高温堆堆芯双区球流运动高本体实验

双区堆芯的设计是高温气冷堆技术的发展方向之一,本文设计开展实验研究高温气冷堆球床堆芯的双区形成、交混区和滞留区等球流运动的基本特性。实验结果表明:在实验条件下,能获得稳定的双区分布,双区分界面上存在交混区,通过在加球面安装挡板能有效减小交混区大小;在球床底部存在明显的滞留区;球流运动具有随机性,在运动过程中存在一定的分散性,但在整体上又表现出统计意义上的确定性,这是球床堆球流运动的基本特点。     

美国订购—座氦气冷堆

【英国《原子》1984年7月号15页报道】美国圣地亚哥气冷堆联台公司为美国能源部订购了一座40万千瓦的氦气冷却反应堆。该堆的堆芯由许多六边形石墨块堆砌成,石墨块有许多放燃料棒和供氦气冷却剂     

高温气冷堆模拟机的堆芯热工建模研究

为完成核电厂操纵员的培训和考试,需开展适用于高温气冷堆的模拟机研究。根据球床堆芯的特点,利用流体网络与传热网络建立了可实时计算的热工水力模型,讨论了球床中氦气沿径向的流动及换热对堆芯热工水力性能的影响。结果表明,在正常运行工况下,径向流动与换热对轴向流动的影响较小,模拟结果差别不大;而在失流不失压工况下,径向流动与换热对堆芯自然对流的形成、余热导出及整个瞬态过程的影响均较为明显,考虑径向流动与换热的仿真结果与设计软件的结果符合更好。考虑到模拟机仿真范围和逼真度的要求,在高温堆模拟机堆芯建模中需加入径向流动及换热模块。     

石墨粉尘通过高温气冷堆堆芯球床结构的运动行为研究

高温气冷堆在运行过程中产生带有放射性的石墨粉尘,对反应堆的运行安全和环境安全造成一定影响。本文选取二维球床流场,采用离散相模型分析了堆芯球床结构对石墨粉尘颗粒的扩散和沉积的影响。计算结果表明:球床结构能有效阻碍石墨粉尘颗粒的扩散;沉积在球床结构上的石墨粉尘颗粒数目随堆芯内氦气流速的增加而增大,而由于受到颗粒惯性及热泳力的作用其增长趋势逐渐放缓;石墨粉尘颗粒在球床结构上的沉积效率随粒径的逐渐增加呈现"几乎不变-快速增长-缓速增长"的态势。     

示范快堆堆芯支承螺栓分析研究

<正>堆芯支承作为示范快堆中的重要设备,承担着支承、堆芯约束、流量分配等七大功能。堆芯支承的三大部件大栅板联箱、小栅板联箱及堆芯围桶中均包含螺栓零件,起到重要连接作用。1螺栓设计准则1)对小栅板联箱,螺栓预紧力需满足在SL1地震工况下小栅板联箱与大栅板联箱的结合面不发生离缝,且螺栓及对应的套筒(螺母)满足强度     

高温气冷堆堆芯实时热工水力模型

为建立适用于球床式高温气冷堆核电厂的模拟机,采用一体化仿真支撑平台vPower建立高温气冷堆堆芯的实时热工水力模型,利用流体网络求解氦气流道的流量与压力分布及传热网络求解球床燃料区、石墨反射层区与碳砖区的温度分布,实现整个氦气流场与固相温度场的实时、耦合计算。模拟100%额定负荷和50%额定负荷2个稳态工况和入口温度阶跃和流量阶跃2个动态过程。稳态工况与设计参数的定量对比以及动态过程的定性分析表明,该模型具有较好的适用性。     

标志球法1m和2m本体二维球流运动特性分析与比较

为研究球床高度对球流运动特性的影响,根据相似准则的原理建立高温气冷堆二维堆芯的球流运动试验系统,利用标志球的实验方法对球流运动规律进行研究。对1 m和2 m本体球流运动的均值流线、内部流场、标志球的平均滞留时间,以及交混区的球流的分布特征和分布区域等进行比较分析。结果表明:二维流动均值流线是光滑对称的流线型,球床边缘和中心的流动相差很大,球床下部的流动不均匀性比上部不均匀性大;增大装球高度球流可以达到更大的分散程度。验证交混区球的高斯分布;标志球的运动区域具有两头小中间大的特点;2 m本体的球床下部的流动均匀性优于1 m本体。     

球床式高温气冷堆球流混流的影响分析

研究球床式高温气冷堆球流存在的混流对堆芯关键参数的影响。开发了能模拟球流混流过程与效果的MFVSOP程序。选择球床模块式高温气冷堆核电站示范工程(HTR-PM)平衡堆芯为研究对象,对比分析不同的混流程度对堆芯功率峰值、功率密度等参数的影响及其不确定性。分析发现,混流对球床式高温气冷堆关键参数的不确定性影响不大,多次通过的燃料循环方式可降低不确定性。     

