸制处理下,鹰嘴豆中淀粉糊化温度降低14%～25%,而烘烤处理下其糊化温度升高5%～13%,其热焓值分别下降约5%和4%;FTIR结果证明,烘烤对样品中化学基团没有破坏,而蒸制时,对淀粉的结构具有破坏作用,其结晶度逐渐降低;XRD图谱展示,随着热处理时间增加,其淀粉的结晶度均有下降;SEM图像显示蒸制对淀粉表面结构的破坏更严重。在模拟体外消化中,发现蒸制50 min消化所产生的还原糖含量最高为89.3 mg,烘烤30 min消化产生的还原糖含量最低为26.9 mg,因此蒸制处理下淀粉的水解程度比烘烤处理的高。蒸制对鹰嘴豆中淀粉颗粒、晶体结构以及糊化程度的影响较大,且消化后产生的还原糖含量整体高于烘烤处理的样品,为针对其不同用途选择合理的烹饪方式和加工时间提供了参考。     

糯麦淀粉-脂质复合物的结构及体外消化特性

探究饱和脂肪酸的碳链长度对糯麦A、B淀粉-脂质复合物结构及体外消化特性的影响。以糯麦A、B淀粉为主要原料,将其经过复合酶改性后,分别与月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸进行复合,并对复合物的复合指数（CI值）、溶解度和膨胀力、碘吸收特性、晶体结构、红外光谱和预测血糖指数（pGI值）等指标进行了考察。结果表明,随着碳链的延长（12~18）,糯麦A、B淀粉-脂质复合物的CI值分别从53.66%降到了38.15%,60.35%降低为41.04%;糯麦A、B淀粉-脂质复合物的溶解度和膨胀力随着温度的升高和碳原子数的增加逐渐增大,其中糯麦A淀粉-月桂酸在90 ℃下的溶解度和膨胀力分别为1.99%和3.34 g/g,糯麦B淀粉-月桂酸在90 ℃下的溶解度和膨胀力分别为1.74%和3.18 g/g;在四种脂质复合物中,糯麦A、B淀粉与月桂酸形成的复合物的相对结晶度较高,分别为25.37%和23.50%,其在1047/1022 cm?1处的比值也较高,分别为0.993和0.989,pGI值与未复合脂质改性的糯麦淀粉相比有了较大幅度的降低,分别为从47.63降低为36.61,从48.30降低为35.49。本研究能够为淀粉-脂质复合物的结构及体外消化特性研究提供参考依据。     

冷冻球磨处理时间对糯米淀粉-β-葡聚糖复合物理化性质和消化性的影响

以糯米淀粉（WRS）和燕麦-β-葡聚糖为原料（OBG）,探究不同冷冻球磨处理时间制备的糯米淀粉-β-葡聚糖复合物的理化性质和消化性的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、流变仪等仪器和模拟体外消化的方法,对所制备不同处理时间的复合物的理化性质和消化性进行表征和评价。结果表明,随着冷冻球磨时间的延长,其复合物颗粒表面变得粗糙,颗粒形状不规则,出现团聚、结块的现象。红外光谱结果表明：各吸收峰没有明显的变化,未形成新的化学键,冷冻球磨处理使OBG通过氢键作用镶嵌或附着与糯米淀粉结合。复合物的相对结晶度从29.72%降至8.62%,短程有序性也逐渐下降。同时,复合物的双螺旋结构含量降低,无定形区含量显著增加。随着冷冻球磨时间的延长,其峰值黏度和回生值分别从931.00,103.33 cP降至159.33,41.00 cP,稠度系数K、G′和G″值均下降,增强了体系的流动性和稳定性。在消化性方面,冷冻球磨制备的复合物比原糯米淀粉消化率低。当球磨时间为60 min,其复合物的抗性淀粉含量最高,为35.92%。本研究为淀粉加工和改性提供新的研究方法和技术手段。     

