乙烯裂解装置开车前的化学清洗

乙烯作为基础有机原料，其重要性已越来越突出，乙烯装置技术的开发也随之高速发展。世界乙烯生产能力和产量持续增长，在９０年代，世界乙烯工业的发展出现热潮，我国的乙烯工业在“九五”期间有较快的发展，尤其是近几年引进了很多乙烯装置。在今后的乙烯工业发展中，仍要新建不少乙烯装置。这些新建的乙烯装置，开车前均存在怎样进行化学清洗的问题。通过对新疆独山子１４万吨／年乙烯装置开车前化学清洗的总结分析；阐述了该系统     

扬子乙烯装置荣获达标竞赛第一名

扬子烯烃厂充分发挥装置规模优势和技术优势，实施乙烯联合装置新老区资源整合，优势互补，积极优化生产，消除装置”瓶颈”，提升了乙烯联合装置总体生产水平。去年，生产创造了装置有大修年份的历史新纪录；装置实现”八连冠”安全目标。在日前中石化集团公司暨股份公司乙烯同类装置的业务竞赛考核中，扬子乙烯装置再度获得同类装置达标考核竞赛第一名。     

新疆独山子14万吨／年乙烯装置试车总结

本文介绍了新疆独山子乙烯装置无乙烯开车的难点分析及提出的相应对策，同时报道了乙烯装置试车的基本情况及试车进程。从裂解炉抽油到乙烯精馏塔采合格的聚合级乙烯产品，只有季７．４天，料试车一次成功。本文还客观分析了试车故障，总结了乙烯试车的几点经验体会，给我国一些新建的乙烯装置及将投料试车的乙烯装置提供一些经验和教训。     

乙烯装置急冷系统能量回收工艺特点分析

乙烯装置急冷系统接收来自炉区的高温裂解气，为降低乙烯装置能耗，必须尽可能回收裂解气中的热量。文中针对KBR乙烯流程，介绍了乙烯装置急冷系统能量逐步回收的过程及其工艺特点。     

乙烯装置挖潜改造开停车方案优化与方法

乙烯装置是乙烯联合化工厂挖潜改造关键，开停车是挖潜改造关键环节。文中主要阐述天津联合化学有限公司乙烯装置挖潜改造开停方案优化与方法，为同行业乙烯装置挖潜改造提供借鉴。     

阻聚剂对乙烯装置高、低压脱丙烷塔运行的影响

乙烯是石油化工的重要原料，乙烯装置是石油化工生产有机原料的根本，是石油化工的龙头。它的规模、产量、技术，标志着一个国家石油化学工业的进展水平。由于乙烯装置在生产过程中要生成一些不饱和烃，这些不饱和烃会在系统中经过自由基反应生成聚合物，从而造成系统堵塞或结垢，因此乙烯装置阻聚剂的用途较为广泛。针对常用的阻聚剂产品在某石化公司乙烯装置的应用，通过收集对比不同厂家提供的乙烯装置阻聚剂进入装置工艺流程后引起脱丙烷塔、脱丁烷塔、脱戊烷塔运行状况的改变情况以及一部分重点区域的参数变化情况，指出阻聚剂对乙烯装置高、低压脱丙烷塔运行的具体影响，并且进行了系统分析，查找这些影响产生的根本原因，最终提出了解决方案，为乙烯装置的长周期运行创造了高质量的前提条件。     

乙烯装置经济性运行浅析

针对某大型炼化一体化企业乙烯装置原料结构、产品结构和能耗指标情况，利用统计数据分析和PIMS软件测算等方法，分析了乙烯装置在不同性质石脑油和不同裂解温度下的经济性，提出了降低乙烯装置能耗的措施，为提升乙烯装置和化工板块的经济效益提供了指导和依据。     

设置低温乙烯罐对乙烯装置液化能力的影响

总结了乙烯装置下游设置乙烯球罐和低温罐时，乙烯工艺流程正常操作和液化工况操作工艺流程与压缩机参数对比。当乙烯装置下游设置低温罐时，受限于压缩机选型，很难做到50%液化产品的能力，但可以通过降低装置操作负荷的方式使液相乙烯产品产量最大化。     

乙烯裂解装置开车前的化学清洗

乙烯作为基础有机原料，其重要性已越来越突出。乙烯装置技术的开发也随之高速发展。世界乙烯生产能力和产量持续增长，在９０年代，世界乙烯工业的发展出现热潮。我国的乙烯工业在“七五”期间有较快的发展，尤其是近几年引进了很多乙烯装置。在今后的乙烯工业发展中，仍要新建不少乙烯装置。这些新建的乙烯装置，在开车前均存在怎样进行化学清洗的问题。通过对新疆独山子１４万吨／年乙烯装置开车前化学清洗的总结分析，阐述了该系统开车前进行化学清洗的必要性，为今后类似系统开车前的化学清洗方案的设计及清洗时应注意的操作要点，提供了参考依据。     

