钻井液用流型调节剂的研究进展

流型调节剂是用来改善钻井液流变性的处理剂,通过增黏提切使钻井液具有较高的动塑比和较好的剪切稀释性。但随着大位移井、大斜度定向井及深水、超深水井等技术的发展,复杂地层中钻井液的流变性还是易出现黏度、切力不足,性能衰减过快,甚至失去悬浮与携带能力的问题,尤其是大位移井和复杂井经常出现井眼清洁能力不足的问题。该文主要按钻井液类型:典型钻井液用流型调节剂、恒流变钻井液用流型调节剂和其他钻井液用流型调节剂,综述了现有钻井液用流型调节剂的研究进展和应用情况。对不同钻井液用流型调节剂的增黏提切能力、耐温性、环保性和价格优势进行比较和评价,随后对流型调节剂未来的发展方向提出了建议,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

三赞胶对钻井液性能影响的研究

三赞胶是我国自主开发的一种新型生物胶环保处理剂。重点研究三赞胶在不同条件下（温度、般土含量和含盐量）对钻井液流变性能和滤失性能的影响规律,并与黄原胶进行对比。试验结果表明：在温度低于90℃的条件下,三赞胶钻井液体系比黄原胶钻井液体系具有更高的表观黏度和动切应力,较低的塑性黏度,剪切稀释性能好,而且具有较高的低剪切黏度;当温度高于90℃,特别是在120℃滚动养护条件下,三赞胶钻井液体系的流型调节能力迅速下降,性能不如黄原胶钻井液体系。对三赞胶在不同温度下性能变化的机理进行了分析。三赞胶在抗温性能方面进一步改进后,有望形成复杂结构钻井液体系的一种新型流型调节剂。     

低温对水泥浆流变性影响规律分析

针对海洋深水固井的特点(低温、浅层流、压力安全值低),提高固井顶替效率,目前已有许多行之有效的理论和施工措施,但这些理论和措施不一定适合深水固井所面对的地层松软、浅层流的特点,这就对前置液和水泥浆的流变性能提出了更高的要求。深水固井过程与常规固井过程中流体遇到的温度影响有较大不同。泥浆与水泥浆均属非牛顿液体,它们的流变特性与注水泥工作有着密切的关系,准确地掌握它们的流变规律便能帮助我们正确地调节泥浆、水泥浆的流变性能,正确地确定顶替流态,并能准确地计算注水泥过程的流动阻力。经研究表明,水泥浆的流变性随温度压力变化十分明显,温度对流动计算结果的影响非常显著。因此,对低温条件下水泥将流变能的研究具有非常重要的现实意义。     

Preparation of a salt-responsive Gemini viscoelastic surfactant for application to solids-free drilling fluids

In order to solve the problem of poor rheological properties of solid-free drilling fluids in salt-bearing formations and prevent drilling accidents such as lost circulation, formation collapse, and wellbore instability, it is crucial to develop a new type of viscosifier. In this study, a salt-responsive Gemini viscoelastic surfactant (NT-1) was synthesized by using erucamide as a hydrophobic chain and introducing a benzene ring and a carboxyl group into the linker. In addition, it is used as a viscosifier for solid-free drilling fluids. The structure of the surfactant was characterized by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ¹³C NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and its physicochemical properties were determined by surface tensiometer, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic lighting scattering and rheometer. Its performance in solid-free drilling fluids was evaluated according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The results show that the surfactant has a low critical micelle concentration (31.74 μmol/L), excellent thermal stability and water solubility. In particular, NT-1 can self-assemble into worm-like micelles under the action of salt, and the spatial network structure formed by the interweaving of these micelles can endow the drilling fluid with good rheology and viscoelasticity. NT-1 is compatible with conventional drilling fluid polymer additives, which can effectively improve solid-free drilling fluids' rheological properties and fluid loss properties in salt layers. The temperature resistance in drilling fluid systems can reach 120°C. This work verifies the feasibility of using viscoelastic surfactants as viscosifiers in solid-free drilling fluids and provides new ideas for developing salt-responsive smart drilling fluids.     