湿热处理对马铃薯淀粉-大豆肽复合物的理化和消化特性的影响

研究湿热处理(HMT)的水分条件对马铃薯淀粉与大豆肽复合物(PS-SPT)的理化和消化性质的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜和偏光显微镜研究复合物的形貌特征;利用差示扫描量热仪测定复合物的热力学特性;采用布拉班德粘度仪测定复合物的黏度特性;采用Englyst体外消化法测定复合物的体外消化性。结果表明:HMT后淀粉-大豆肽复合物偏光十字减弱,团聚现象增加。淀粉-大豆肽复合物糊化温度(To、Tp和Tc)显著升高,焓变(ΔH)显著降低,且To、Tp和Tc随HMT水分含量的增加呈逐渐升高的趋势。与物理混合样品相比,HMT后淀粉-大豆肽复合物的起糊温度升高,膨胀度、峰值黏度、热糊黏度和冷糊黏度均出现大幅下降。随着HMT水分含量的增加,淀粉的膨胀度和峰值黏度逐步降低。蒸煮后的体外消化性表明,HMT使马铃薯淀粉-大豆肽复合物的快消化淀粉含量(RDS)降低,而抗性淀粉(RS)含量升高。35%的HMT水分条件下,马铃薯淀粉-大豆肽复合物中RDS含量最低(81.53%±1.22%),RS含量最高(11.76%±0.62%)。这说明湿热处理显著改变了马铃薯淀粉-大豆肽复合物的理化和消化特性。HMT过程中直链/支链淀粉发生重组,大豆肽的物理包埋作用,以及马铃薯淀粉带负电荷基团与大豆肽侧链基团之间的相互作用均会降低淀粉的消化性。本研究为优化含慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉的新型低GI食品的加工方法,提供理论参考。     

挤压与低温贮藏对玉米淀粉-月桂酸复合物理化及消化性质的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

采用挤压处理结合低温贮藏制备普通玉米淀粉-月桂酸复合物（common corn starch-lauric acid complex,CSLA）,通过差示扫描量热仪（differential scanning calorimetry,DSC）、X射线衍射仪等方法系统探究了挤压处理结合低温贮藏对CSLA糊化度、复合指数、热性质、结晶结构及消化性质的影响规律。结果表明,与挤压处理相比,挤压处理结合低温贮藏有利于形成普通玉米淀粉-月桂酸复合物,复合指数由29%增加至35%,相对结晶度由25.20%增加至31.82%;挤压处理结合低温贮藏能降低复合物的消化能力,使复合物抗性淀粉（resistant starch,RS）含量由38.07%升高至49.82%。热性质的结果表明：挤压处理结合低温贮藏使普通玉米淀粉与月桂酸形成了热稳定性稍差的VI-型复合物,熔融温度为89.95~101.33 ℃,而普通玉米淀粉与内源性脂质形成了热稳定性较高的VII-型复合物,熔融温度为106.73~117.48 ℃。研究结果可为具有较低消化能力的淀粉-脂肪酸复合物和抗消化淀粉食品的制备提供参考。     

大米淀粉-脂肪酸复合物制备工艺的影响因素研究

以大米淀粉和硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸为原料,通过红外光谱及分光光度分析技术探究大米淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的生成,以及大米原料、脂肪酸不饱和度及复合物制备工艺对复合指数的影响规律,并采用单因素试验和正交试验确定最优复合方案。结果表明:试验所制备的大米淀粉-脂肪酸是复合物而非混合物;在试验水平范围内随着直链淀粉含量的升高、脂肪酸不饱和度的减少,复合指数呈增大趋势;随着硬脂酸添加量的增加、反应温度的升高、反应时间的延长,复合指数总体呈现先增大后趋于稳定趋势;在硬脂酸添加量4%、反应温度80℃、反应时间50 min条件下,大米淀粉-硬脂酸复合物的复合指数最高,为21.06%。     

介质阻挡放电等离子体处理对玉米淀粉结构和功能性质的影响

目的 研究低温介质阻挡放电等离子体对高直链玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉的多尺度结构及功能性质的影响。方法 以高直链玉米淀粉(high-amylose corn starch, HAMS)和蜡质玉米淀粉(waxy maize starch, WMS)为研究对象, 采用介质阻挡放电等离子体技术, 控制输入电压110 V, 调节输入电流为0.8、1.0、1.2和1.4 A, 分别对淀粉粉体进行改性处理1 min, 探究两种淀粉在不同处理电流下等离子体场中的多尺度结构和理化功能性质的变化。结果 经过等离子体处理后, 两种淀粉颗粒的粒径增大, HAMS颗粒出现团聚现象, WMS的表面孔道和刻蚀现象更加明显, 淀粉乳的pH降低, 其溶胀力和成糊黏度均呈现降低的趋势, 其中WMS峰值黏度从3113.50 cP显著降低至795.50 cP。随着处理电流的增加, 两种玉米淀粉的吸热相转变焓值降低, 其中蜡质玉米淀粉焓值从(13.83±0.07) J/g降低至(8.20±0.03) J/g, 广角X射线衍射结果显示淀粉相对结晶度逐渐降低, 而傅立叶变换红外光谱法分析发现红外比值R1047/1022和R1022/995分别略微下降和升高。结论 等离子体处理对WMS的改性效率相比HAMS较大, 等离子体改性处理主要影响玉米淀粉的长程晶体结构, 而对短程双螺旋结构的影响较为有限。     