乙烯装置技术改造总结

由于原料变化，乙烯装置生产能力下降，为此，盘锦乙烯工业公司对乙烯装置进行改造，。使之适应石脑油加轻烃的生产，且达到并超过原设计生产能力。     

国内甲醇消费市场状况

我国甲醇主要用于甲醛、对苯二甲酸二甲酯、农药、甲基叔丁基醚、醋酸的生产,我国甲醇消费量增长最快的领域将是燃料甲醇、醋酸和甲醛。预计 2005年甲醛对甲醇的需求量为 175万t左右,聚甲醛对甲醇的需求量为 40万t,醋酸需求甲醇为 62万t,甲基叔丁基醚为 46万t左右,甲胺为 30万t,碳酸二甲酯为 11万t,甲烷氯化物为 10万t,甲醇燃料为 80万t,农药为 22万t,对苯二甲酸二甲酯 3 0万t,其他衍生物 27万t。     

少烟三元乙丙橡胶材料研制

以三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)为基体材料，三氧化二锑、十溴苯醚为阻燃剂制备了材料配方，试验了三氧化二锑(Sb22O3)、十溴苯醚(DBDPO))配比对材料烟雾和力学性能的影响，测试了材料的氧指数，可见光的透过率，自熄性等。结果表明，DBDPO与EPDM的相容性比较好，Sb2O3的相容性则相对比较差，两者都可以提高材料的阻燃性能。以4045EPDM橡胶为基体材料，当EPDM100g，白炭黑10g，二硫化四甲基秋兰姆(TMTD)2g，ZnO5g，促进剂M1g，硬脂酸2g，硫磺3g，Sb2O3和DBDPO质量比为20．0／40．0，可以获得具有较好力学性能的少烟EPDM橡胶材料。     

汽车工业用粘接材料的现状与展望

本文按照汽车制造工序介绍国外汽车工业折边用胶粘剂、点焊胶接用胶粘剂、车身密封胶、车身底涂料、窗玻璃用单组份湿气固化型聚氨酯胶粘剂以及纤维增强树脂用结构胶粘剂等主要胶种的最新技术发展动向。讨论了我国汽车工业用胶粘剂的现状和差距，提出几点建议。     

Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Drying Using Two Industrial Concurrent and Countercurrent Rotary Dryers for Ammonium Nitrate

Drying of ammonium nitrate (AN) is accomplished in the Shiraz Petrochemical Complex (SPC) using a concurrent rotary dryer following a countercurrent rotary dryer. A mathematical model for these rotary dryers including heat and mass transfer was developed. The model was checked against industrial-scale data, which showed a good agreement. The average absolute deviation of the simulation results compared to the industrial data for the concurrent dryer was 4.0% for solids moisture, 1.3% for solids temperature, and 1.8% for air temperature and for the countercurrent dryer it was 9.0% for the solids moisture, 2.0% for solids temperature, and 4.6% for air temperature. These simulation results reveal that for outlet solid moisture, inlet AN moisture, and air temperature as well as the outlet temperature of product, the inlet solid and air temperature have major effects for both concurrent and countercurrent flow.     

DUO-ICP-AES测定精对苯二甲酸中的钴、铬、铁、锰、钼、镍、钛

采用DUO-ICP-AES同时测定精对苯二甲酸中钴、铬、铁、锰、钼、镍、钛,并对仪器的分析线选择、背景校正、入射功率、雾化器压力、辅助气流量、冷却气流量、蠕动泵转速的影响及共存元素的干扰、硝酸铯灰化助剂等因素进行了详细的研究。方法的检测限:钴0.0097 mg/L;铬0.0021 mg/L;铁0.0078 mg/L;锰0.0012 mg/L;钼0.0027 mg/L;镍0.016 mg/L;钛0.0027 mg/L,回收率和精密度分别为93.0%～99.5%和0.37%～3.2%。该方法快速简便,具有良好的精密度和准确度,适用于进出口精对苯二甲酸的日常检验。     

流感病毒在Vero细胞上的适应性

目的研究WHO指定流感疫苗生产用毒株在Vero细胞上的适应性,为用Vero细胞制备流感疫苗奠定基础。方法优化不同培养基、胰酶浓度、pH值等培养病毒的条件及收毒时间,将流感疫苗生产用毒株在Vero细胞上连续传代,并进行血凝效价检测及RT-PCR分析。结果在病毒维持液为F12+DMEM、pH为7.5、胰酶含量为1.5μg/ml、培养3 d收获病毒时,可获得较高的病毒血凝效价,连续传4代,病毒血凝效价降为0,RT-PCR检测结果为阴性。结论WHO推荐的流感疫苗生产用毒株在Vero细胞上连续传代,病毒血凝效价逐渐降低。     