熔盐球床堆径向流堆芯的热工水力分析

核热泉(NHS)堆是一种新型熔盐球床概念设计堆,其冷却剂径向流过堆芯,具有满功率自然循环特性。基于多孔介质局部非热平衡模型,利用计算流体力学(CFD)通用软件Fluent计算核热泉堆径向流堆芯的热工水力特性,并比较了不同的内、外孔板开孔率的影响。结果表明,内孔板开孔率对冷却剂流量分布影响较大;燃料中心温度具有相当的安全裕量,冷却剂横向流过堆芯的阻力远低于浮升力,能够实现全回路的自然循环。     

随机填充球床通道内氦气流动特性实验研究

在聚变堆氦冷固态包层氚增殖区,球床通道内氦气流动压降特性对泵功率的设计具有重要意义。以氦冷固态包层氚增殖区为背景,研究了氦气流速、球床颗粒直径及球床通道长度对球床通道内氦气流动压降特性的影响。实验段采用20 mm×20 mm×500 mm的矩形通道,实验中氦气流速为0.1～0.6 m/s,球床颗粒直径为0.5、0.8、1.0、1.5、2.0 mm。实验结果表明,压降与氦气流速以及球床通道长度呈正相关,与球床颗粒直径呈负相关。对比Ergun关系式发现,在球床颗粒直径较小时,Ergun关系式预测值低于实验值,这主要是由于氦气可压缩性的影响。通过动量方程,理论推导出经可压缩性修正的Ergun关系式,结果发现修正后的Ergun关系式预测值与实验值符合良好。本研究为氦冷固态包层氚增殖区设计提供了数据支撑,为球床通道内流动特性的数值模拟提供了验证手段。     

Computational fluid dynamic analysis of core bypass flow phenomena in a prismatic VHTR

The core bypass flow in a prismatic very high temperature reactor (VHTR) is an important design consideration and can have considerable impact on the condition of reactor core internals including fuels. The interstitial gaps are an inherent presence in the reactor core because of tolerances in manufacturing the blocks and the inexact nature of their installation. Furthermore, the geometry of the graphite blocks changes over the lifetime of the reactor because of thermal expansion and irradiation damage. The occurrence of hot spots in the core and lower plenum and hot streaking in the lower plenum (regions of very hot gas flow) are affected by bypass flow.     

Investigating leakage and bypass flows in an HTR using a CFD methodology

An area that has been identified as significantly important in the development of a high temperature reactor (HTR) is the prediction of leakage and bypass flows. It is therefore essential to understand the influence of leakage and bypass flows on the thermal performance of an HTR.A methodology was developed to conduct an integral thermal analysis of a reactor using a CFD approach. One of the main objectives was to include leakage and bypass flow paths in order to provide a capability for simulating these very detailed flows.This paper investigates leakage and bypass flows through the PBMR reactor unit. It was found that, although these flows are dependent on the pressure drop through the pebble bed, a change in pebble bed pressure drop does not result in a similar change in the predicted leakages flows. It is also shown that the ability to account for leakage and bypass flows in an integral manner can help designers to focus their efforts on the specific regions that need to be targeted for the improvement of the life expectancy of the graphite blocks. Furthermore, leakage and bypass flows were found to reduce the pressure drop across the reactor unit while increasing the peak fuel temperatures.     

高温气冷堆热工分析模型改进与堆芯温度场分析

更准确地模拟球床式高温气冷堆堆芯温度分布,是反应堆安全分析尤其是超高温运行研究中的关键问题之一。由于堆芯球流运动具有不确定性,石墨块和碳砖等结构材料采用散体布置,堆内冷却剂流道复杂,对热工水力准确模拟造成困难,可进一步优化。本文结合HTR 10的结构特点和流道特征,简要分析了堆芯传热过程,说明了在热工模拟中准确划分结构和流道对获取更精确的堆芯温度分布的重要意义。详细梳理了冷却剂流动路径,改进了在THERMIX程序下建立的HTR 10原有热工分析模型,更合理地模拟了堆芯冷却剂漏流行为,使得模型对堆芯冷却剂流动和传热过程的描述更准确。与试验数据对比,改进后的模型对堆芯外围系统的温度分布模拟准确性显著提升。计算结果表明,反应堆在额定设计工况下满功率稳态运行时,燃料和反射层最高温度均未超过材料的耐热限值。     