新型聚合物型水基钻井液降失水剂的合成及性能研究

以烯丙基磺酸钠(AS)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,合成了一种新型聚合物型水基钻井液降失水剂。降失水剂的最佳合成条件为:反应温度65℃,引发剂用量0.35%,单体总浓度30%,pH=7,单体配比AM∶AS∶MA=35∶15∶50。该降失水剂具有良好的降失水效果,且对钻井液的流变性影响不大。     

钻井液用乙基葡萄糖苷的合成

烷基糖苷是一类新型的非离子表面活性剂,与油、水均有好的互溶性,与其他处理剂配伍性好。烷基糖苷不但能改善钻井液的流变性、增强其对泥页岩的抑制性,而且可以降低储层的水锁效应。以葡萄糖和无水乙醇为原料,采用直接苷化法,通过对催化剂种类、实验温度、物料配比、催化剂用量和反应时间分别进行试验,合成出了钻井液用乙基葡萄糖苷。推荐反应条件为:实验温度110℃、n(乙醇):n(葡萄糖)=8:1,n(催化剂):n(葡萄糖)=0.06:1,反应时间不少于7h。     

页岩气水基钻井液技术分析

页岩地层易水化膨胀,加之我国页岩气储层地廣结构复杂,井下事故频发,目前我国页岩气钻井多采用抑制性好、润滑性强的油基钻井液。但是由于油基钻井液成本高,污染大,而且油基钻井液条件下浅层气井固井难度大,使用油基钻井液钻井,二个界面存在油泥,水泥胶结质量难保证;加之与油基钻井液配套设施不成熟,因此迫切需要研发一种适用于页岩气水平井作业的强抑制高性能低污染的水基钻井液。     

油田深井废弃油基钻井液组成及环境影响评价

分析了油田深井废弃油基钻井液的组成,对油田深井废弃油基钻井液的环境危害性进行了评价。经检测,油田深井废弃油基钻井液的主要污染物为石油类有机物,其浸出液中苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯等均超出标准,根据标准判定为危险废物。     

智能钻井液的化学体系及辅助系统研究进展

智能钻井液是石油钻井行业的全新研究方向,与传统钻井液的指向性不足、自适应能力弱、监测困难以及人工操作过于繁琐等问题相比,智能钻井液拥有更好的针对性、钻井液性能也更加突出,同时能够大幅缩减人工干预程度,因此对钻井液智能化的研究具有重要意义。本文对智能化钻井液化学体系的合成研发、钻井液智能辅助系统的功能强化、开发应用以及当前主要研究现状进行综述,指出了当前智能钻井液技术虽在化学体系、智能传送及监测装置、智能平台等研究方向都有所发展,但在智能化学体系方面尚不能实现对钻井液性能参数的精准控制,在智能钻井液的研制、智能钻井液平台建设方面智能方向过于单一,不能满足当前钻井现场需要,建议未来的钻井液智能化应多向综合性多元化方向发展。     

智能钻井液的化学体系及辅助系统研究进展

传统钻井液的指向性不足、自适应能力弱、监测困难且人工操作过于繁琐,智能钻井液具有更强的针对性,钻井液性能也更加突出,同时能够大幅缩减人工干预程度。该文对智能钻井液化学体系的研发、钻井液智能辅助系统的功能强化及开发应用进行了综述,指出了当前智能钻井液技术虽在化学体系、智能传送及监测装置、智能平台等方面都有所发展,但在智能化学体系方面尚不能实现对钻井液性能参数的精准控制,智能钻井液的研制及其平台建设智能方向过于单一,不能满足当前钻井现场需要,建议未来的钻井液智能化应向综合性多元化方向发展。     

Synthesis and application of sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulphonate/N‐vinylcaprolactam/divinyl benzene as a high‐performance viscosifier in water‐based drilling fluid