Effectiveness in the Removal of Organic Compounds from Municipal Landfill Leachate in Integrated Membrane Systems: Coagulation – NF/RO

The article presents the results of studies concerning the hydraulic permeability of integrated membrane systems during the treatment of municipal landfill leachate. The laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of coagulation as a pretreatment option for treating stabilized landfill leachate and effectiveness of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) processes. The municipal landfill leachates were analyzed for the concentration of the following: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total carbon (TC), suspended soils (SS), turbidity, pH. The commercially available coagulant – aluminum sulfate Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O (alum) was used as a coagulant. The NF process was carried out at the transmembrane pressure of 1.5 MPa. The membrane separation process was based on a thin film membrane (DK). The transmembrane pressure of the RO stood at 2 MPa and for this process one polyamide membrane (AG) was used. The level of leachate treatment was defined for raw and cleaned wastewater indicators. Both NF and RO membranes allowed obtaining the high level of pollutants removal. In the coagulation–NF system, the removal efficiency was equal to 77% for PAHs, 88% for COD, 72% for ammonium nitrogen, 80% for nitrate nitrogen, 67% for TOC, 80% for TC, 96% for SS and during the RO – 86% for PAHs, 98% for COD, 93% for ammonium nitrogen, 87% for nitrate nitrogen, 89% for TOC, 100% for TC, 98% for SS. The calculations based on the assumptions of the mathematical filtration model (relaxation) made it possible to predict the efficiency of commercial filtration membranes used for leachate treatment.     

含NHD废水的回收处理

对NHD溶液污染的原因进行了分析,提出了防止污染可采取的措施,重点介绍了含NHD废水的回收工艺。多年来的实际应用情况表明：含NHD废水回收装置对污染严重的NHD溶液和过滤器反冲洗含NHD废水的回收有较理想的效果,且装置流程简单、操作方便、投资少、回收率高,经济和环保效益明显。     

Oxidation characteristics of phthalic and adipic acids by supercritical water

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) was carried out in a flow-type reactor for modeling of waste-water containing phthalic or adipic acid. For each acid, the reaction order and rate constant, k, were determined over a wide range of experimental conditions : temperatures from 633.15 to 713.15 K, pressures from 18 to 29 MPa, excess amounts of hydrogen peroxide from zero to 800 percent, and the mean residence time in the reactor from 1.1 to 49.1 seconds. The concentration of both acids in model wastewater was set by 500 ppm. For phthalic acid, we found that the orders of decomposition reaction with respect to the reactant concentrations were 0.56 for phthalic acid, 0.31 for hydrogen peroxide, and 0.53 for water. For adipic acid, the orders of oxidation were 0.78 for adipic acid, 0.53 for hydrogen peroxide, and 0.74 for water. Then measured activation energy for phthalic acid was 33.08 kcal/mol and that for adipic acid was 19.51 kcal/mol, respectively.     

Contribution of livestock excreta to nutrient balances

Livestock excreta make an important contribution to soil nutrient inputs and in many developing countries are the only significant input. However, there is little quantitative information available on excreta, manure production, and application and this makes it difficult to obtain meaningful soil nutrient balances. A model has therefore been developed to calculate the excreta produced and manure recovered at national levels. Excretion rate coefficients are developed for six farm animal categories and using information on animal numbers and weights obtained from the FAO Internet database, excreta production is calculated for 195 countries and the World for 1996. In addition, time series results for the period 1961 to 1996 are presented for Kenya and The Netherlands, representing contrasting agricultural systems, and for the World. Total livestock excreta in 1996 were estimated to contain 94 million tonnes of N, 21 million tonnes of P, and 67 million tonnes of K. Cattle are the largest contributors with 60% of the total; pigs and poultry account for 10% and 9%. Nutrients recovered as manure were estimated as 34 million tonnes of N, 8.8 million tonnes of P, and 22.9 million tonnes of K. Recovery of excreta as manure from cattle is about 30%, but for pigs and poultry, which are usually housed, recovery is nearly 80%. As a percentage of total soil nutrient inputs, for N, manure accounts for 14%, for P 25%, and for K 20%. The contribution made by manure relative to fertilizers plus manure is declining. Since 1961, the percentages have decreased; for N from 60 to 25, for P from 50 to 38, and for K from 75 to 57. For most countries, percentages will decrease further as fertilizer use increases, but for some developed countries, such as The Netherlands and Japan, with large livestock industries, the percentage of manure is expected to increase and fertilizer demand will fall. For many developing countries manure will remain the main nutrient input. The production of livestock excreta and manure, and fertilizer use in Kenya and The Netherlands are discussed.