NHR—200堆芯旁通区三维流动传热数值分析

应用三维CFD软件PHOENICS－3．2,计算了200MW低温供热堆（NHR－200）堆芯旁通区及上腔室的流场和温场。分析了在堆芯与围板间的乏燃料存放区上端不同档板布置方案下的流场和温场,并考虑了旁通流量的影响。自然对流对流场和温场的影响不大,不会改变主流方向。在计算区域内,除主流外,还有由堆芯旁通区的下部流通面积突扩造成的一回流区及上腔室堆芯出口流通面积突扩和自然对流而形成的一大回流区。加挡板可阻挡上部大回流区对堆芯旁通区的影响,降低堆芯旁通区流体温度的变化。     

10 MW高温堆热气联箱气流混合模拟的相似律

１０ＭＷ高温气冷实验堆芯出口需设置热气联箱,以使氦气得到充分的热混合。使用两流体方程无量纳化分析方法导出相似准则,得到了热气联箱在缩小模型比例的系统上以常压小温差空气代替主压大温差氦气进行热工水力学模拟试验研究时应遵循的模拟准则,即几何准则、流动准则和传热准则。     

Individual pebble temperature peaking factor due to local pebble arrangement in a pebble bed reactor core

Scientists at the German AVR pebble bed nuclear reactor discovered that the surface temperature of some of the pebbles in the AVR core were at least 200 K higher than previously predicted by reactor core analysis calculations. The goal of this research paper is to determine whether a similar unexpected fuel temperature increase of 200 K can be attributed solely or mostly to elevated power production resulting from exceptional configurations of pebbles. If it were caused by excessive pebble-to-pebble local power peaking, there could be implications for the need for core physics monitoring which is not now being considered for pebble bed reactors. The PBMR-400 core design was used as the basis for evaluating pebble bed reactor safety. Through exhaustive Monte Carlo modeling of a PBMR-400 pebble environment, no simple pebble-to-pebble burn-up conditions were found to cause a sufficiently high local power peaking to lead to a 200 K temperature increase. Simple thermal hydraulics analysis was performed which showed that a significant core coolant flow anomalies such as higher than expected core bypass flows, local pebble flow variation or even local flow blockage would be needed to account for such an increase in fuel temperature. The identified worst case scenarios are presented and discussed in detail. The conclusion of this work is that the stochastic nature of the pebble bed cannot lead to highly elevated fuel temperatures but rather local or core-wide coolant flow reductions are the likely cause.     

Thermal hydraulic calculation of the HTR-10 for the initial and equilibrium core

The thermal hydraulic calculations of the 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled-test module (HTR-10) are among the most important indications to judge the reactor performance under design conditions. The power distribution, the temperature distribution and the flow distribution of the HTR-10 are calculated for initial and equilibrium core in this paper. The temperature distribution includes the temperature parameters of fuel elements, the helium coolant and the main components in the reactor. In the temperature calculation of fuel elements, several uncertain factors are considered carefully, including non-uniform burnup, power distribution deviation, manufacture deviation of fuel elements, graphite balls mixed with fuel balls in the core, calculation deviation of heat transfer and so on. In the flow distribution calculation, the conservative pebble bed core flow value is selected. The results show that the maximum fuel temperature is much lower than the limitation and the flow distribution can meet the cooling requirement in the reactor core.     

Large eddy simulation in pebble bed gas cooled core reactors

A high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is one of the renewed reactor designs to play a role in nuclear power generation. This reactor design concept is currently under consideration and development worldwide. The combination of coated particle fuel, inert helium gas as coolant and graphite moderated reactor makes possible to operate at high temperature yielding a high efficiency. In this study the simulation of turbulent transport for the gas through the gaps of the spherical fuel elements (fuel pebbles) was performed using the large eddy simulation. This would help in understanding the highly three-dimensional, complex flow phenomena caused by flow curvature in the pebble bed. Resolving all the scales of a turbulent flow is too costly, while employing highly empirical turbulence models to complex problems could give inaccurate simulation results. The large eddy simulation (LES) method would overcome these shortcomings. An attempt to obtain experimental velocity flow patterns using particle image velocimetry technique combined with matched refractive index liquid was pursued.     

球床包层聚变—裂变混合堆热工安全分析

球床包层混合堆与板状元件包层混合堆相比较，前者在核燃料生产和安全方面可能具有更多的优越性。本应用ＴＨＥＲＭＩＸ程序和辅助程序对我国开发的托卡马克堆芯氮气冷却球床包层聚变－裂变合堆的包层进行了热工计算。计算中考虑了不同的燃料球材料及稳态，卸压和断流事故工况。计算结果表明，只要选用合适的燃料球材料和设置适当的控制保护系统，具有快速卸料罐的托卡马克堆芯氦气包层聚变－裂变混合堆的概念设计在安全上的可行的。