Aiming at good thickening ability and temperature resistance in water‐based drilling fluid, a novel copolymer viscosifier (SDKP) of sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonate (NaAMPS) with N‐vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) and cross‐linking divinylbenzene (DVB) was prepared by micellar radical polymerization. The composition and molecular structure of optimal SDKP under the optimum reaction conditions was characterized by FT‐IR, ¹H‐NMR, and elemental analysis, and the molecular weight was determined by GPC. Thermal gravimetric analysis showed that the SDKP was even stable when the temperature was not higher than 330 °C. The performance of SDKP as viscosifier for aqueous, brines, and saturated brine bentonite drilling fluid was evaluated before and after aging tests at 230 °C for 16 h. The evaluation results indicated that the SDKP had excellent thickening ability, thermal resistant, and salt tolerance. HTHP rheology test showed that the SDKP containing drilling fluids displayed a thermo‐thickening effect in temperature range of 150 to 180 °C, which was beneficial to increase the viscosity and strength of fluids at high temperatures. Shear test showed that the SDKP illustrated a similar shear thinning to xanthan gum. ESEM observations demonstrated that the continuous three‐dimensional network was formed in the SDKP aqueous and brines solution, which was probably the main reason for its excellent thickening properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 44140.     

钻井液用高分子处理煮分子设计

从聚合物合成方法、钻井液对高分子处理剂性能的要求出发,讨论了高分子钻井液处理剂的分子设计,认为高分子处理剂的链结构、官能团、相对分子质量和官能团比例是设计的重点。从发展的角度看,将来分子设计要围绕提高处理剂的抗温能力,并针对深井、超深井钻井的需要,通过分子修饰提高已有高分子处理剂的综合性能,深化天然产物的化学改性研究,开发高性能、低成本钻井液处理剂。     

环境敏感型材料在油气钻采中的研究进展

敏感型材料是指能感应外部条件并做出响应的材料,具备感知、驱动、控制功能,是当今研究热点。其中环境敏感型材料敏感度高、响应性显著、自调节能力突出,因此在油气钻采中有着广泛应用。环境敏感型材料可有效改善钻井液流变性、增强堵漏能力、提高采收率以及酸化增黏效果明显。本文综述了pH敏感材料、CO₂敏感材料、磁敏感材料、温敏材料、盐敏材料及压敏材料研究现状,并对上述材料从应用场合、合成方法、性能特性等方面进行分析,对环境敏感型材料今后在油气钻采中的应用作出展望,同时指出部分环境敏感型材料存在响应范围小、不易降解、稳定性差、储层保护能力偏弱的问题,建议未来环境敏感型材料应开发更好的纳米粒子、高分子聚合物、功能单体来推动其在油气钻采中的进一步发展。     

深水钻井环境下低温高压对油基钻井液流变性的影响

本文重点讨论油基钻井液在低温高压下的流变特性,在参阅大量海洋深水钻井液受温度影响的技术文献资料的基础上,建立一个温度变化范围为0℃到150℃的油基钻井液的流变特性模型。目的在于总结国外经验,为我国今后开展这方面研究工作做一些技术信息方面的借鉴。     

高温高密度水基钻井液体系流变性控制及机理研究

高温高密度钻井液流变性调控是高密度钻井液工艺存在的首要问题,本文通过添加多种抗高温处理剂而复配成几种不同配方,从中选出一种配方作进一步的性能评价试验。考察了老化温度及固相含量对钻井液流变性能的影响,研究了水基钻井液高温作用机理。试验表明,高密度钻井液的流变性受固相含量大小和温度的影响明显,对于高密度钻井液体系,黏土侵污量应控制在4%,钻屑侵污量应控制在5%以内。     

纳米材料在抗高温钻井液中的应用进展

纳米材料具有尺寸较小、热稳定性强等性质,使其可作为钻井液处理剂来提高钻井液的抗高温性能。抗高温钻井液用纳米材料一般采用将材料纳米化或将纳米材料与聚合物复合制得,大致可分为无机纳米材料、聚合物纳米球和纳米复合材料三类。此外,对纳米材料进行结构优化可提高其热稳定性和分散性,用于封堵岩层中纳米孔隙、降低钻井液滤失量、改善钻井液流变性和提高钻井液抗温能力。本文简要阐述高温对钻井液性能的影响,分析纳米材料在钻井液中的作用,重点介绍不同类型纳米材料在抗高温（≥150℃）钻井液中的应用,尤其是对钻井液流变性能和降滤失效果的影响。最后指出纳米材料作为钻井液处理剂未来发展应向着环保、合成工艺简化和室内与现场研究相结合等方向突破。     