Improved solubility of banana starch by dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment

A novel technology for banana starch modification has been developed using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma, and the effect of DBD plasma treatment on the solubility and pasting behaviours of banana starch were evaluated. The solubility of treated starch significantly increased from 1.35 to 15.05 g 100 g⁻¹ at 55 °C as the treatment intensity increased. Rapid viscosity analyser examination showed a dramatic change in the pasting behaviours of modified starch, and the peak viscosity decreased from 5242.0 to 153.0 (cP) as the treatment intensity increased. Evidence of nonpenetrative damage caused by plasma etching was shown by scanning electron microscope micrographs. The results of X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses indicated that the DBD treatment changed the granular structure of banana starch.     

Starch digestibility of foods: a nutritional perspective

Dietary starch varies greatly in digestibility and its effects on the utilization of other nutrients. The variation appears to be due to differences in starch components and their crystallinity. Processing treatments, storage conditions, chemical modification, and genetic breeding influence the digestibility of starch. Cereal starches are generally more digestible than root/tuber and legume starches. Although cooking often significantly improves the digestibility of poor and intermediately digestible starches, some foods such as bananas with starches of these types are consumed uncooked. The efficient digestion of starch is especially important to specific groups of people such as infants under 6 months of age. Ruminants must also be provided with highly digestible starch to assure maximum production efficiency. Poor digestibility of starch may have negative effects on the utilization of protein and minerals but is likely to have positive effects on the availability of certain vitamins. Decreases in the rate of starch digestion may have therapeutic application. Most clinical studies have reported that starch blockers do not elicit a significant decrease in the digestion of starch in humans. Much remains to be learned, clarified, and understood about starch digestion and its effects on diabetes and weight control.     

Structural characterizations and digestibility of debranched high-amylose maize starch complexed with lauric acid

Structural characterizations and digestibility of debranched high-amylose maize starch complexed with lauric acid (LA) were studied. The cooked starch was debranched by using pullulanase and then complexed. Light microscopy showed that the lipids complexed starches had irregularly-shaped particles with strong birefringence. Gel-permeation chromatograms revealed that amylopectin degraded to smaller molecules during increasing debranching time, and the debranch reaction was completed at 12 h. Debranching pretreatment and prolonged debranching time (from 2 h to 24 h) could improve the formation of starch lipids complex. X-ray diffraction pattern of the amylose–lipid complexes changed from V-type to a mixture of B- and V-type polymorphs and relative crystallinity increased as the debranching time increased from 0 to 24 h. In DSC thermograms, complexes from debranched starch displayed three separated endotherms: the melting of the free lauric acid, starch–lipid complexes and retrograded amylose, respectively. The melting temperature and enthalpy changes of starch–lipid complex were gradually enhanced with the increasing of debranching time. However, no significant enthalpy changes were observed from retrograded amylose during the starch–lipid complex formation. Rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content decreased and resistant starch (RS) content increased with the increasing of debranching time, while the highest slowly digestible starch (SDS) content was founded at less debranching time of 2 h. The crystalline structures with dense aggregation of helices from amylose-LA complex and retrograded amylose could be RS, while SDS mostly consisted of imperfect packing of helices between amylopectin residue and amylose or LA.     

微波复合酶解改性对小米淀粉结构表征及其理化特性的影响

本文以小米淀粉为原料，采用微波、酶解、微波复合酶解三种方法改性淀粉。从淀粉颗粒形貌、偏光特性、结晶结构、短程有序性、粒径分布等方面对小米淀粉进行结构表征，测定其直链淀粉含量、溶胀力与透明度等指标以分析小米淀粉的理化特性。结果表明：改性后，小米淀粉的颗粒结构被破坏，偏光十字特性消失，结晶结构发生改变，但三种改性方法均不影响小米淀粉的基本官能团。其中，微波改性小米淀粉为A型晶体，酶解和微波复合酶解改性淀粉结晶型为B型，微波复合酶解改性淀粉的相对结晶度提高了35.32 %。改性淀粉的粒径、直链淀粉含量均有所提高，与原淀粉相比，微波复合酶解改性淀粉的直链淀粉含量增加了49.03 %。综上所述，与单一法相比，微波复合酶解法对淀粉颗粒结构和理化性质的改善效果最佳，这对于小米淀粉基食品的开发应用具有重要意义。     

湿热处理对不同直链淀粉含量大米淀粉多尺度结构和消化性能的影响

本文采用体外模拟法和现代化分析技术测定及考察了不同直链含量的大米淀粉经湿热处理后其多尺度结构和消化性能的变化情况,明晰了湿热处理后大米淀粉多尺度结构和消化性能的关系。结果表明,湿热处理体系中热能和水分子的协同作用,一方面对大米淀粉颗粒具有一定的破坏作用,使得其平均相对分子量降低、双螺旋含量降低、相对结晶度降低、半结晶片层的有序化程度降低,M_w2×10~7的高分子量片段区域逐渐向M_w1×10~6拓宽,且直链含量较低的大米淀粉破坏程度更为显著。另一方面,湿热处理促进了降解后的大米淀粉分子链自由运动,使淀粉分子发生重排和取向,形成新的单螺旋结构,有利于大米淀粉慢消化和抗消化性能的提高,且直链淀粉含量较高的大米淀粉提高的越明显。研究结果为加工淀粉及淀粉基营养健康食品提供了基础数据及理论支撑。     

螺杆挤压对马铃薯淀粉消化性及血糖指数的影响

目的研究螺杆挤压对马铃薯淀粉消化特性的影响。方法马铃薯淀粉经过螺杆挤压后(过程中淀粉未膨化),采用酶重量法测定挤压后抗性淀粉的含量变化情况,并通过模拟体外消化和动物实验评价挤压后淀粉的消化性能和餐后血糖上升速率。结果螺杆挤压后马铃薯淀粉中抗性淀粉的含量增加了1.08%,酶解时间为0~1.5 h时,马铃薯淀粉快速消化淀粉的含量减少,酶解时间为1.5~6.5 h时,抗性淀粉和慢消化淀粉的含量增加。挤压后的马铃薯淀粉在一定程度上可以降低小鼠的餐后血糖指数。结论螺杆挤压技术可以提高抗性淀粉和慢消化淀粉的含量,减缓餐后血糖上升速率,为马铃薯食品的深度开发提供一定的参考。     

超高压处理对淀粉-脂质复合物结构及体外消化性影响

该文研究超高压处理对月桂酸(lauric acid,LA)与脱支的高直链玉米淀粉之间形成的复合物(DHA7-LA)的结构和对体外酶消化率的影响.通过X-射线衍射分析、激光共聚焦显微-拉曼光谱、差示扫描量热仪等方法比较处理前后DHA7-LA的长程-短程分子有序性和复合物的相转变温度.结果发现,经过200 MPa～500 ...     

Effects of endogenous and exogenous corn protein and its hydrolysates on the structural change and starch digestibility of fried corn starch

Frying could lead to deformation of starch granules and significant reduction in their internal crystalline structure. All of these changes could lead to rapid digestion of fried starch. The addition of corn protein and its hydrolysate to samples prior to frying can reduce the structural change of the granules and also increase their crystallinity and thermostability. Besides, both corn protein and its hydrolysates showed potent abilities in mitigating starch digestion. The fractions of slowly digestible starch and resistant starch increased significantly after the addition of corn protein or its hydrolysate. Meanwhile, the effect of removal of endogenous protein on fried starch was also examined. The results showed that, after removing the protein, starch granules were severely disintegrated during frying; most importantly, the digestibility of starch was increased significantly. The mitigating effect on corn starch digestion could be attributed to structural changes in the ordered structure and suppression of enzyme activities.     

In vitro starch digestibility,expected glycemic index,and thermal and pasting properties of flours from pea,lentil and chickpea cultivars

In vitro starch digestibility, expected glycemic index (eGI), and thermal and pasting properties of flours from pea, lentil and chickpea grown in Canada under identical environmental conditions were investigated. The protein content and gelatinization transition temperatures of lentil flour were higher than those of pea and chickpea flours. Chickpea flour showed a lower amylose content (10.8–13.5%) but higher free lipid content (6.5–7.1%) and amylose–lipid complex melting enthalpy (0.7–0.8 J/g). Significant differences among cultivars within the same species were observed with respect to swelling power, gelatinization properties, pasting properties and in vitro starch digestibility, especially chickpea flour from desi (Myles) and kabuli type (FLIP 97-101C and 97-Indian2-11). Lentil flour was hydrolyzed more slowly and to a lesser extent than pea and chickpea flours. The amount of slowly digestible starch (SDS) in chickpea flour was the highest among the pulse flours, but the resistant starch (RS) content was the lowest. The eGI of lentil flour was the lowest among the pulse flours.