非渗透钻井液研究及其在川西深井中的应用

随着川西地区油气层开采逐渐向深层发展,钻遇地层越来越复杂,对钻井液的性能要求也日益提高。非渗透钻井液是一种新型钻井液体系,它能有效封堵漏层,提高地层承压能力,扩大钻井液安全密度窗口,减少压差卡钻等。对非渗透钻井液的组成、性能特点及其作用机理作了简要说明,重点介绍了非渗透处理剂WST-100的室内性能评价,及其在封堵漏层、提高地层承压能力、储层保护方面的现场应用,并针对非渗透处理剂WST-100存在的不足,对其今后的改进方向提出了建议。     

Kinetics of microwave heating and drying of drilling fluids and drill cuttings

Drill cutting decontamination by microwave drying has been studied over the past few years and has proved to be a promising technology. This study aimed to investigate fundamental aspects of kinetics of heating and drying of drilling fluids and drill cuttings by microwaves. The microwave heating curve of cuttings free of fluid, drilling fluids, and pure organic compounds usually used in the formulation of these fluids was evaluated to understand the behavior of each component in microwave cutting decontamination. Furthermore, commercial software was used to describe the heating kinetics of the drilling fluids used in this study. The drying kinetics of cuttings contaminated with these drilling fluids was also studied at three temperatures of control. Some classic models of conventional drying of solids were used to describe the removal kinetics of the liquid components present in contaminated cuttings (water and organic compounds). Important aspects related to the interaction of these components in the drying operation and solid heating, water evaporation, and the drag of organic compounds were investigated. Both drilling fluids showed a very similar kinetic heating. Pure organic bases did not show a significant heating. For the same drying time, the removal of paraffin is more intense than the olefin. In respect to organic component removal from cuttings contaminated with both fluids, the kinetic drying curves are similar. The Page model was the one that best describes the drying operation of drill cuttings contaminated with both drilling fluids. The microwave drying model (MDM) model is proposed in this work as a simple modification in the Henderson–Pabis model: the addition of a third parameter. The incorporation of this parameter enabled a better fit of the experimental data. Computational simulations show an electric field with symmetrical patterns for the two BR-MUL fluids analyzed.     

川东北陆相气藏试气作业储层保护技术

在油气田的勘探开发过程中,只有减少对油气层的损害,才有可能获取更大的综合经济效益。油气层损害是指在油气井钻井、完井、增产措施施工中,各种工作液在井周附近储层中造成的减少油气层产能的现象。而维持储层产能的重要条件是岩石的渗透性,渗透率越高,流体导流能力越高,储层产能越高。因此,保护油气层的核心问题就是如何保持储层的渗透率。川东北陆相气藏埋藏深,储层类型复杂,泥质含量高,勘探作业施工过程中的入井液体与地层流体不配伍,易引起水敏、盐敏、压敏等现象。文中对试气作业施工可能造成储层损害的因素及采取的相应保护措施进行了详细分析,目的在于提高陆相气藏储层保护水平,确保气藏产能得以彻底解放。     

Viscosity profile prediction of a heavy crude oil during lifting in two deep artesian wells

It has been known that the productivity of artesian wells is strongly dependent on the rheological properties of crude oils.This work targets two deep artesian wells (＞5000 m) that are producing heavy crude oil.The impacts of well conditions including temperature,pressure and shear rate,on the crude oil rheology were comprehensively investigated and correlated using several empirical rheological models.The experimental data indicate that this heavy oil is very sensitive to temperature as result of microstructure change caused by hydrogen bonding.The rheological behavior of the heavy oil is also significantly impacted by the imposed pressure,i.e.,the viscosity flow activation energy (Eμ) gently increases with the increasing pressure.The viscosity-shear rate data are well fitted to the power law model at low temperature.However,due to the transition of fluid feature at high temperature (Newtonian fluid),the measured viscosity was found to slightly deviate from the fitting data.Combining the evaluated correlations,the viscosity profile of the heavy crude oil in these two deep artesian wells as a function of well depth was predicted using the oilfield producing data.